Upload
buck-carpenter
View
212
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Succession in Ecosystems
SOL BIO 9c
What do you mean by environment?The environment is made up of
two factors:
Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth
Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)
Habitat vs. Niche
Niche - the role a species plays in a community (job)
Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life (address)
Habitat vs. Niche
A niche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor.
Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.
Examples of limiting factors-
•Amount of water•Amount of food•Temperature
Habitat vs. Niche
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. orchids on a tree
Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called aerophyte, air plant.
Symbiotic RelationshipsCommensalism-
one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria
Symbiotic RelationshipsParasitism- one species benefits (parasite)
and the other is harmed (host)
Parasite-Host relationship
Symbiotic RelationshipsParasitism- parasite-hostEx. lampreys, leeches, fleas,ticks,tapeworm
Symbiotic RelationshipsMutualism-
beneficial to both species
Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp
Symbiotic RelationshipsMutualism-
beneficial to both species
Ex. lichen
Type of relationship
Species harmed
Species benefits
Species neutral
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species
Succession-
a series of changes in a community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones
Primary succession-
colonization of new sites by communities of organisms – takes place on bare rock
Primary succession-
New bare rock comes from 2 sources:
1. volcanic lava flow cools and forms rock
Primary succession-
New bare rock comes from 2 sources:
2. Glaciers retreat and expose rock
Pioneer organisms-
the first organisms to colonize a new site
Ex: lichens are the first to colonize lava rocks
Primary Succession-
Rock
Climax community-
a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no succession
Climax community-
Ex: In most of Virginia, the climax community would be a deciduous oak–hickory forest
Primary succession-
Secondary succession-
sequence of community changes that takes place when a community is disrupted by natural disaster or human actions – takes place on existing soil
Secondary succession-
Ex: A fire levels portions of a forest
Secondary succession-
Ex: A farmer plows his field
Secondary succession-
Secondary succession-
Pond Succession
Pond Succession
Land Biomes
Biome- geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems
Land BiomesThe 6 most common biomes are:
TundraTaigaTemperate Deciduous ForestTropical Rain ForestGrassland Desert
Land Biomes
Water Biomes
The limiting factors in water biomes are:
Amount of salt (salinity)Amount of dissolved oxygenSunlight
2 Types of Water Biomes
FreshwaterRivers and StreamsLakes and Ponds
SaltwaterOceanEstuariesSeashores (tidal areas)