Suburban Relics: traversing contemporary arcades' nascent potential

Demalling, Remalling, its all Falling

by

Ian Perry Kaminski-Coughlin

B.A., ArchitectureThe University of Minnesota, 2005

Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

February 2010

2010 Ian Kaminski-Coughlin. All rights reserved.

The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.

Signature of Author: ___________________________________________Ian Kaminski-Coughlin

Department of ArchitectureJanuary 15, 2010

Certified by: __________________________________________________J Meejin Yoon

Associate Professor of ArchitectureThesis Supervisor

Accepted by:__________________________________________________Julian Beinart

Professor of ArchitectureChair of the Department Committee of Graduate Students

3THESIS COMMITTEE

J Meejin YoonAssociate Professor of ArchitectureThesis Advisor

Dennis FrenchmanLeventhal Professor of Urban Design and PlanningThesis Reader

Alan BergerAssociate Professor of Urban Design and Landscape ArchitectureThesis Reader

5Demalling, Remalling, its all Falling

by

Ian Perry Kaminski-Coughlin

ABSTRACT

Thesis Supervisor: J Meejin YoonTitle: Associate Professor of Architecture

Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 15, 2010 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Victor Gruens reliance on architecture of consumer consumption to construct the crystallization points of social, cultural life in the suburbs has failed. We see through history the decline of architectural quality and importance given to public space. (By the time we get to Bedford NH in 68 its really bad.)

Gruens principles of introversion and enclosure are discredited for the production of public space. Yet, public space has a very limited existence in America today (stations, museums, parks, churches). Gruens dream of bringing European city living to America has long faded.

But Americans do engage in leisure, in fact more than ever. The twist is that these are essentially private, individual activities. This suggests that to make public space useful for everyday leisure there could be such a thing as a private (as in intimacy not ownership) public space.

The mall is flipped.

The original exterior walls are retained, supported, and buttressed as a vital register and material action point for the reversal. Working through Debord in Society of the Spectacle, this thesis highlights the structures of pseudo needs and desires created by our self-justifying economy of consumption. It serves to make clear our unconscious dependence and thus break it.

7ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To my committee, Meejin, Dennis and Alan without whose steadfast, diverse and frank critique this thesis would not have been possible.

To Charles Curran, Marissa Grace Desmond, Najiyah Edun, Tim Olson and Laura Rushfeldt for their camraderie, support and good cheer.

To my professors at MIT for laying the intellectual and technical groundwork for such a far reaching project and reinforcing the values of critical engagement in the public realm.

Thank you.

9contentsthe dead mall 13site: bedford NH 21leisure | public 29extroversions 39excursions 63bibliography 75

11

PROLOGUEGuy Debord writes in The Society of the Spectacle of the doom that the economy creates for itself as development of the economy becomes the necessity in itself rather than the solutions that it had henceforth provided.

The economy acts by, replacing the satisfaction of primary human needs, now met in the most summary manner, by a ceaseless manufacture of pseudo-needs, in the end to just one namely the pseudo need for the reign of an autonomous economy to continue. This economy, Debord explains, breaks all ties to authentic needs as society comes to depend on it subconsciously and emerges like a camouflaged monster, fully formed.

In the society of the spectacle the commodity contemplates itself in a world of its own making. Space, the space of consumption, is the unconscious commodity.

What is built is for the moment that the sovereign economy falters, its weakness exposed. The economy acts by, replacing the satisfaction of primary human needs, now met in the most summary manner, by a ceaseless manufacture of pseudo-needs, in the end to just one namely the pseudo need for the reign of an autonomous economy to continue. This economy, Debord explains, breaks all ties to authentic needs as society comes to depend on it subconsciously and emerges like a camouflaged monster, fully formed.

13

the dead malland a second chance at suburban public space

14

Gruens malls were to fill the vacuum created by the absence of social, cultural, and civic crystallization points in our vast suburban areasunfortunately, it was the malls themselves that began to suck.Gruen in Hardwick, Mall Maker, 134.

15

public space commitment:

internal focus for capital gains, now external is possible

bedford mall

southdale mall

dwindling commitment to public space Ultimately, the extreme expense of the large scale spectacles that served to make the mall such an attractor became unattractive and fell off. So did the commitment to well considered and appointed public spaces within the mall as considerations of profit and leasable area took over during the construction of malls by people with less social vision and commitment than Gruen.

16

Perhaps malls are the new brownfields. They must be purged of their post-consumer toxicity. The hypothesis is that the mall can be realigned to become a node of new dense micro-urbanization. It can act as a sponge of sorts, soaking up density from the diffuse puddle of the suburbs.

But, the logic that located malls within close radii of people is still valid, the door is open for a new truly public program.

1. Power Centers & Mega Malls, trends in retailing are killing these little guys. These new types may not have long to live either.

2. As sprawl keeps on sprawling older malls in inner ring suburbs lose their cach and customer base.

where are the dead malls?

why are they dying?

All over our great land and in prime locations.

The mall in its heyday.

As more stores have closed, mall vacancies are at their highest point in almost a decade, according to Reis, a research company, which said the vacancy rate at the end of 2008 was 7.1 percent, compared with 5.8 percent at the end of 2007. Other analysts have slightly lower figures, but all agree that vacancies are rising.

17

home

home

work

shop

shop

suburban sponge synergy & separation

work

escape

Ian Kaminski-CoughlinMauling the Mall

power center typical mall strip mall

housing wrapper arcade chop chop asphalt tilt up

the fine print!It is a mutated prototype: adaptable, profitable, generic. The site extends beyond the edge of the parking lot. It stretches out to the surrounding residential areas and the transportation networks between. It reaches across disciplinary boundaries to engage demands of the housing and consumer market through augmentation rather than replacement. With the Architect parasite subsumed, capitalistic exigencies and priorities are engaged but latently subverted. Working backwards, existing conditions are edited and sent on new trajectories.

What was initially an experiment in new community spaces can become that again. What was once an architects dream can be reawakened. A dense experimental community is knit into existing strictures.

Take advantage of these fallow resources! Rather than scrubbing the site clean and sprinkling some New Urbanism on top, reinvigorate and inject.

what are we to do?

Many malls today.

vivid relief the degree to which the U.S. is over-retailed. With more than six times as much retail square footage per capita than in Europe and the collapse of two of the leading contributors to retail abundance the sprawl development boom and consumers access to easy credit the retail landscape in the U.S. is likely to contract and refocus. NYTimes 2009/04/05

Between 1990 and 2005, consumer spending per capita rose 14 percent, adjusted for inflation, yet retail space per capita in the United States doubled...that created too much store space even for a good economy, and then retailers were hit by the recession.

The acceleration of retail bankruptcies brings into

18

abstract

alsmost 400 dead malls litter our nation

Thousands of shopping malls nationwide are facing a crisis not only of conscience but also economy. Perhaps malls are the new brownfields. They must be purged of their post-consumer toxicity. The hypothesis is that the mall can be realigned to become a node of new dense micro-urbanization. It can act as a sponge of sorts, soaking up density from the diffuse puddle of the suburbs.

Working in both directions, the thesis appears early on as a mutagen tweaking the deep structure of the malls DNA. With the Architect parasite subsumed, capitalistic exigencies and priorities are engaged but latently subverted. Working backwards, existing conditions are edited and sent on new trajectories.

It is a mutated prototype: adaptable, profitable, generic. The site extends beyond the edge of the parking lot. It stretches out to the surrounding residential areas and the transportation networks between. It reaches across disciplinary boundaries to engage the demands of the housing and consumer market that are currently in flux through augmentation rather than replacement. We must restructure the conception of city and country, destination and vacation. Tectonic strategies of transformation and replacement are applied to different mall types, scale prototypes used.

regional malls built per year

1965

, 75

1995, 3

1975, 110

19

abstract

alsmost 400 dead malls litter our nation

Thousands of shopping malls nationwide are facing a crisis not only of conscience but also economy. Perhaps malls are the new brownfields. They must be purged of their post-consumer toxicity. The hypothesis is that the mall can be realigned to become a node of new dense micro-urbanization. It can act as a sponge of sorts, soaking up density from the diffuse puddle of the suburbs.

Working in both directions, the thesis appears early on as a mutagen tweaking the deep structure of the malls DNA. With the Architect parasite subsumed, capitalistic exigencies and priorities are engaged but latently subverted. Working backwards, existing conditions are edited and sent on new trajectories.

It is a mutated prototype: adaptable, profitable, generic. The site extends beyond the edge of the parking lot. It stretches out to the surrounding residential areas and the transportation networks between. It reaches across disciplinary boundaries to engage the demands of the housing and consumer market that are currently in flux through augmentation rather than replacement. We must restructure the conception of city and country, destination and vacation. Tectonic strategies of transformation and replacement are applied to different mall types, scale prototypes used.

6 mile radius between shopping centers many at interections of interstate

Why do malls die?As sprawl keeps on sprawling, mall development follows affluent and new customers leaving regional centers behind. Mega, entertainment, malls pull people from ever greater distances.

Consumer shopping trends mutate and change:Capitalism necessitates an ongoing desire for more upmarket and classier products.

The arrival of the PowerCenter (a strip mall of big box stores) sealed the fate of many.

As a result of buyouts, competition and changing desires, traditional anchor stores are largely defunct.

21

the bedford mall1968-2008

Consumer Goods Glut or In Need of Some Entertainment!

23

Consumer Goods Glut or In Need of Some Entertainment!

AREA SHOPPING MAPThe mall of New Hampshire, two miles east of the site, contains 80 million gross square feet of shopping illustrating the saturation of the market and the inability of the relatively small Bedford Mall to compete. Thus if we are in need of something, it is not more consumer goods but rather leisure and public space without such tight programmatic and sociological constrictions as the nearby golf course or cemetery.

24 Bedford mall exterior, vacant, abandoned, parched.

25Bedford mall exterior, vacant, abandoned, parched.

26 Bedford mall present day. Creepy, empty, waiting.

27Bedford mall present day. Creepy, empty, waiting. Gruen might wonder how did it get this bad?

29

if not shopping then leisurea future public space

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%

2007

2002

1997

1992

1988

1984

% change of expenditures by category

NE 121%

MW 115%

S 111%

W 105%

entertain

men

tsp

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ing

ratio1984 - 1997

Consum

er Spending: Tim

e and Money

1 h

4.5 h

tv

socializing and comm

unicating

reading

sports and exercise

playing games

relaxing and thinking

15-1975+

else

data: Bureau of Labor

31

CONSUMER SPENDINGAccording to US Department of Labor statistics, consumer expenditures onleisure activities and goods have the greatest increase in spending over the last two decades. These data taken with other survey data indicating an increase in overall leisure time for Americans indicates an opening for not more shopping centers but for public space related to leisure. This is a chance to build spaces not for spectacle but everyday being.

The following pages are an examination of ESRI (the company that produces GIS data) Community Tapestry methods for market segmentation and definition as well as local data collected from an informal survey or Bedford NH potential users. The hyper specificity and reliance on machinery for fun indicates the consumption driven nature of such data products.

32

Adult educationAuto showBarBeachDanceDine outGambleHorse raceMoviesMuseumCountry musicRock music Classical musicLive theaterTheme parkDisneySea worldSix flagsZooBilliardsBingoBirdwatchingBoard gameCardsChessCookingCrosswordFly a kiteFurniture refinishingIndoor gardeningKaraokeLotteryMusical instrumentPaintingDrawingPhotographyReadingTriviaVideo gameWoodworkingWord gameCharitable organization memberChurch board memberFraternal club memberReligious club memberUnion memberVeterans club member

En

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ain

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arke

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ors

(E

SR

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activitiesstationary

defined limitsflow

parametersrelations users self/others services timeinternal / extrovertedconnection to siteiconism [sic]structural imperativeinterior / exteriorcost initial investment maintenance profit potentialpermanence or intractability

service physical

lasting temporary

mental education

therapy solitude

comraderie

ESRI Community TapestryMarket Segment Profile:grillBread MachinesTreadmillStair StepperVolleyballBikingBoard gamesZooSoccer and baseball gamesPhotographyGolfMotorcyclesBird watching, power boating, target shooting, hunting,

auto racingworkout exercisesnorkelingBowlingSkatingChessBilliardsYogaRollerbladingHikingfly Kitesgo to ZooCookingMoviesGym

service can be experienceeg a pedicurevice versa?

Poll results from Local children:SnacksWiiKarate schoolSportsReading spaceBlocks and building spaceChill out Climbing structures(s)Ballet studio and performanceBugsDollhouseSlides and swingsbiking Wave ridingLaser tagPaintballIce skating

Old Timers:GardenBonsaiWalkingGin Rummy Aerobics / FitnessNailsHair salonHealth careSmoothiesCrematorium

Leon Sanders:CompanyCoffeeSitting with a viewLibrary

Chaperones:Financial servicesBakeryCoffeeBrewerySpa / BathPharmacy

exercise mindbody

educationion

Problems:workouts confer both temporary and permanent effectsto what extent is the mental benefit of activities a (self) service?

climbing, coffee, sitting what if a counter interpretation were taken: you could climb anywhereConstant would be proud.

principle:

max impact min interventionmacro generic micro specificity

the problem of a laundry list


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(E

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defined limitsflow


service physical

lasting temporary

mental education

therapy solitude

comraderie








exercise mindbody

educationion



principle:



33


En

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ain

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Ind

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(E

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defined limitsflow


service physical

lasting temporary

mental education

therapy solitude

comraderie








exercise mindbody

educationion



principle:



34

tastevisualphysical tactile movementaural / oraltemporalmetaphysical

sectors areas

pamper relaxationexertion excitement

state







situation

experience programfluid fixed

AGENCYThe original mall was predicated on enclosure and introversion. Architecture can sharpen consciousness of the self in the world. One with agency and free will.

In contrast ESRI (and their Community Tapestry) negates agency; anti-agency to the max. You are the result of your determining demographics. By connecting back to the river I am opening up the possibility for a renewed agency of connections and access, contrary to the introversion of the original mall. The architecture that does this opens a window onto its own making (the instrumentalized shell).

In Perspecta 32, Isenstadt writes of Jerde Partnerships, themed environments [that] dissolve consciousness of the self other than being a protagonist in a script.

A whole sense of self is now replaced by temporary selves, that are total allegiances to singular activities.

Putting in continuity errors, for which there is no room in immersive environments is a counter tactic. This is another reason not to totally remove the existing mall. The new environment cannot be so immersive as to assume the role of the whole self themed space.

35

tastevisualphysical tactile movementaural / oraltemporalmetaphysical

sectors areas

pamper relaxationexertion excitement

state







situation

experience programfluid fixed

36

1 READING ROOMmodulated light, less busy external view towards pine stand, many small pods for individual and groups

2 TVintegrated couch style pods for easing back, connected to river walking path in case motivation strikes

3 FAMILY + KIDS TIMES facing, bright, prominent frontage and beacon for projectglassy, very open, low slope for easy playing.

4 COMPUTINGlow traffic, low ceiling for quiet.

5 GOING TO THE MOVIESnaturally low light - N facing; highway for the driveby voyeur

1

2

3

45

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2008

GardeningWalkingPlaying team sportsExercise (aerobics, weights)GolfChurch/church activitiesListening to musicWatching sporting eventsShoppingSocializingTravelingPlaying musicEntertainingRenting moviesEating out/dining out

reading

American Leisure time trends

TV

family, kids time

computer

movies, fishing

37






1

2

3

45

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2008


reading


TV

family, kids time

computer

movies, fishing






1

2

3

45

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2008


reading


TV

family, kids time

computer

movies, fishing

PUBLIC PRIVATE SPACEPublic spaces centered around interaction are no longer viable as is evidenced by the fact that the top leisure activities are all individual pursuits, therefore the leisure space is no longer centered around this communality rather it is spaces for individual pursuits with interstitial zones that encourage and permit this interaction in a way that is not at the forefront.

39

DEMALLINGThe banal slug that was once surrounded by a sea of parking now becomes the container for the car; its thin membrane charged with the insertion of foreign bodies.

Its loading docks and delivery portals are reversed and are now the orifices for projecting public rooms and connection to the landscape. Access is inverted as well, allowing cars to dart in and people to emerge from the shell. It frees what was parking for new public uses, encourages pedestrian access, and acts as a new public face of Bedford.

Rather than proscribe a definitive solution or fill what was the parking lot its disuse gives it a charge and requires the public to appropriate it. In support a tentative taxonomy of different approaches: productive landscape, racetrack, art projects, etc. is created. This will allow for a process to develop and emerge.

Present condition

41

FIGURE/GROUND OF DRIVABLE SURFACESIn the process of demalling for public use Gruens principles of introversion and enclosure are inverted. The mall thus becomes a site of extroversion and disclosure. What was parking becomes a public ground and the internally evacuated mall becomes parking. What was once a banal experience in flatland becomes charged and defamiliarized as you inhabit the empty shell.

Phase 1: evacuation

Phase 2: extroversion & new entrance from tollroad

site plan 1:4000

N

43

site plan 1:4000

N

SCALE 3: REGIONAL SITE PLANThe site proper, 1 million square feet, is located near a major interchange and exit for the town is ideal for a more public use. In addition, its proximity to the Merrimack river, along a stretch along which there is currently no public access is an untapped resource. Connecting with this regional amenity removes the generic nature of the site and firmly roots it in its context both cultural and physical.

Nsection a

45

N

section a

N

section a

SCALE 2: SITE PLANExtroverted volumes are carefully calibrated with respect to programmatic dependent light conditions and viewsheds, surrounding context, and new spaces created between the evacuated shell and new volumes.

Interior public programs inhabit the erstwhile delivery portals of the flaccid and illconsidered exterior shell giving it a charge and reaching out to the surrounding context.

By setting up entry by car solely from the adjacent highway and pedestrian access/priority from all others, the exterior shell is charged as it mediates between these two previously unconnected publics.

46

section a 1/16 = 1

section a 1/16 = 1

Section detail leading to river.

47

section a 1/16 = 1

section a 1/16 = 1

Site section across voided mall showing connection to river.

Section detail entrances to interior forest.

public reading room1/4 = 1

49

public reading room1/4 = 1

SCALE 1: READING ROOM What was formerly the exterior parking lot and is now liberated for public use flows gently into the fabric of the reading room. Individual and group niches provide privacy and seclusion while still participating in the public sphere. Bookshelves and media storage line the niches.

51

REVERSING THE FLOWThe very portals that were created to accept the detritus to be, the material consumption that sustains capital production, are inverted; they become public protrusions, extroverting the mall, disclosing its public functions.

52

productive - farming non productive - asphalt prairie

art? - google earth shout out

spatial - walls with compost backfill

follies - or architectural products showroom

hybrid - corn maze speedy - race track

temporary spectacle - puma store

straddling permanence, productivity and spectacle on the

peoples tabula rasa

53

PEOPLES TABULA RASAstraddling permanence, productivity, and spectacle

View of the reading room and peoples tabula rasa.

Interior of reading room and mall shell beyond.

Entrance to interior play forest and buttress/catwalk system.

Night view of cinema from adjacent toll road.

63

excursionsnascent exercises in form and polemic

65

Rebounding from the failure of the original Situationist project, Constants New Babylon is revived through a liaison with a strange bedfellow: New Urbanism.

Realizing the impossibility of the endless takeover of Situationist space the project confines itself to a particular generic dross: dead malls.

Ironically, the palette of identity and place that New Urbanism [NU] offers is the perfect materiel to lose your self within a drive.

As Mark Wigley writes, [NU] New Babylon is intent on puncturing the fetishism, overcoming the alienation. It is a perfect product for a community seeking a destination and an identity. Live free or die.

Coherent planning, walkability, and the village green are in tension with the atmosphere and ambience that take over this environment of spontaneity and playfulness.

While Constants original proposal was a liberation from the ground plane NUNB (noon-bee) embraces the ground as the point of entry and enfolds it into its pleasurable indeterminacy.

Behind the scenes the machinery of capitalism continues to power the gears and to release us from the drudgery of daily life.

Homo Ludens in 2009: no buying power, but much staying power. Is this a for-profit venture or a non-profit? Can it be both?Could it make a profit and in the meantime recoup Gruens old dream of the civic center?

What can I do besides portend the logical continuation of shopping mall development? Open air, lifestyle centers.

Shall I engage the debate of public space in the private realm?

Situationist city and Constant in tension with late capitalism, the desire of commodity running rampant. A hungry populace.

New Urbanist New Babylon:A Situationist City for Bedford, NH

66

entertainment expenditures

1:30,000

avg household size

1:30,000

annual gas spending

Significant point pollution sources of runoff into Merrimack River

expanded eco conference centerintegrated with surroundinginfrastructure

biological corridor reconnection

RunoffMerrimack FiltrationWater recreation facility

service link to Mall of NH

67Merrimack River population density. Census 2000

Concord

Suncook

Manchester / Bedford

Nashua

Lowell

Lawrence

Haverhill

Newburyport

Regional Perspective

69

Path (il)Logic

operation image potentialities program

PATH: engage & modify

elevate & pocket

canyonize

berm tuck under

switchback stepup

ridge runner

cut & pass

fatten vertical and or horizontal

: packing logic

operationtype

golf course continuous pathswitchback or continuationserialityrepitition static

continuous pathswitchback or open endedsingular with require partsfree spiritedhighly topographical

motocross

operation image potentialities program

PATH: engage & modify

elevate & pocket

canyonize

berm tuck under

switchback stepup

ridge runner

cut & pass

fatten vertical and or horizontal

: packing logic

operationtype

golf course continuous pathswitchback or continuationserialityrepitition static

continuous pathswitchback or open endedsingular with require partsfree spiritedhighly topographical

motocross

71

Flow:Bundle and Separate

73

TV scheme: mangakista style

74

Altoon + Porter Architects. Designing the Worlds Best Retail Centres. Woodbridge: ACC Distribution, 2004.

Burchell, Robert, Anthony Downs. Sprawl Costs: The Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development. Washington D.C.: Island Press, 2005.

Calthorpe, Peter. The Regional City. Washington D.C.: Island Press, 2001.

Castells, Manuel. The Informational City: Informational Technology, Economic Restructuring and the Urban-Regional Process. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989 space of flows dispersed system of information generating units will replace the space of places, 126

Christensen, Julia. Big Box Reuse. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008. American precedents categorized by type, most projects are not too flashy or famous.

Chung, Chuihua Judy, et al. Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping. Koln: Taschen; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Design School, 2001. NA2543.S6.H38 2001.

Coleman, Peter. Shopping Environments: Evolution, Planning and Design. Boston: Architectural Press, 2006. NA6218.C65 2006.

Debord, Guy. The society of the spectacle. New York : Zone Books, 1994.

Gruen, Victor. Shopping towns USA;the planning of shopping centers. New York, Reinhold Pub. Corp., 1960.

Hardwick, M. Jeffrey. Mall maker : Victor Gruen, architect of an American dream. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. NA737.G78.H37 2004

Holl, Steven. The Edge of a City. new programs and hybrid typologies mediate between landscape and metropolis. Lukez, 18

Kay, Jane Holtz. How the Automobile Took Over America. New York: Crown, 1997.

Kramer, Anita et al. Retail Development, Fourth Edition. Washington D.C.: ULI the Urban Land Institute, 2008.

Lukez, Paul. Suburban Transformations. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. HT351.L85 2007. Presents three theoretical case studies.

75

Maas, Winy. FARMAX. Lacealongside, over, under roads that link malls Lukez, 19.

Manfredi, Michael A. Weiss/Manfredi : surface/subsurface. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008.

Marrey, Bernard. Les Grands Magasins : des origines 1939. Paris: Picard, 1979.

Moudon, Anne Vernez. The Changing Morphology of Suburban Neighborhoods. cited in Lukez, 17.

OMara, W. Paul, et al. Developing Power Centers. Washington D.C.: ULI The Urban Land Institute, 1996.

Rossi, Aldo. The Architecture of the City. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press. 1982. p 95. on the suburbs an amorphous mass

Safdie, Moshe. The City After the Automobile: An Architects Vision. New York: Basic Books, 1997. HT371.S24 1997. extrapolates typologies from mega structures to form multi layered intermodal centers. Lukez, 18.

Smiley, David. Sprawl and Public Space: Redressing the Mall. York: Princeton Architectural

Press, 2002. NA6218.S67 2002. In three parts: essays about public space, precedents, and interviews with developers and financial planners about the challenges of redevelopment.

Sobel, Lee. Greyfields into Goldfields: dead malls become living neighborhoods. San Francisco: Congress for the New Urbanism, 2002. HF5430.3.S63 2002. New Urbanist manifesto with built examples, based on 2002 research report with Price Waterhouse Coopers.

Torres, Ana Maria. Carme Pins : an architecture of overlay. New York: Monacelli Press, 2003.

Wall, Alex. Victor Gruen: from urban shop to new city. Barcelona: Actar, 2005. NA737.G78W34 2005.

Wigley, Mark. Constant's New Babylon : the hyper-architecture of desire. Rotterdam: Witte de With, Center for Contemporary Art : 010 Publishers, 1998.

Woods, Lebbeus. Radical Reconstruction. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1997. out of the reconstituted remnants of war, a new tissue develops, reflecting the changing matrix of conditions. Lukez, 20.

works consulted

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IMAGE CREDITS

p 14 Alex Wall, Gruenp 15 Life Inc.p 16 Alex Wall, Gruenp 17 deadmalls.comp 64 AP stock imagesAll others excluding collage material are those of the author.

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Suburban Relics: traversing contemporary arcades' nascent potential