Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
3.5 The Adverbial Phrase• Before looking at Adverbial Phrases, lets take a quick look at adverbs.
• Note that the label “adverb” applies to sets of words which are very different:
– Descriptive Adverb: quickly, narrowly, madly, probably, etc. (Adjunct, Disjunct)
– Adverbs of place and time: here, there, now, today, below, above, east (Adjunct, Subj, Obj, etc.)
– Wh words: why, when, where, how, what.
– Intensifiers, etc. : more-less, most-least, very, particularly, slightly, totally (Premod. for adj, adverb)
– Postmodifying adverbs: years ago, quick enough
1. Classes of Adverbs
3.5 The Adverbial Phrase• These 5 sets appear in very different syntactic contexts, and thus should not really be put in the same class.
• The rest of this class on “adverbial phrases” will talk only of the descriptive adverbs.
– These adverbs typically expresses qualities of processes and situations (while the adjective expresses qualities of people and things)
1. Classes of Adverbs
3.5 The Adverbial Phrase• Most descriptive adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an
adjective:– bad -> badly, quick -> quickly, probable -> probably
• Some have no suffix, but correspond to adjectives: – She runs well, She hits hard, She arrived late.
• N + -wise/-ways/-wards: sidewise,sideways,forwards
2. Forms of Descriptive Adverbs
3.5 The Adverbial Phrase• Structure of the AdvP:
(Premod) ^ Head ^ (PostMod)
– Most typical is the Head by itself: He runs quickly
– Sometimes a premodifier: very quickly
• Premodifier: – Grade: very, unusually, quite, etc.
– Comparison: more: he runs more slowly
• Postmodifiers:– He swam quickly enough (sufficiency)– He swam so fast that I couldn’t catch him.– He runs more slowly than me (comparison)
3. Structure of Descriptive Adverbial Phrases
3.5 The Adverbial Phrase• In clauses:– Adjunct: He studies hard. I completely forgot it.
– Disjunct: Fortunately, it didn’t rain.
• In phrases:– Modifier in AdjPs, AdvPs, NPs and PPs: nearly there; the then President; right through the wall.
– Qualifier in AdjPs, AdvPs, NPs: quick enough; quickly enough; the journey back.
– Complement of preposition (completive): over here.
4. Syntactic functions of Descriptive AdvPs
3.5 The Adverbial PhraseMeanings of descriptive adverbs:• Manner (hesitantly, suspiciously), • Respect (artistically, financially).• Temporal: (daily, briefly, firstly).• Modal: possibility (certainly), restriction (hardly), necessity
(necessarily), volition (unwillingly), viewpoint (healthwise), emphasis (plainly, obviously), judgement (wisely, rightly), attitude (hopefully, thankfully)
• Degree: comparison (more, less, most), intensification (all alone, quite happy), attenuation (slightly, somewhat), approximation (about / roughly 20 people).
• Focusing: restriction (merely, solely), reinforcement (even, as well).
…
5. Semantic Functions of Descriptive Adverbs
3.5 The Adverbial PhraseMeanings of adverbs (cont.)
• Conjunctive (logical connection): sequence, equation (likewise), reinforcement (furthermore), conclusion (altogether), apposition (namely), result (consequently, so), alternation (otherwise), contrast (or rather), opposition (instead), concession (however, nevertheless), transition (now, then).
5. Semantic Functions of Descriptive Adverbs
3.5 The Adverbial Phrase• Forms of Space and Time adverbs:– These adverbs not formed by addition of –ly suffix:
– Most act as reference to some point of time or place:• now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, here, there, down, up, always, never
– Some are relative to another position, formed by adding a- in front:
– above, across, ahead, along, aside, etc.
– Adv. beginning with Adv. beginning with be- indicating position or direction: before, behind, below, beneath, besides, between, beyond
– Compound: downhill, elsewhere
7. Forms of Space and Time adverbs Adverbs
CIRCUMSTANTIAL: SPACE, TIME, MANNER
STANCE: (Certainty, doubt, emphasis, judement, attititude)
DEGREE: COMPARING, INTENSIFYING
FOCUSING ADVERBS: RESTRICTING THE SCOPE
CONNECTIVE ADVERBS: LOGICAL CONNECTION
Put the chairs herePush it downSee you laterWatch carefully
You’re definitely rightHopefully, it won’t rain tomorrow
He looks quite happyIt’s kind of strange
He is just interested in moneyShe didn’t even say goodbye
They know he’s corrupt, yet they vote for himI was tired, so I went home.
I could see my studio from where I stood, an old boathouse down by the water-wall. A bit rotten in places, but I had been glad to get it ... When I had my canvas up it was two feet off the ground, which just suited me. I like to keep my pictures above dog level.
"Well", I thought, "the walls and roof are there. They haven't got blown away, yet. No-one has leaned up against them." I was pleased, but I didn't go along in a hurry. One thing at a time. Last time I was locked up, I left a regular establishment behind. Nice little wife, two kids, flat and a studio with a tin roof. Water-tight all round. . . . When I came back, there was nothing. Wife and kids had gone back to her mama. Flat let to people who didn't even know my name. My cartoons, drawings, ladders, they'd just melted. I hadn't expected to see the fryingpan and kettle again. You can't leave things like that about for a month in a friendly neighbourhood and expect to find them in the same place. When I came back from gaol, even the smell had gone.
Joyce Cary The Horse’s Mouth (in Downing & Locke, 2006: 505)
Types of meanings expressed by Adverbs…SPACE, POSITIONwheredownuptherebehindabout (indeterminate)
SPACE, DIRECTION
away
along
back
DEGREE, INTENSFICATION
just
up
all round
SCALAR (+ or
– than
expected)
even (1)
FOCUSING BY
REINFORCEMENT
just
even (2)
TIME, FREQUENCY
again
TIME, RELATION
yet
DISCOURSE MARKER (ATTITUDE
OF ACCEPTANCE)
well
CIRCUMSTANTIAL: elsewhere, anywhere
MODAL: incredibly, perhaps, probably
FOCUSING: especially, even, too (= also), alone
DEGREE: roughly, about, approximately, enough, quite, so
