Perhaps we should start with the easiest: using the
infinitive
Diapositiva 4
dejar querer necesitar preferir insistiren Infinitive: no
change of subject
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Examples Quiero empezar mis vacaciones. Insisto en tomar una
siesta. Prefiero leer novelas histricas. La maestra nos deja perder
demasiado tiempo. Uds. necesitan ser ms responsables.
Diapositiva 6
Wishes, Preferences, Commands (p.288) quererdesearesperartemer
tener miedo de preferirmandarOjal These verbs are followed by the
subjunctive because whether one wants, hopes or fears, etc., doesnt
mean theres a guarantee of the outcome.
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Examples (watch tenses) Espero que ella se vaya. Yo esperaba
que ella se fuera. Yo esperar a que ella se fuera. Yo esperar que
ella se vaya. I hope that she goes away. I was hoping that she
would go away. I would hope that shed go away. Ill hope that she
goes away.
Diapositiva 8
More examples Prefiero que veas el exh bito de Picasso al
museo. Yo prefera que vieras el exhbito de Picasso al museo. Yo
preferira que vieras el exhbito de Picasso al museo. Yo preferir
que veas el exhbito de Picasso al museo.
Diapositiva 9
Impersonal Expressions (p.290) Ser bueno que Ser importante que
Ser posible que Ser necesario que Ser imposible que Ser probable
que Ser improbable que Ser mejor que Etc. While it may be good
that, or important that, or possible that, etc.; again there is no
assurance of the outcome.
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Examples Es mejor que estudies todo. Era mejor que estudiaras
todo. Ser a mejor que estudiaras todo. Ser mejor que estudies todo.
Its better/best that you study everything. It was better/best that
you study everything. It would be better/best that you study
everything. It will be better/best if/that you study
everything.
Diapositiva 11
Volition: Giving Advice; Making Suggestions (p.313)
pedirrogarsugeriraconsejarexigir decir (if used to imply a command)
recomendar These verbs are followed by the subjunctive because once
again even though one asks or begs, suggests, etc., it is uncertain
that the desired outcome will occur.
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Examples Mis padres me recomiendan que yo trabaje muy duro y
que participe mucho en todas mis clases. Mis padres me recomendaron
que yo trabajara muy duro y que participara mucho en todas mis
clases. Mis padres me recomendar an que yo trabajara muy duro y que
participara mucho en todas mis clases.
Diapositiva 13
Why did we use the subjunctive in those examples? Can we say
that I do work hard and participate a lot? Or that I did work hard
and participated a lot? Or that I would work hard and participate a
lot? No, none of those statements are certain.
Diapositiva 14
Its time to look at Sequence of Tenses Main clause Subordinate
clause pres. tense indicative pres. subjunctive future command
imperfect imperfect subjunctive preterite conditional
Diapositiva 15
3 Ds (doubt / denial / disbelief) p.315 dudar ser dudoso no
estar seguro(a) no creer no pensar no ser cierto(a) With these
expressions, the reason that you use subjunctive is because doubt
is implied.
Diapositiva 16
Doubt or no doubt? Subjunctive or Indicative? Creo que el mundo
es redondo. No creo que el mundo sea plano. Es dudoso que la
tortuga pueda ganar en una carrera contra el jaguar. Es cierto que
la Sra. McKenna sabe mucho ms que Uds. sobre el subjuntivo. Hab a
mucha duda que la mayor a de esta clase tratara bastante de
aprender.
Diapositiva 17
Emotion alegrarse de estar alegre estar contento estar triste
sentir ser una lstima sorprendergustar(le)encantar(le) Begins with
a statement of fact, such as Its sunny today! As soon as you show
an emotion about it, it shifts to the subjunctive, Im so happy that
its sunny today! Make sure there is a change of subject. Hace
calor. Estoy contenta que haga calor.
Diapositiva 18
Adverbial Clauses: ESCAPA Some expressions always force the use
of the subjunctive. They are: en caso de que- in case sin que-
without con tal (de) que- provided that antes de que- before para
que- so that a menos que- unless
Diapositiva 19
Theres a logic behind this: In case I dont return in time,
start dinner without me. En caso de que yo no vuelva a tiempo,
empieza la cena sin m. We cannot say with certainty that I dont
return in time. (I may or may not return in time.)
Diapositiva 20
To use subjunctive or not? With a number of adverbial
expressions, you must first determine if an action is realized or
unrealized. Does it represent truth or reality, or not?
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Adverbial expressions aunquecuando en cuanto tan pronto como
hasta que despus de que de modo que de manera que Look for realized
(completed) action or unrealized (anticipated) action.
Diapositiva 22
Examples Mi hermano se quit los zapatos en cuanto l entr en la
casa. Mi hermano se quitar los zapatos en cuanto l entre en la
casa. Sal de la clase despus de que los alumnos salieron. Salgo de
la clase despus de que los alumnos salgan. Salgo de la clase despus
de que los alumnos salen.
Diapositiva 23
Examples El no sabe a qu hora terminar el partido de bisbol; l
vendr a mi casa aunque el partido termine muy tarde. Does aunque
here mean even if or even though? How do you translate the
sentence?
Diapositiva 24
He doesnt know what time the baseball game will end; hell come
to my house even if it ends really late.
Diapositiva 25
Si clauses There are only two different kinds of if sentences:
Presentpresent/future Or Imperfect subj.conditional
Diapositiva 26
Examples If I like you, I will share my sandwich with you.
(present future) If I liked you, I would share my sandwich with
you. (imperf subj conditional) Si yo te quiero, compartir mi
sandwich contigo. Si yo te quisiera, compartira mi sandwich
contigo.
Diapositiva 27
Indefinite Antecedents (p.424) Does the relative clause
describe a specific, definite person or thing? Or... Does the
relative clause describe something that is indefinite (may or may
not exist)? Does the relative clause describe something that is
indefinite (may or may not exist)?
Diapositiva 28
Perdneme, Seor, pero estoy buscando a la camarera que limpi mi
habitacin esta maana. Is this a definite person? Yes, she is.
Therefore, we use the indicative (preterite, in this case)
Diapositiva 29
Perdneme, Seor, pero estoy buscando un mozo que pueda ayudar
con mi equipaje. Hay uno disponible? Is this a definite person?
Maybe yes, maybe no. Thats why we use the subjunctive.