Subject Index

A complete list of taxa in which CAM activity has been detected is given in Table 26.1, and the individual taxa are indexed here only if mentioned in the main text.

AS3S (absorbance at 535 nm) 81, 84, 87, 88 Amax (maximum rate of CO2 uptake)

319-322,404,405 ABA-responsive elements 167, 212 abscisic acid (ABA) 128-132, 150-151,

167-168,170-171,212,292,400 absorptance 102 acclimation to light 101, 105-109 acetic acid 376 acetyl CoA 337, 402, 403, 414, 415 acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) 376 acid-base balance, see charge balance aconitase 303 actin 145 actinomycin D 49 adenylate control 398 ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase

(ADPG-PPase) 41, 137 Aechmea 195 Aeonium 326,327,351-352,354-357,418

A. urbicum 338 life-forms 351,354-356,418

Agavaceae 8, 9, 33, 257, 338, 428 agaves 227,404 see also Agavaceae and

Agave spp. Agave 257, 259-261, 404

A. americana 338 A. deserti 57,231,266-277,405 A.fourcroydes 259,271 A. lechuguilla 271 A. mapisaga 252,259-261,272,404 A. salmiana 257,259-261,271, 272, 404 A. tequilana 257, 271

Agrobacterium rhizogenes 153 Agrobacterium tumefaciens 153 Aichryson 351 Aizoaceae 6, 8,9, 33, 59, 65, 338,419,

430,433 alanine 127 alanine aminotransferase 160 alcoholic beverage 257 aldolase 137 aldose/alditol cycle 376-378 Alismataceae 9, 286, 372, 428 Alluaudia front cover, 419

A. comosa 341 A. dumosa 341 A. humbertii 341,419 A. montagnacii 341 A. procera 341,419

Alluaudiopsis fiherensis 341 Alluaudiopsis marnieriana 341 Aloe front cover, 346

A. arborescens 36,40, 41, 187 A. cilians 41 A. dichotoma 345 A. marlothii 346 A. vera 41

alternative oxidase 23, 396, 398, 399, 412, 413

"overflow" hypothesis 398, 399 pyruvate stimulation 398

ammonium 376, 377 amylase 137 Anabaena variabilis 138 Anacystis nidulans 138 Ananas 34-36, 38-42, 195, 233, 390, 410

A. comosus 35,40,41,261,399 Anatosaurus 366 Andes 292 angiosperms, origin of 365

fossil evidence 365 molecular evidence 365

annual carbon balance 321-322 anoxia 120 antheraxanthin 98-101, 105-106,

108-109,111 anthocyanin 139 antisense techniques 146, 153 Apiaceae 8, 9, 372, 432, 433 Apocynaceae 9, 432, 433 apoplast 55 Aptenia cordifolia 402 aquatic CAM 281-293,352,367,370-373,

379,416, 433 carbon-isotope discrimination 292-293 distribution 283-287 evolution 293, 370-372, 379

aquatic macrophytes 8,9,281-293,366, 370-373,416,433

438

in air (emergent) 291-292, 352, 379 Arabidopsis thaliana 60, 152 Arbutus unedo 321 Asclepiadaceae 8, 9, 33, 432, 433 Ascophyllum nodosum 282,287-288 ascorbate 98 aspartate 127 aspartate aminotransferase 160 Asphodelaceae front cover, 8, 9, 33,

41,428 Asteraceae 9, 33, 432 ATPase, see plasmalemma and tonoplast ATP requirement, see energy cost ATP synthesis

photosynthetic 369, 393, 397, 398 respiratory 391,402,408,412,414

see also oxidative phosphorylation A TP transfer (mitochondria to

chloroplasts) 396 AT-rich sequence 148 Australia 5, 345-346 auxin 129 Avena sativa 61 axillary shoots 121

Bakerella 345 Balfouria 350 barley, see Hordeum vulgare Barro Colorado Island 312, 321, 403 beet, see Beta vulgaris 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 129-132,

168-170 Beta vulgaris 64, 180, 256 bicarbonate (HCO;) 362, 371, 374,

376, 378 Billbergia amoena 40 Boiteau 324, 326, 327, 333 boron 259 Bromelia humilis 35, 195 Bromeliaceae 8, 9, 33, 58, 194, 349, 418,

429,433 bromeliads 406, 411 see also Bromeliaceae

epiphytic 7, 8, 195, 239, 270, 304 brown algae 373 Bryophyllum, see Kalanchoe

B. calycinum, see K. pinnata buffering capacity 55-58, 89, 305, 307,

309, 403 bundle-sheath cells 256, 262

13C label distribution 23 C3/CAM intermediates, see facultative CAM C4 photosynthesis 32, 37, 53, 136, 141,

255-256,261-264,336,338,342,346, 360, 362, 364, 366-368, 373, 378, 379, 389,404, 405, 417

Cactaceae 8, 9, 33, 255, 339, 349,418, 419,

431, 433 see also cacti cacti 4,6, 111,227,400,404

epiphytic 269, 275, 277 see also Cactaceae

Calandrinia 6

Subject Index

calcium 49,55,57-58,62, 75, 375 calcium carbonate 375 California 401 Calvin cycle, see photosynthetic carbon

reduction cycle CAM-cycling 4,176,179,192-201,

204-207,213,217,221,234,235, 349, 353, 354, 357, 378, 417

CAM-idling 135, 176, 192-194, 197, 201, 213,216,221,234,328,338,412

Cambrian 361 Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum 270 Canary Islands 351, 354, 356,418 capacitance, water-storage 6, 54 Cape Verde Islands 351, 354, 356, 418 carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) 376,

378 carbohydrate, reserve 1-3, 31-43, 187,

263,301,331,337,396,397,399,403, 407, 409, 410, 415

carbon dioxide availability 417, 418 concentrating mechanism 7, 9, 263, 336,

370,416 diffusional limitation 286, 291, 293, 370 electrode 20-28, 411 elevated 212, 372, 404-406 gas exchange 4,130,176-177,192-201,

205-207, 216-228, 230-246, 257, 261-264,297-300,312-322, 328-333,402-405

hydration reaction 88 in water 286-290,370-372,417 narcosis 374 partial pressure

air 212,239,312-313,319,361-365, 370,405,418

intercellular space 4, 6-7, 22, 87, 103, 111, 123, 193, 197-198, 200, 204, 233,235,237,245-246,263,290-291, 374, 427

carbon dioxiode: oxygen ratio 362-365, 367-369,416

carbon-isotope discrimination 5, 336-346, 366, 427

t., definition of 239 b13C value

definition of 5 observed values 5,217,239-246,

304-305,325-328,351-355, 366-367,403,417,418

instantaneous (on-line) 239-245, 336 see also aquatic CAM

Subject Index

carbonic anhydrase 378-379 Carboniferous 361, 362, 365, 367, 368,

372,417 5- (and 6-) carboxy-2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein

(CDCF) 79, 90-91, 94 p-carotene 108, 109 carotenoids 98-101, 104-109, 111-112 Carpobrotus acinaciformis 338 Carpobrotus edulis 427 Ceiba pentandra 313,314,319 Celastraceae 433 cell wall 371, 374

elasticity 54 Ceraria namaquensis 419 Chamaegigas intrepidus 337 characean algae 371 charge balance 54-58, 62, 91, 93, 122, 126,

128, 379 chelation 57-58,242 Chihuahuan desert 271 Chile 260, 339, 343, 345, 404 chlorenchyma cells 2,255-256,365 chloride 59,63,65, 141, 163 chlorophyll

excited singlet state 98-99 excited triplet state 105 fluorescence 5, 78-94, 98, 102, 107, 110,

123 quenching 26, 85, 307-308

chlorophyll alb binding protein 145 chloroplast 141, 144-145, 150, 218, 256,

394-396, 409 ATP synthase 60 A TP synthesis 94 RNA-binding proteins 150 starch synthesis/storage 37, 38, 43, 218 stroma 88-89, 376, 378

chromaffin granules 60 Cicer arietinum 375 circadian rhythm 46-51, 67, 78 cis-elements 148-149, 154, 419 Cissus cactiformis 217 Cissus gongyloides 217 Cissus hypoleuca 217 Cissus quadrangular is 216-228 Cissus quinquangularis 217 Cissus rotundifolia 217 Cissus trifoliata 217 citrate 55, 57-58,402, 407, 412

transport 64, 302,414 citrate synthase 402 citric acid 55, 57, 58, 237-238,413

metabolism in CAM cycle 238,300-303, 305-309,402-403,414-415,416

synthesis 3, 28, 122, 237, 242, 415 Citrus 346 cladode 102-104, 110,256, 258-260, 405 clathrin-coated vesicles 60

climatic gradient 8 Clusia 6, 7, 28, 36, 42, 55, 58, 296-309,

312-323,390,400,402 gas exchange 297-300 life forms 304 metabolism 300-303 taxonomy 296-301

see also facultative CAM C. alata 35, 299, 301 C. aripoensis 296, 301 C. articulata 296 C. intertexta 296, 301 C. lanceolata 301, 307 C. lundellii 312 C. major 231,301 C. minor 35, 232, 233, 236-238,

242-246, 296-303, 307-309, 312 C. multiflora 296, 299, 301

439

C. rosea 35,231,296,301-305,307-308 C. tocuchensis 296, 301 C. uvitana 301,309,312-322,402,403,

405 C. venosa 301

Clusiaceae 9, 431 see also Clusia Coenozoic 361 collagen 366 Commelina benghalensis 342 Commelinaceae 9, 342, 429 compatible solutes, see osmoprotective

solutes Copiapoa cinerea 339-340,343 cordycepin 49 corn, see Zea mays Corynebacterium glutamicum 138 Cotyledonoideae 350 counter ion, see charge balance Crassula 284-286,379

aquatic species 371 C. aquatica 282, 283, 285, 290 see also

Til/aea aquatica C. argentea 41,105-109,111,181 C. erecta 352 C. helmsii 285 C. lycopodioides 40 C. natans 285 C. ovata 342, 344 C. paludosa 285 C. portulacea 344 C. rupestris 41 C. sieberiana 181

Crassulaceae front cover, 6, 8,9, 33, 41, 57,285,338,349-357,372,418,431

evolution 349-357 growth forms 351,354-357

Crassuloideae 350 Cremnophila . 351 Cretaceous 364-367,417,418 Crete 338

440

Cryptomeria japonica 256 Cucurbitaceae front cover, 9, 431 current-voltage plot 63 Cuscuta hyalina 343-344 cyanide-resistant respiration, see alternative

oxidase cyanobacteria 99-101, 138 cycloheximide 49 Cyperus papyrus 256 cystoliths 375 cytochrome c oxidase 160 cytochrome pathway 391-393,396,397,

412,413 cytokinin 129, 132, 150, 151, 168-171 cytoplasm

pH 55-56, 59, 89, 91-95, 188, 362 pH, measurement of 91, 188 volume 53, 188

cytosol 144-145, 256, 262, 263, 409

Daucus carota 60 daylength, see photoperiod Death Valley 110 definition of CAM 2 dehydration, see water deficits de Saussure 1, 17, 19 desert succulents 54, 266-278 deuterium 336-346 development 142, 144-145, 149, 150, 152,

163-165 CAM induction 117, 119, 121, 125, 132,

135,139-141,163-166,204-214, 400,401

Devonian 361-363, 372 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 129 Diamorpha 350, 351 Didierea trollii 345 Didiereaceae front cover, 9, 339, 341,419,

431 diffusion potential 66 discovery of CAM 1, 17, 31 dithiothreitol (DTT) 99, 100 DNA-amplification

fingerprinting 296-297 DNA-binding sites 146-148 double carboxylation 22, 127-128, 234,

377 Dracaenaceae 9, 33, 428 drought, see water deficits Dudleya 351

D.farinosa 231

East Africa 351, 367 Ebenaceae 433 Echeveria 351 Echeverioideae 350 Echinochloa polystachya 256 Echinopsis chilensis 345

Subject Index

Echinopsis skottsbergii 345 Elaeis guineensis 256 electrical-circuit analogue 57 electrochromic shift (P 515) 82 electrode

chloride 163 gas-phase 20 leaf-disc system 22, 23

electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy 74

electron transport 246, 403 cyclic 23,94,369,393,411 light-dependent 23, 25, 86 linear (non-cyclic) 79-86, 102, 104,

369,393 pseudocyclic 411

Eleocharis acicularis 282, 283 endocytic vesicles 60 energetic costs

of C3 pathway 262-263, 369,410-411, 416

of CAM 262-263,369,394-397, 406-416

energy dissipation 97-112, 406 see also heat

enolase 137, 144, 160 Environmental Productivity Index

(EPI) 257-259,404 epidermal bladder cells 65, 139, 141, 154 epidermis 204, 329, 342 Epiphyllum phyllanthus 269, 275, 277, 405 epiphytes 5,7,9,205,312-322,325,330,

364,416,417 Equisetum arvense 60 Eriocaulon 371 Escherichia coli 138 ethylene 212 eubacteria, ATP synthase 60 Eucalyptus 374

E. globulus 256 E. grandis 256

Euglena 376 Eukalanchoe, see Kalanchoe Eulychnia acida 345 Euphorbia front cover

E. damarana 343-345 Euphorbiaceae front cover, 8, 9, 33,

432, 433 eutrophic habitats 290-291 evergreens 10 1 evolution of CAM 8, 136-139, 327,

349-357,360-379,416-419 excitation energy 406 facilitated diffusion 396 facultative CAM 6, 119, 135, 176-188, 217,

230-232,234-246,296-309, 312-313,317-319,327,349,351, 353-357, 391, 399-404

SUbject Index

farnesol 129 fa tty acids 376 Ferocactus acanthodes 266-267,269-277,

405 ferredoxin-NADP reductase 141, 145, 160 Ficus 312 fire tolerance 374 Flacourtiaceae 433 Flaveria 136

F. pringlei 138 F. trinervia 138

flowering 121, 139-140, 154, 164, 243, 401 fluorescence 391 see also chlorophyll foliar application 128, 132, 168, 170 F ontinalis antipyretica 293 forest canopy 239,312,319-322,416 fossil evidence 365-367, 372-373, 419 free energy change

ATP hydrolysis 262,307,411 NADPH oxidation 262,411

freeze fracture 60 fructokinase 41 fructose, see hexose fructose 6-phosphate (F6-P) 137 fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 137, 160 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) 137 fucoids 379 fumarase, label randomization 391 fumarate 63 futile cycle 3, 64, 128, 242, 246, 390

fixation by PEPC 21-23, 26, 242, 333

galactose 36 gas bladders 373 gas exchange, see carbon dioxide gas pressures 374 gel-mobility-shift assay 148 gene expression 142-154, 159-162, 389 genetic diversity 164 Geraniaceae 9, 342, 431 germin-like protein 160 Gesneriaceae 9, 432 gibberellin 129 glucan 34-37, 137,369 glucokinase 41 gluconeogenesis 2, 23, 25, 136, 137, 143,

144, 146, 306, 390-397, 399, 403, 408-410,414-415

glucose, see hexose glucose I-phosphate (GI-P) 137 glucose 6-phosphate (G6-P) 46, 137 glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase 160 glucose 6-phosphate isomerase 137, 144,

160 /I-glucuronidase (GUS) 148, 149 glutamate dehydrogenase 160 glutamine synthetase 160

441

glutamine/glutamate cycle 303 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

(G3PDH) 369, 392 NAD+ -dependent (cytosol) 37, 137, 143,

144, 146-149, 160, 162, 396 NADP+ -dependent (chloroplast) 160,

396,397 glycerol 186-187 glycine 127 Glycine max 138, 269 glycolate 127 glycolate oxidase 160 glycolysis 59, 136, 137, 143, 144, 146, 187,

221,377,406-410,414-415 gnetophytes 365,417, 427 Gondwanaland 418 Gormania 350 Gossypium hirsutum 60, 320-321 Graptopetalum 351 Greenovia 351 growth rate 233, 404-406 Guzmania monostachia 427

H+ /citrate stoichiometry 412,413 H+ /CO l stoichiometry 411-412 hadrosaurs 366,417 H asseanthus 350 Hawaii 34 heat, energy dissipation 99-106, 110,

111,412 Hechtia 195 hemiepiphytes 304, 312-322 hemiparasites 344-346 herbivory 261 hexokinase 39,42, 137, 160, 369 hexose 35-43, 137, 301-302, 306, 369,

375,378, 391, 392, 394-397, 409, 410, 412,415

hexose phosphate 406, 408, 412, 414 Heyne 1,31 holoparasites 342-344, 346, 374 honey 346 Hordeum vulgare 60, 89 Hoya carnosa 40, 41, 267 humidity 219-224, 228, 233, 292, 312, 331,

379, 402 Hydnora africana 343-344 hydrenchyma, see water-storage tissue Hydrocharitaceae 8, 9, 372, 428, 433 hydrogen-isotope ratios (bD) 305,336-346 hydro lases 54 hydroxypyruvate reductase 160 Hypagophytum 350

ice plant, see M esembryanthemum crystallinum

immunoblot 40, 181, 309, 351

442

inorganic carbon storage 373-375 gas 373-374 oil 374 solid 375 solution 374

intercellular spaces 373-374 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 324 inverse rhythm, see stomata invertase 37, 39-41, 301

acid (vacuolar) 39-42, 369, 391 antibody 40

ion channels, see plasmalemma and tonoplast

irradiation, seeds 152 irrigation 260 isocitrate 55, 57-58 isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent

303 Isoetaceae 8, 9, 281, 372, 379,428,433 Isoetes 8, 135, 281-286, 288-293,

370-372, 379, 417 I. andicola 291-292, 379 I. andina 379 I. bolanderi 284, 290, 293 I. howellii 281-284, 288-293 I. lacustris 290 I. macrospora 290 I. malinverniana 286 I. orcuttii 284, 290 I. triquetra 379

isoetid life-form 8,370-371 see also Isoetes I soetites 372, 417 Israel 401 Italy 338

jasmonate, see methyl jasmonate Jurassic 364

Kalanchoideae 350 Kalanchoe front cover, 4, 67, 322, 324-333,

340, 351, 357, 390 K. beharensis 227, 327, 328 K. blossfeldiana 231, 326, 398, 401-402 K. campanulata 326 K. daigremontiana 20-27,34-36,40,41,

53,55,57-58,60-64,74-75,127, 128, 179, 180,207,231,233, 235, 239, 244, 324, 328, 330, 342, 344, 391, 398

K.fedtschenkoi 41,47-51, 183,207,324 K. porphyrocalyx 327-330,333 K. miniata 327-330,333 K. pinnata 34, 78-94, 207, 322, 324, 405 K. tubifiora 34,40,180,188,231,324,344 K. unifiora 330-333

Kitchingia, see Kalanchoe

Labiatae, see Lamiaceae

Subject Index

labelling C4 C) patterns 127, 282-283, 287-288, 293, 302-303, 331

lacustrine environments 290-291 Lamiaceae 9, 432 Larrea divaricata 364 Lathraea 374 Lavoisier 17 leaf area index (LAI) 25, 260 leaf development

CAM induction 64, 319, 379, 400 leaf longevity 227, 319, 400 leaf senescence 227 leaf shedding 314, 330 Lenophyllum 351 lichens 99 -100, 101, 368, 370 light, see photosynthetic photon flux density light gradient 106-109, 111 light interception, optimal 405 light-responsive element (GT-1) 167 light scattering 79, 82, 83, 87, 93 Lilium 267 lipid 337, 341, 342 lipid-solution mechanism 65-66, 73 Littorella 284, 285, 370-371

L. americana 285 L. unifiora 282, 285, 290-291, 379

Lobelia dortmanna 370-372 lodging 263 Lovastatin 132, 151, 168, 400 lutein 108 lysosomes 60

Madagascar front cover, 325-328, 330, 333,339-341,345,418-419

Madeira 353-354,356 magnesium 55,57-58,62,242 malate

accumulation, see vacuole decarboxylation 23, 84-86, 95, 103, 178,

180,193,197-198,200,233-234,242, 245-246, 255-256, 263, 281, 290-291,306,369,390,393,396-398, 407,410,412

protonation/deprotonation 57-58,62, 65-66

transport, see vacuole malate channels 74, 93, 94 malate: CO2 ratio 192-196, 200, 227 malate dehydrogenase (MDH)

NAD+ -dependent 137, 143, 144, 146, 160, 397

NADP+ -dependent 143, 144, 146, 149, 160

maleate 63 malic acid, undissociated 57, 62, 65-66, 73 malic enzyme (ME) 32, 37, 46, 93, 120, 137,

180-181,306,369,378,394-398, 406-415

Subject Index

NAD+ -dependent (NAD-ME) 3, 33,37, 38, 41, 120, 143, 144, 151, 160, 181, 391-392,396-399,403,413,419

NADP+ -dependent (NADP-ME) 3, 33, 37, 41, 120-122, 124-126, 128-130, 143, 144, 149, 159, 160, 162, 167, 181, 207,281,352,354-355,391-392,396, 397,418,419

malonic acid 376 malonyl CoA 376 Mammillaria 255 mangrove 101 M anihot esculenta 256 mannitol 179-180, 291-292 mannose 36 mass spectrometer 5, 127, 427 Medicago sativa 138 Mediterranean 120, 121 Mehler reaction 83, 88, 94 membrane fluidity 74-75, 390 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 3,35,

60-62, 65, 74-75, 117, 119-132, 136-15~ 159-171, 181, 20~ 212-213,231,235,237,243-246,309, 389-391, 399-40~419

cell suspension culture 159 flowering 139, 140, 243 gene expression 121, 124, 379,419 genome size 136 growth phases 139, 140, 164 inducibility of CAM 163-165,400 life cycle 120-121,136,139-141,164,

243-244,401 reproduction 120, 244-245 reversibility of CAM induction 165,

169,400 salt effects 61, 390, 399, 400 soil volume 164-166 tissue culture 136

M esembryanthemum nodifiorum 402 M esembryanthemum pellitum 270 mesic habitats 418 Mesozoic 361, 364, 366 Meterostachys 350 methylation 139-141 methyl jasmonate 129, 169-171 mevalonate pathway 154 Mexico 257, 260, 351, 353,404, 419 micro algae 337, 371 microprojectile bombardment 148 midday depression of CO2 fixation 234, 235,

237, 245 Miocene 366,367,417 mistletoes 344-346 mitochondria 38, 144,302-303, 306,

391-399,407,410,412 ATP synthase 60

molecular phylogeny 365, 379,419, 433

Monanthes 351 Morocco 356 mutants 152-153 myo-inositol 142 myo-inositol O-methyl transferase 142,

143, 145, 146, 151, 153, 154, 160 Myrothamnus fiabellifolia 337

NADH dehydrogenase 413 rotenone-resistant 413

NADPH requirement, see energy cost Namaqualand 419 Namib desert 73 Namibia 337,342-345 N athorstiana 417 nectar 346 nectaries 374 neoxanthin 108 Nerium oleander 75, 111,364 Nevada 417 Nicotiana tabacum 60, 138, 148 nitrate assimilation 55-56, 416

443

nitrogen 259, 342, 346, 367-368, 371, 372, 375-377

nitrogen assimilation 303 light-dependent 21, 22, 416

non-radiative energy dissipation 85-86 non photochemical quenching (NPQ) 102,

110-111 Nopalea cochinellifera 34, 102-104 nuclear magnetic resonance 188 nuclear run-on experiments 146 nutrients 259,260,266,290,367-368,

370-372

Oedematopus obovatus 301 oils 374 oligotrophic lakes 284-287

CO2 levels 286-287 ononitol 139, 142 ontogeny, see development Opuntia 17, 256-262, 404

O. acanthocarpa 270 O. amyclea 259, 260,404 O. aurantiaca 34 o. basilaris 110, 226-227, 270, 328, 403 O. ficus-indica 104, 257, 259-261,

266-269,271-277,338,404,405 O. inermis 403 O. polyacantha 366,417 O. puberula 270

Orchidaceae 5-9, 33, 428, 433 see also orchids

orchids epiphytic 5, 7, 267, 273, 339-340 "shootless" 7, 270

444

terrestrial 339-340 Orcuttia viscida 282, 283, 287-288, 293 organic acids, see malic acid, citric acid

and titratable acidity Ordovician 361 Orostachys 350 Oryzopsis hymenoides 271 osmoprotective solutes 136, 146, 162,

186-187, 399 osmotic adjustment 141, 142, 154, 180,401 osmotic coefficient 57 osmotic pressure 54, 128, 149, 159, 180,

291-292,305,306,313 Othonna opima 427 overreduction 403, 416 Oxalidaceae 9, 431 oxaloacetate (OAA) 137, 143 oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP)

pathway 377, 406-407 oxidative phosphorylation 392,397,

406-408,411-414 2-oxoglutarate 303 oxygen/carbon dioxide stoichiometry 19-28

Phase I 25-27 Phase III 22-25 Phase IV 20-22

oxygen electrode 20-28, 196,411 oxygen evolution 79-81, 83, 122-124, 246 oxygen-isotope discrimination 398 oxygen partial pressure 361-363 oxygen-sensitivity of CO2 uptake 234 oxygen, singlet 105 oxygen uptake 411

P/O stoichiometry 392, 396 Pachyphytum 351

P. oviferum 40 Pachysedum 350 Pakistan 367 palaeoclimates 360-370 palaeocretes 366, 417 Palaeozoic 365, 366 Panama 312,403,405 parasites 342-346 parsimony analysis 138-139 Parvisedum 350, 351 Passiftoraceae 9,431 passive diffusion 65 patch-clamp technique 60, 63-64 pathogens 263 Pee Dee belemnite (PDB) 5 Pennisetum purpureum 256 pentitol 377 Peperomia 135, 150, 204-214, 297, 402

P. camptotricha 151, 205, 208-210 P. obtusifolia 40, 344

Subject Index

P. scandens 205-206, 208-211, 232 Pereskia 418 Permian 361, 368 Perrierosedum 350 pH, see cytoplasm and vacuole pH stat mechanism 55 Phanerozoic 361, 372, 373 phases of CAM 4, 19, 120, 130, 219,

230-246, 297 - 298 Phase II 123,219,220,222,230-234,

238-242, 245-246 Phase III, see malate decarboxylation Phase IV 22, 123, 127, 219, 220, 222,

230-234, 238-242, 245-246 phase transition in membrane lipids 73 phenology 313 phenotypic plasticity 3-6 phosphatase inhibitors 182-183 phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 127-128, 137,

187,306,396,397,403,408 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase

(PEPCK) 3,32-33,37,38,41,58, 207,306,369,375,376,378,390-397, 399,406-415, 419

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) 2-5, 17, 56, 59, 78, 93, 120-122, 124-132,136-139,143-145,151, 154,159,161-171,177,180-188,200, 204-214,234,240-242,262,281,283, 285,290,304,309,312,328,330-333, 339,341,351-355,362,376,378-379, 389-390,399,401,402,405,410, 418,419

activation by glucose 6-phosphate 46 activity in Phase IV 21-22 affinity for PEP 183-186 carbon-isotope discrimination 5, 240 diel regulation 46-52 gene expression 129, 131, 132, 137, 140,

141, 143-154, 161, 162, 164-171, 209-214,400,402

genes 3,138-139,143,144,146-154, 379,399

promoter 141,146-148,162,167 inhibition by malate 17,46-49, 51,

180-188,242,331-332 kinase 49-52, 187, 389

genes 389 kinetic properties 181-188, 242, 376 mRNA, see gene expression oligomeric state 181, 182, 187 phosphatase 48-51 phosphorylation/dephosphorylation 3,

46-51, 181, 187, 331-332, 389 subunits 181-182 transcripts, see gene expression

phosphofructokinase (PFK) 39, 137, 161, 187

Subject Index

ATP-dependent 41,407 PPcdependent, see pyrophosphate,

fructose 6-phosphate I-phosphotransferase

phosphoglucomutase 137 2-phosphoglycerate 137 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) 127, 137,

397 phosphoglycerate kinase 137, 144, 161 phosphoglyceromutase 137, 144, 161 phosphoribulokinase 141, 145, 161 phosphorus 259, 376-377 phosphorylase 137 photochemical efficiency, see quantum

efficiency photodamage 7,99, 141,406 photoinhibition/photoinactivation 93, 97,

109-111, 123, 192, 194,246,306-309, 403

photon cost of carbon fixation 368, 370, 372, 375, 393,

397,406-416 of photosynthetic O 2 evolution 393, 396,

410 see also quantum yield and quantum efficiency

photoperiod 120-121, 124-128, 129, 135, 159, 164, 401

photophosphorylation 369, 392, 393, 396-398,407,409,410 see also electron flow

photoprotection 97,99, 111, 305, 306-309, 403,406

photo respiration 7, 83, 86-88, 94, 122-124, 262-263,361,368,393,405,410,416

photosynthetic carbon oxidation (PCO) cycle, see photorespiration

photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle 2, 38, 42, 83, 137, 262, 361, 392,

394-396,403,407-409,414-415 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)

7, 120-122, 132, 151, 220-221, 225, 235-238,242-246,257-259,261, 289,291,298-300,303,313-315, 317-318,402,416

excessive 94, 97, 100, 101, 107, 108, 246, 406

photo system I (PSI) 141, 204 photo system II (PSII) 79, 97, 122-124,

141, 204 control 79-88, 93-94 reduction state 100, 102-103, 106

phylogeny 137-139,350-352,355-356, 365,379,416-419,433

pineapple, see Ananas pinitol 139, 141, 142, 154 Piperaceae 9, 430 Plagiobothrys undulatus 293 Plantaginaceae 9, 285, 372, 379, 432, 433

plasma membrane, see plasmalemma plasmalemma 53, 375

ATPase 55-56, 180, 375 stretch-sensitive ion channels 180

platyopuntia, see Opuntia Pleistocene 356, 363, 368, 372 Pliocene 366, 368 ploidy 139, 140 poikilohydric plants 336 polyethylene glycol 178-179, 181

445

polyol biosynthesis 142, 153, 154, 162 Polypodiaceae 9, 428, 433 polysaccharide 31,32,34,36-38,40-43 Populus 338 Portugal 321 Portulacaceae 6, 9, 418, 431, 433 Portulacaria 402

P. afra 128, 135, 151, 212, 232, 318, 345, 402

potassium 55-56, 62, 180, 259, 375 Pre-Cambrian 361 precipitation, see rainfall productivity 255-264

annual crops 255-256 C4 plants 255-256 CAM plants 255-264,272,404-405

desert species 255 proline 141, 151, 162-163, 168, 169 promoters 146-149, 167, 356, 399 protease inhibitors 182-183 proteases 54, 142-143, 151 protein kinase 48-52 protein phosphatase 48-51 protein synthesis 49, 143, 390

inhibitors 390 proteinase inhibitors 169 proton cotransport 66 pruning 260, 404, 405 Pseudofrenelopsis 367 Pseudosedum 350 Psilotum nudum 60 pulse-chase experiments 127, 282-283,

288, 302-303 puromycin 49 pyranine 79,91-92,94 pyrophosphate, inorganic 37, 42, 62 pyrophosphate: fructose 6-phosphate 1-phospho transferase (PFP) 33,41, 206,

407,410 pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructoki­

nase (PPcPFK), see pyrophosphate: fructose 6-phosphate I-phospho­transferase (PFP)

Pyrrosia 417 P. piloselloides 35 P. rupestris 417

pyruvate 137,303,306,341,391,398, 403,408

446

oxidation, extent of 392, 394-396, 397-399

pyruvate carboxylase 376 pyruvate dehydrogenase 337, 341, 342,

398,413 pyruvate kinase 161, 187, 403 pyruvate overflow 399 pyruvate, Pi dikinase (PPDK) 22, 23,

32-33,37,38,41, 137, 143, 144, 149, 159, 161, 162, 306, 369, 378, 391, 399, 419

promoter 167

Ql0 72 Q cycle, proton-motive 369, 393 QA primary quinone acceptor 80, 86 quantitative trait loci (QTL) 152 quantum efficiency 368

of PSI! 79-87, 100, 102-104, 109-111, 246

quantum yield see also quantum efficiency of PSI! 123, 124

radioactive tracers, see labelling rainfall 8,260,313-319,336-338,401 ray-tracing model 258, 259 rectification 63 recycling of respired CO2 177, 192-201,

216,221,227,234-237,240,289-290, 305,306,328,353,392,393,399,403, 406-409, 411-416

refixation, see recycling red algae 101 reduction state of QA 86 reflection coefficient 57 relative water content 177-178,181,221,

223-226,235-237,241,330 reproduction 120-121, 141, 330 respiration 194-196, 200, 407, 408

dark 409,411 in light 20, 21, 24, 25, 196, 392, 398

maintenance 272 respiratory quotient 32

see also oxygen/carbon dioxide stoichoimetry

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 152, 355

resurrection plants 336-337 Rhipsalis cassutha 269, 275, 277 Rhodiola 350 ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate

carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO) 2,4, 5,127-128,161,204,234,240-242, 246,262,283,285,304,306-307,339, 341,361,362,367-370,377,405,416

activation state 25, 361

Subject Index

carbon-isotope discrimination 5, 240 gene 419 large subunit 145 oxygenase activity 7,262-264,368,416 small subunit 145, 149, 170

RNA-binding proteins 150 RNA synthesis 49 roots 128-130, 145, 151, 166-169,

266-278, 331, 337, 339, 342, 343, 399 abscission 271, 277 aerial 267 anatomy, morphology 266-269, 343 CO2 supplied by 289,370-371,379 b13C value 343 distribution in soil 269-270 hydraulic conductivity 272-277 initiation 270, 277 mucilage 269, 272 rectifier 277 respiration and carbon costs 271-272 root: shoot interactions 399 root: shoot ratios 270-271 suberization 267,269,273-274,276 water uptake 272-277 xylem 267-269,273-276

embolism 273-277 Rosularia 350 Rubiaceae 9, 432

Saccharum 346 S. hybridus 138 S. officinarum 255, 256

Sagittaria 284 S. subulata 282, 286

Sahara 356,418 salinity 61, 65, 101, 117, 120-124,

129-132, 136, 140-154, 159-165, 167-170,235,245,390,391,399-401

salt treatment, see salinity Sapindaceae 433 Sarcocaulon mossamedense 342 Saxifraga 375 schematic outline of CAM front cover, 2,

38,39, 137,256,394-395,408-409, 412,414-415

seasonal pools 284-287,288-290,371 buffering capacity 286-287 CO2 availability 286-287

seasonality of CAM (Clusia) 313-317 Sedoideae 350-351 Sedum 36,99,327,349-357,402,427

S. acre 181 S. aetnense 353 S. burrito 353 S. coeruleum 181, 338 S. dendroideum 344, 353 S.fusiforme 353

Subject Index

S. gattefossei 356 S. Grisebachii 353 S. montanum 353 S. nussbaumerianum 353 S. praealtum 183 S. pulchellum 179, 197 S. refiexum 338 S. rupestre 181, 182 S. sieboldii 181 S. spectabile 178, 180, 181 S. telephium 35, 40, 41, 136, 176-188,

232,235-236,240-242,245,402 S. ternatum 352 S. tymphaeum 353

seeds 120, 154, 164, 244, 330, 336, 337 Sempervivoideae 350, 351 Sempervivum 351, 357 Senecio medley-woodii 207 serine 127 shade habitats 7,237-238,242-243,307,

320-321, 406 Sicily 338 Sigillaria 367 Silurian 361-363, 368 Sinocrassula 350 sodium 55, 59, 65, 126, 128, 141, 142, 259 sodium/proton antiporter 59, 65 soil

carbonates (palaeosols) 366 hydraulic conductivity 277 water potential 257, 270

Solanum tuberosum 138 Sonoran desert 270 Sorghum 136

S. bicolor 256 S. vulgare 138

spacing 259, 260, 404 spinach, see Spinacia oleracea Spinacia oleracea 94, 283, 303 spines

cactus 261, 339, 341, 343 Didiereaceae 339,341

"spiny forest" (Madagascar) front cover, 340 stability constants 57, 58 standard mean ocean water (SMOW) 337 starch

breakdown 2, 34-36, 38, 42, 187, 300-302,306,369,410

amylolytic 38, 42, 406 phosphorolytic 38,42,406,412

storage 31,32, 37, 187, 375, 378, 396 synthesis 2, 31, 37, 38, 127, 281, 283,

300-302,369, 392,394-396,410 starch synthase 137 stem 339-342

acid accumulation 224-227 area index (SAl) 259-260 chlorenchyma 227

gas exchange 220-222,227-228 water storage 225, 228

447

stomata 216-217,233-235,261,264,306, 307, 362, 365, 370-372, 379

conductance 128,130,166,170,193,194, 197,198,200,245,332,402,412,417

guard cells 55-56, 136 inverse rhythm 1, 119, 207

Stylites andicola, see I soetes andicola Subularia aquatica 370 succulence 6, 53, 139, 141, 205, 217,

325-326,333,352-354,357,365,372, 401,417, 418

Succulent Karoo 419 sucrose 35-37,39, 127, 128,375,397 sucrose 6-phosphate synthase (SPS) 41,

369 sucrose transport 369, 390 sugar alcohols, see polyols sugarcane, see Saccharum spp. sugars, soluble 2, 3, 35-43, 57, 58, 180,

300-302, 369, 390, 396 Sulcus 350 sulphate 63 sulphydryl endopeptidase 145, 146, 151

see also protease

Talinum 199 T. calycinum 193, 197-199

Tamarix 374, 375 Tapianthus oleifolius 345 taxonomic distribution of CAM 8-9, 255,

281,349,427-433 teeth enamel 366-367 teleost gas bladders 374 Telephium 350 Telmissa 350 temperature 224, 257-260, 307, 308,

313-31~ 317-31~ 336-33~ 39~ 413,416

acclimation 75 effect on gas exchange 219-221,224,

231-233,299-300,303,402 effect on PEPC kinase activity 50,51 effect on tonoplast 72-76, 390 global 417 low 120, 142, 146, 150, 151, 198 tolerance 152, 363-364, 367 thylakoid

membrane potential 82 pH gradient 82, 93, 100 proton transport 91, 369

Tidestromia oblongifolia 364 Tillaea 354

T. aquatica 352 T. erecta 352

Tillandsia 194-197, 199, 270

448

T. balbisiana 196-197 T. ionantha 196-197 T. recurvata 196-197 T. schiedeana 195-197 T. setacea 193, 196 T. usneoides 7, 196-197,403 T. utriculata 239-240

titratable acidity 57, 122, 124-126, 129, 130,176-178,206-209,211-214, 237,281-292,308-309,316, 318-319,370,375,402,403,405, 411,413

tobacco, see Nicotiana tabacum tonoplast 3, 53-67, 72-76

freeze-fracture faces 60 H+ -ATPase 56, 59-62,64-65,90,93, 161,

307-309,369,375,390,408,413,414 subunit structure 60-61

H+ -PPiase 56, 59, 61-62, 161, 390 ion channel

chloride 59, 65 malate-selective 59,63-64, 66, 390 potassium 180 slow vacuolar (SV) 66 stretch-sensitive 180

lipids 72-76 membrane potential 60, 64, 94, 307, 390 passive permeability 65-66, 73, 75, 390 phase behaviour 72-76 proton/cation exchange 89, 94 proton pumps 59-62, 64, 89, 93-95 proton transport 90-91, 180, 233, 378

tracer-flux measurements 403 trans-acting factor 146-149 transcript stability 149-150, 154 transcription 135-154, 399 transcription factors 146-149 transformation 146, 148, 152-153 transgenic plants 136, 148, 171, 389 translation 140, 154 transpiration 6, 57, 219-224,255, 271,

336-338,346,401 Triassic 372,417 tricarboxylic acid (TeA) cycle 22, 377, 391,

408,412,414 activity in Phase III 392, 396-399, 403

triose phosphate 2, 37, 38, 137, 392-396, 408-410,414-415

transport across chloroplast envelope 37, 42

triose-phosphate isomerase 137 Trinidad 8, 237, 242-244, 296 Tristerix aphyllus 345 tubulin 145 turgor pressure 57, 125, 149, 151, 154, 159,

164, 180,235,313,315,399,401

ubiquinone 398, 413

Subject Index

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 397 Umbiculus pendulinus 338 urea cycle 377

V-ATPase, see tonoplast Vallisneria americana 282 Vanilla planifolia 273 vascular-bundle spacing 365, 372 vacuole 2-3,390-391,403

citric-acid accumulation 3, 402-403, 413-416

H + -ATPase, see tonoplast H+ -PPi ase, see tonoplast ion channels, see tonoplast ionic characteristics 54-58 malate efflux 53, 65-67, 72-76, 83, 91,

93, 95, 180, 233, 234, 263, 390 malate influx 53, 55-64, 187, 188, 233,

263,302,375,389,390,412,414 malate storage 38, 51, 53-67, 72-76,

137,233,374,378,392,407 malic-acid accumulation 2, 4, 38-39,

58-64,180,192,199-201,221-222, 224-227, 233, 255-256, 281-292, 300-303,305-309,314-316,328, 331-332,369,374,375,403,406,407, 410,411, 413, 415, 427

membrane, see tonoplast osmotic characteristics 54 pH 55-58,308-309,403 sugar storage 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 57, 301,

369, 390, 391, 396 Venezuela 296 vernal pools, see seasonal pools Villadia 351 violaxanthin 98-99, 101, 106, 108-109, 406

de-epoxidase 98-99, 109, 111, 112 Virgin Islands 304 Viscum capense 345 Viscum crassulae 345 Vitaceae 9, 431 Vittariaceae 9, 428, 433

water deficits 7,54, 101, 110, 117, 119-122, 125, 128, 131, 132, 135, 140-143, 150, 151, 154, 162, 164-166, 168, 169, 176-188, 194-197, 201, 207-214, 216, 219-228, 232-238, 240-242, 257-258, 264, 266-278, 297-299, 303-307, 312-322, 328-329, 333, 342, 353-354, 399,400-402,406, 412,416-419, 427

water harvesting 57, 192 water potential 57,110,149,165,177-180,

182,233,235,257,272,291,313 water storage 53-54, 57, 225 water-storage tissue 53, 195, 217, 336, 338,

346

Subject Index

water stress, see water deficits water-use efficiency 6, 152, 219-224, 227,

240,264,271,272,281,315,333,337, 360-362,367,370,416

water-vapour pressure 6, 72, 232, 237, 297-299,318-319

waxes 342 Weichselia 367 Welwitschia 8,417

W. mirabilis 349, 365, 427 Welwitschiaceae 9,428 Western blot 40 wheat 152

xanthophyll cycle 97-112, 406 xerophytes 267, 281, 336 Xerosicyos danguyi front cover, 213 xylem 267-269,273,274,276

Yemen 351 Yucca 417

Zea mays 138, 181, 187, 188, 269, 283 zeaxanthin 98-101, 104-106, 108, 109,

111,406 epoxidase 98

zinc-finger protein 167

449