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Sub-Saharan Africa . . . Today and Tomorrow
Laura Kaub, Manager Yale Young African Scholars Program
Clara Priester, EducationUSA Regional Director, East and Southern Africa
" . . . in the 21st century, Africa is the continent that is the
land of opportunity".
Former Secretary Clinton – June 15, 2012
Sub-Saharan Africa . . . In Transition
Sub-Saharan Africa . . . In Transition
“Africa is one of the fastest-growing regions in the world. Africa’s middle class is projected to grow to more than one billion consumers. With hundreds of millions of mobile phones, surging access to the Internet, Africans are beginning to leapfrog old technologies into new prosperity. Africa is on the move, a new Africa is emerging. African Union, July 28, 2015
Sub-Saharan Africa . . . In Transition
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2016, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weoselagr.aspx
Country Group (see slide notes for
definitions) 2015 2016f 2017f 2018f 2019f 2020f
World 3.20 3.08 3.44 3.57 3.71 3.74
Major advanced economies (G7) 1.89 1.39 1.66 1.66 1.61 1.46
European Union 2.32 1.93 1.69 1.80 1.76 1.76
ASEAN-5 4.76 4.83 5.11 5.21 5.39 5.53
Latin America and the Caribbean -0.03 -0.55 1.60 2.09 2.61 2.71
Middle East and North Africa 2.15 3.23 3.16 3.35 3.62 3.74
Sub-Saharan Africa 3.35 1.43 2.85 3.58 4.23 4.35
GDP Projections• 2016 impacted by strong headwinds• 2017 regaining momentum• 2018 – 2020
• Outpacing the world and most regions (except ASEAN)
Today and TomorrowWolfgang Fengler, a World Bank economist, identified four causes of Africa’s economic rise:
First, the continent has the right kind of population growth:
• In 2015, The United Nations pronounced that Africa is a continent with up to 40% of its population aged between 15 and 24 and more than two-thirds below 30 years old.
• By 2020, the median age will be 43 in Europe, 38 in China and just 20 in Africa
http://www.pwc.co.uk/finance/sustainability/the-business-of-changing-demographics.html
Today and Tomorrow
• By 2035, the number of Africans 15–64 will exceed that from the rest of the world combined.
Today and Tomorrow
Second, rapid urbanization
• From 1950 to today, the share of urban residents has increased from 14 percent to 40 percent, and is expected to reach 50 percent by the mid-2030s.
• Rising productivity in agriculture
• Services-led growth and increasing amounts of foreign direct investment as catalysts for increasing structural transformation. • For example, foreign direct investment can help
develop local businesses and bring knowledge and technology to a region, which can support economic growth.
Sources: African Economic Outlook 2016Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation
Today and Tomorrow
Third, governance and economic management by officials have got better.
Governance
Sources: 1. The Economist, October 20, 2012, Africa’s Economy, Bulging in the Middle2. I2016 brahim Index of Africa Governance report
Today and Tomorrow
Third, governance and economic management by officials have got better.
Governance
Sources: 1. The Economist, October 20, 2012, Africa’s Economy, Bulging in the Middle2. I2016 brahim Index of Africa Governance report
Today and Tomorrow
Third, governance and economic management by officials have got better.
Economic Management“If current trends continue, most of Africa will be middle-income by 2025,” says Mr. Fengler. 1. People with more income are more inclined to pursue
entrepreneurial activities that may create employment and productivity growth.
2. Those who do not become entrepreneurs can provide laboror investment for those who do.
3. A growing middle class means a growing demand for consumer goods. That alone could push consumer spending in Africa from about US$860 billion in 2008 to US$1.4 trillion in 2020.
Sources: 1. The Economist, October 20, 2012, Africa’s Economy, Bulging in the Middle2. African Economic Outlook 2016 - Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation, May 2016
Today and Tomorrow
Students doing research and the application process by phones, not laptops.• Develop phone apps for recruiting• Skype or Google Hangout interviews• Virtual sessions• Facebook pages• Twitter feeds
Source: EducationUSA Advisers
The Upside – an Opportunity
Most countries struggle with the
capacity and resources to address growing needs and demands for quality tertiary education
–Only 6% of Africa’s tertiary level students are able to access higher education services, compared to a global average of 26%. UNESCO
–1 out of 16 students continue tertiary education outside of their country of residence.
Sub-Saharan African Students in the U.S.
30046 30585 3111333593
35364
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Source: 2015-16 Open Doors Report
Sub-Saharan African Students in the U.S.
14.245 14.45214.998
16.958
18.097
7.827 7.761 7.549 7.560 7.690
5.196 5.511 5.683 6.043 6.263
2.778 2.861 2.883 3.032 3.311
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
18.000
20.000
West Africa
East Africa
Southern Africa
Central AfricaWest Africa51%
East Africa22%
Southern Africa
18%
Central Africa
9%
Source: 2015-16 Open Doors Report
Top Sending Sub-Saharan Africa Countries
10.674
3.049 3.019
1.813 1.517 1.296 1.295 1.229 1.210 949
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
Central Africa
Southern Africa
East Africa
West Africa
Source: 2015-16 Open Doors Report
Top 10 Countries Sending to the U.S.Where else do their students study?
CountryTotal
Outbound #1 #2 #3
Nigeria 52,066 UK 17,973 Ghana 11,933 US 7,531
Ghana 8,850 US 2,770 UK 1,706 Canada 543
Kenya 12,132 US 3,043 UK 2,155 Australia 1,449
South Africa 6,723 US 1,631 UK 1,212 Australia 700
Ethiopia 5,622 US 1,441 Italy 433 Finland 422
Zimbabwe 15,885 South Africa 10,993 US 1,147 UK 963
Côte d’Ivoire 7,036 France 3,483 US 1,061 Tunisia 470
Cameroon 19,491 Germany 5,463 France 4,775 Italy 2,754
Angola 6,946 Portugal 2,121 Brazil 1,675 US 936
Tanzania 4,974 US 845 UK 804 India 759
Source: UNESCO Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students
• Four sub-regions in two groups: Central and West - REAC Nancy KetekuEast and Southern Africa - REAC Clara Priester
• 50 EducationUSA Centers in 43 countriesMajority located in U.S. Embassies and Consulates
• 2015 ~ 1,000,000+ students reached
• Opportunity Funds
• FaceBook Closed Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/EdUSA.Africa/
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa +100 Students10 Highest 5-Year Growth Countries
Source: Open Doors Reports 2010/11 – 2015/16
Country 2010/11 2015/16 5 yr. Chg UG % Grad %
Congo, Dem. Rep. of the (Kinshasa) 252 949 277% 72 8
Equatorial Guinea 119 339 185% 80 6
Rwanda 457 928 103% 68 21
Cabo Verde/Cape Verde 55 102 85% 67 16
Angola 699 1 296 85% 86 4
Nigeria 7 148 10 674 49% 51 36
Mozambique 76 109 43% 57 32
Congo, Republic of the (Brazzaville) 240 337 40% 70 17
Côte d’Ivoire/Ivory Coast 904 1 229 36% 70 14
Swaziland 146 192 32% 66 13
What’s the trend here, and what does it mean?
Eight of the 10 countries with highest growth in number of students going to the U.S. are not Anglophone countries!
Francophone (and Lusophone) countries should not be ‘the flyover states’ of Africa any more.
Innovation in school quality and accessibility is changing the landscape quickly (case study: Enko Education)
Country Profile: Nigeria
• By SS2, many students take the GCE O-Levels, which was replaced by the SSCE (12th grade May/June).
• 7-9 subjects are examined. Transcripts (valid one year) are given by the institution 3-6 months after the exams. An official transcript from WAEC is issued later.
• Gov’t. requires English, Mathematics, Science, and one Nigerian language. All other subjects are electives.
• Requirements for admission to Nigerian universities:1) SSCE Examination results2) Universities Matriculation Examination (UME)
Overall, strong students well-prepared for university study in North America. High interest in studying abroad, with many families able to pay partial cost of study.
Country Profile: Mozambique
Instruction in Portuguese, with English required as a second language
class in secondary school. (French is an additional, optional offering.)
7 years of primary education which are compulsory and free
Until 10th Grade (end of Junior Secondary), all students are required to
take 10 subjects: maths, Portuguese, bio, physics, chemistry, history,
geography, technical drawing, physical education, and English
At 11th Grade level (Start of Senior Secondary): students choose
between academic tracks, each comprising subjects in addition to
compulsory Physical Education, Portuguese, English, and Maths:
• Science and Biology (Psychology, Pedagogy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology)
• Science and Technical Drawing (Psychology, Pedagogy, Physics, Chemistry, Technical Drawing)
• Arts (Languages, History, Geography)Grading system looks similar to the French with a 1-20 scale and grades
over 15 being very good, and over 17 being excellent.
Country Profile: Angola
School Structure:Primary: 6 yearsSecondary 1st Cycle: 3 yearsSecondary 2nd Cycle: 3 years
Highlights:Oil industry is booming there and Luanda is VERY expensive. There is growing interest in studying in Anglophone countries, but international or private schools with ‘expats’ are likely the only ones sending students out currently.
Scale Grade Description US Grade
16.00 - 20.00 Excelente (Excellent) A
13.00 - 15.00 Bom (Good) B
10.00 - 12.00 Suficiente (Sufficient) C
1.00 - 9.00 Reprovado
(Unsufficient) F
Country Profile: Senegal
• 6 years of compulsory education• 26.3% of population attended secondary school• 3.7% of population attended university• Follows the ‘French Bacc’ system, grading out of 20• Private schools are generally stronger, also offer English/Spanish through secondary years• Big emphasis on community service for students• Girls often struggle to complete schooling• Growing economy and more interest in N.A. unis as France gets harder to enter; 1,200+ in N.A. in 2014• Based on ALA’s experience, definitely corroborate English skills with TOEFL/IELTS or Skype interviews, but ignore SAT scores and consider routine recruitment travel to capital, Dakar!
Country Profile: Cote d’Ivoire
• 10 years of compulsory education • 24.8% of population attended secondary school• 7% of population attended university• Follows the French ‘Bacc’ system, grading out of 20• Private schools generally stronger, especially in the sciences• Big investment in education in recent decades; among the highest performing Francophone countries • Recent political instability created financial challenges, but interest in studying in N.A. still grows• ALAians from Cote d’Ivoire are routinely very strong students; seek TOEFL/IELTS or Skype interviews and ignore SATs but trust strong secondary grades
Country Profile: Mauritius
• Technically Francophone, but located off southeastern Africa and most students are educated in English for at least all of secondary school
• Highly educated population (90% literacy rate)• Education system is free (including transport!) and based
on the British; students take Cambridge O- and A-levels• Small country sending lower numbers to N.A. (~500 in
2014) but this is increasing and the economy is strong so many families can pay partial N.A. fees
• ALA experience is that Mauritian students are very strong and have VERY strong oral/written English
• Easy add-on to recruitment trips to South Africa and Kenya, plus it’s crazy beautiful!
The Enko Education network
32
An Africa-wide network of international secondary schools
2017 - 8 schools in 5 countries2022 – 40 schools in 20 countries
What makes Enko unique:
University Admissions and Career Counselling Program
Outstanding and enriching learning experience
International Diploma (IB)1
2
3
Numbers and Nationalities of Students
725 Enko learners acrossSub-Saharan Africa
33
98 99
88
51
29 30
32
4
A M A Z I N G G R A C E
Total Nationality Breakdown
Cam:21%
D-L:2%
Sa:8%
Mzb:40%
Iv:10%
N-…
Mzb: MozambicanCam: CameroonianIv: IvoirianSa: South AfricanN-L: Non LocalD-L: Dual Nationality
Enko Highlights
• 70% of the first batch of Enko graduates (by September 2017) are already admitted to Top 100 universities• Yale University• King’s College London• Imperial College London• Durham University
• Stephanie Mbaillassem from Chad• Moved to Cameroon in 2014 for education access• Didn’t speak a word of English and was very shy• Is now blooming and fluent in English• Attended Yale Young African Scholars in 2015• Was admitted to Hult Business School in the U.S. for
2017 with a 60% scholarship
Follow-up resources (added after the discussion/Q&A)
• Great example of a university’s outreach to current students/applicants/parents re: it being a welcoming space: https://www.facebook.com/hofstrauniversity/videos/10154880667953280/