SUB GOttingen 7215 924 142

2003 A 11481

Responding to LiteratureStories, Poems, Plays, and Essays

FOURTH EDITION

Judith A. StanfordRivier College

MeGrauuHill

Boston Burr Fridge, IL bubuque, IA. Madison, Wr'New York., ,San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuaja Lumpur,Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi

Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto ,

Contents

Preface vii

Alternate Contents by Genre xxxi

Alternate Contents by Additional Themes xxxix

1 Why Read Literature? l .Exercise 1

Why Do You Read Literature? 1Why Do We Read Literature? 2Bridging the Gap 3Responding to What You Read 4

Exercise 4 • .. • , 'ROBERT FROST, "The Road Not Taken" (Poem) 5Sample Student Response to "The Road Not Taken",Commentary 6 • .Exercise 1 • •

Considering Evidence to Support Your Response 8Close Active Reading 8

Sample Oral Response to "The Road Not Taken" 9Commentary 10Exercise 11

Keeping a Reading Journal 11Guidelines: Keeping a Reading Journal (Box) 11

2 Joining the Conversation:Ways of Talking about Literature 13

XVI CONTENTS

PATRICIA GRACE, "Butterflies" (Short Story) 14

Responding to "Butterflies" 14

LANGSTON HUGHES, "Theme for English B" (Poem) 15

Responding to "Theme for English B" 16

WENDY WASSERSTEIN, The Man in a Case (Play) 17

Responding to The Man in a Case 22

E.B. WHITE, "Education" (Essay) 23

Responding to "Education" 25

The Vocabulary of Literature 25 ,,

Actions and Events 25

Plot 27

Structure 27

Conflict 28

Irony of Situation 29

Terms Related to Actions and Events (Box) 30

Exercises: Actions and Events 30

People 31

Characters: Listening and Observing 33Listening 33Observing 34 •. • • . •

Characters: Growing and Changing 35

Characters: Point of View 36""• ' • • ' ' • "! :

Author and Speaker 36

Narrator 37 •• ••

P e o p l e i n N o n f i c t i o n 3 8 ; • • . : ' :. • . . .

Terms Related to People (Box) 38

E x e r c i s e s : P e o p l e 3 9 ••. • < L -,:••• .-,'••,

Places and Times 40 > . • ,;

Time and Place: The Cultures of the Work, the Writer,

and the Reader 41

P l a c e 4 2 •• • • • . •.-. v . - y - ' - .-• S l . •.• •• •• ./.

T i m e 4 3 ••• ; •. • • . . ' .

Terms Related-to Places andTimes(Box) 4 4 - v • !. ••• ; .. - .

Exercises: Places and Times 44 • • , ; . . . •

Words and Images, Sounds and Patterns 45

Style 46 ' • . , . . . . •

T o n e 4 7 • • . : • . . . • . ,-... > ' . . • . . ' • ', •

Diction 47 '

Syntax 47 •, ,

Rhythm and Rhyme 48 • , , ; : , .

Figurative Language 48

Contents xvii

Verbal Irony 49 . , . . .

Allusions 50

Terms Related to Words and Images, Sounds and Patterns (Box) 5 0

Exercises: Words and Images, Sounds and Patterns 5 1 ' .

Ideas 51 ... ••<•

Exercises: Ideas 5 4 • • • - . •

Continuing the Conversation: Considering Genreand Listening to Other Voices 55Expectations: Short Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction 55

Distinctions: Short Fiction and Drama : 56 . •;

Distinctions: Poetry 57 i, • • '- • _ • • • - • • • -. - -..

MARGARET ATWOOD, "you fit into me" (Poem) -57 TL .

Distinctions: Nonfiction 58 . ." .

An Introduction to Short Fiction 58 '••••: .

Early Forms of Fiction 58 " . .

Allegory 58 '" ' • • ' • • , • • .

Myth 58 • . - • ,,-..•• . ,,

L e g e n d 5 9 •.:•; . •• . •; '.>• •• • . • • • . • < • •. '

Fairy Tale 59

Parable 59 • - / . . .

Modern Short Fiction 59 • •••>

The Realistic Short Story >60 . • • : .•'

The Nonrealistic Short Story 60 ,

A Word about Fiction and Truth 61

Guidelines: Short Fiction (Box) 61

An Introduction to Poetry 63

Suggestions for Reading Poetry 63 " ". '•

Enjambment 63 ' ;

1 ' Syntax ' 64 • • • • '

Structure 64

' Types of Poetry 65 •

Narrative Poetry 65 : ' • "";

Lyric Poetry 65 . ; •

G u i d e l i n e s : Poetry (Box) 6 6 - . - • • • •

An Introduction to Drama 67 - •

Suggestions for Reading Drama' 68 '

Dialogue 68 .. • . .

Stage Directions 68 •.• ' .

List of Characters 69

XViii CONTENTS

Traditional Forms of Drama 69Greek Drama 69 !

Elizabethan Drama 70Modern Forms of Drama 70

Realistic Drama 70Theater of the Absurd 71

Types of Drama 71Tragedy 72Comedy 72 'Tragicomedy 73

Guidelines:Drama (Box) 73 • . - • : - > •An Introduction to Nonfiction1 75

Suggestions for Reading Speeches 76Suggestions for Reading Letters 76Suggestions for Reading Documents 76Suggestions for Reading Journals and Diaries 77Suggestions for Reading Essays 77 . . •Guidelines: Nonfiction (Box) 77

Considering Other Voices 79Authors' Commentaries and Interviews 80Reviews 80Scholarly Criticism 80

Formalist Criticism 81Reader-Response Criticism 81Sociological Criticism 81Psychoanalytic Criticism 82New Historicism 82

Writing about Literature 83Writing and Critical Thinking 83

DYLAN THOMAS, "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night"(Poem) 84

Responding to "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" 85JOAN ALESHIRE, "Slipping" (Poem) 85Responding to "Slipping" 86

Preparing to Write about Literature 86Understanding the Assignment 86Thinking about the Assignment 86Assignment Topics 87

Writing to Respond 88Topic 1 8 8 . • .

Contents xix

Discovering Ideas: Journal Entries (Box) 8 8 - •• :. ':',

• -;.> .ConsideringAudience,. 89 • ' • • . • ,

Narrowing the Topic 90 • ' . . , •

Devising <a Preliminary Thesis Statement 90 , , . '

Planning and Organizing 91 • ,

Drafting 91 . • • , - . . •

"Changes," K A R E N A N G S T R O M (Draft Student Paper) 92

Revising Focus:Titles, Openings, Conclusions"; 93 < • >.. •

Editing Focus: "To Be," Expletives, Passive Voice 93

Proofreading Focus: Fragments and Comma Splices • 94

- E x e r c i s e i 9 4 • . • ' • . ' . , . . • , - • , ,

Final Copy: Writ ing to Respond 95 :

"Changes: For Better or Worse?" K A R E N ANGSTROM

(Student Paper) 95 - • • • • ; ' : '•. • 'Exercise 96 , • • ,

Guidelines: Writing a Response (Box) 96,

;: Writing to.Compare • 97. • :;Topic 2 97 . .

Discovering Ideas: Discussion, and Collaboration (Box), 97

Guidelines: Strategies for Collaborative Work (Box) 99 .

Considering Audience, Narrowing the Topic, and Devising'

a Preliminary Thesis 100 •

'••r:> Planning and Organizing .101 -.. • , •

Drafting 102 • • . • ;

, "Responses:1 Raging, versus Slipping," W A L T E R JOHNSON

(Draft Student Paper) 102 . . , • ,,

Revising: Focus: Transitions, Development of Ideas 104

Editing Focus: Nominalizations, Parallel Structure 104

Proofreading Focus: Subject-Verb Agreement, ..,•

Tense Agreement 105

•Exercise 106 / • ,, - • , . ' • • .

Final Copy:Writ ing to Compare 106 . .

"Responses: Raging versus Slipping," WALTER JOHNSON .

(Student Paper) 106 • - . " • . - . . , .,

Exercise' 1 0 8 . . . ; . • . ' ; . • . . • • • • . ;

Guidelines: Writing a Comparison (Box) , 108 •" ;

Writing to Analyze 109 :Topic 3 110 '

Discovering Ideas: Listing and Grouping (Box) 110 •

Considering Audience, Narrowing the Topic, and Devising

a Preliminary Thesis 111 ....-..•• ., .' . , . ,,

XX CONTENTS

Planning, Organizing, arid Drafting 111 ."Love and Loss in'Slippin'" CATHERINE HUPEL (Draft Student

Paper) 111 ..Revising Focus: Using and Explaining Examples 112Exercise 113 • •Editing Focus: Word Choice 113Exercise 114

Proofreading Focus;. Misplaced Modifiers 114Exercise 114

FinalCopy: Writing to Analyze 114"Love and Loss in 'Slipping,'" CATHERINE HUPEL (Student

Paper) 114Guidelines: Writing an Analysis (Box) 116

Writing to Explicate 116Topic A 117Discovering Ideas: Paraphrasing (Box) 117 • ' '"Paraphrase of'Do Not Go Gentle' (by Dylan Thomas) "MATTHEW

CEJAK (Draft Student Paper) 117Considering Audience, Narrowing' the Topic, and Devising

a Preliminary Thesis 118Planning and Organizing 119 . . • . ,Drafting 119 - . '

"Explication:'Do Not Go Gentle,'"MATTHEW CEJAR'(DraftStudent Paper) 119

Revising Focus: Summarizing versus Analyzing 119Guidelines: Preparing for a Writing Conference (Box) " 120

"Explication:'Do Not Go Gentle,'" MATTHEW CEJAK (DraftStudent Paper) 121 •

Editing Focus: Conciseness 123Exercise 124 • ; 'Proofreading Focus: Apostrophes, Quotation Marks to Indicate Words

Used in a Special Way 125 . • ' •Exercises 126 ' • • • : ' . . •Final Copy:Writing to Explicate 126 ' '

"The Power of Sound and Sight in 'Do Not Go Gentle,'"MATTHEW CEJAK (Student Paper) 126' , . .•

Exercise 1 2 8 • , ' . • . ' • • "

Guidelines: Writing an Explication (Box) 129 • ' ..Writing to Evalute 129

Topic 5 1 3 0 " • • .•

Discovering Ideas: Interviewing (Box) 130 • !

Contents xxi

Considering Audience, Narrowing the Topic, and Devising.a Preliminary Thesis 132 .

Planning and.Organizing. .132 •. •.: Drafting 133 . ,. • . > , • . , . .

Revising'Focus: Logic 133 , . . .Editing Focus: Integrating and Punctuating Quotations 134Proofreading Focus: Pronoun Reference, Pronoun Agreement,

Treatment of Titles 136 , , ,. • .;>., .Final Copy: Writing to Evaluate 137 •

"Love and Strength,"JOANN.EPSTEIN (Student Paper) 137Exercise 139 . ., . . . . - . , ,Guidelines: Writing an Evaluation,of Beliefs-and Values (Box) 139

Writing a Research Paper: Making, a Literary Argument .139Topic 6 140 '

Discovering Ideas:Researching (Box) . 4 4 0 ' .•• • . •

Guidelines: Evaluating Internet Resources (Box) 142 . . . -

. "Thomas's 'Do Not Go Gende into That Good Night,'"MICHAEL W. M U R P H Y 144 . . , •.

Considering Audience, Narrowing the Topic, and Devisinga Preliminary Thesis 146 . . , , . ,

Planning and Organizing 147.; , ,Drafting 148 .•;Revising Focus: Using Quotations Effectively 148 . -

"We Are All Poets," T O N I JACKMON (Draft Student Paper) 148Editing Focus: Combining Sentences;. 151 •. . . •Exercise 152 . . •Proofreading Focus: Spelling 152Exercise 152 . . _ .,Final Copy: Research Paper 153

"We Are All Poets," TONI JACKMON (Student Paper) 153Guidelines: Writing a Research Paper (Box) 155

Summary 155Strategies for Discovering and Exploring Ideas 155Strategies for Evaluating Your Audience 156Strategies for Revising 156 .. .Strategies for Editing 156Strategies for Proofreading 157, , ,

5 Innocence and Experience 159 !

On Reading Literature Thematically: Critical Thinking 159Fiction 161

XXU CONTENTS

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown 161JAMES JOYCE, Araby 171 .WAKAKO YAMAUCHI, And the Soul Shall Dance 176LOUISE E R D R I C H , The Red Convertible: Lyman Lamartine 183W. D. WETHERELL, The Bass, the River, and Sheila'Mant 191

Poetry 197A. E. HOUSMAN, When I was one-and-twenty 197C O U N T E E CULLEN, Incident 198 :

GARY SOTO, Oranges 198 • • ' •

BETTIE SELLERS, In the Counselor's Waiting Room 201ROSEMARY CATACALOS, La Casa 202MAY SWENSON, The Centaur 203WILLIAM BLAKE, London. 205

GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, Spring and Fall:To a Young Child 206

SEAMUS HEANEY, Mid-Term Break 207JOHN UPDIKE, Ex-Basketball Player 208ROBERT MEZEY, Mercy 209

Drama 210WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet 210Commentary. CAROLYN HEiLBRUN,The Character of Hamlet's

Mother 323

Essays 330LANGSTON HUGHES, Salvation 330MAYA ANGELOU, Graduation in Stamps 332

Connections: Innocence and Experience 343Suggestions for Extended Connections among Chapters 344Suggestions for Collaborative Learning 345

6 Crime and Punishment 347Fiction 348

EDGAR ALLAN'POE, The Black Cat 348Commentary: SUSAN AMPER^ Untold Story:The Lying Narrator

in "The Black Cat" 356NADINE G O R D I M E R , Town and Country Lovers 365R I C H A R D WRIGHT, The Man Who Was Almost a Man 374ISABEL ALLENDE, The Judge's Wife 384 ,BESSIE HEAD, Looking for a Rain God 391

Poetry 395RICHARD LOVELACE, To Althea, from Prison 395

Contents xxiii

S E A M U S H E A N E Y , Punishment 396 : • ... < •

ROBERT BROWNING, My Last Duchess, 398 . •

, 'ANNE.SEXTON; Snow White and the.Seven Dwarfs .400ETHERIDGE KNIGHT, <Hard'Rock Returns to Prison from the

Hospital for the Criminally Insane 405 ; , ,GREGORY CORSO, The Last Gangster 406 .; •TESS GALLAGHER, Kidnapper ,407-, ., , ,, . ,

JIANG HE, To the Execution Ground 408 . ,,.,.

JUDITH CLARK, After My Arrest 409 . . • , r ,STEPHEN DUNN,, On Hearing the Airlines Will Use a Psychological

Profile to Catch Potential Skyjackers 410Drama 412 , ..

SOPHOCLES, Oedipus Rex All

SUSAN GLASPELL, Trifles . 455

Essays 468 . , , ., . •BARBARA HUTTMANN, A Crime of Compassiori 468

^ ANDRE DUBUS, Giving Up the Gun 470 , . . . .Connections: Crime and Punishment 479Suggestions for Extended, Connections among Chapters 479Suggestions for Collaborative Learning 480 :

Roots, Identity, and Culture 483, .. . : ,.Fiction 484 . .

JAMES BALDWIN, Sonny's Blues 484 ' ,' . . . . r •

ALICE WALKER, Everyday Use: For Your Grandmama 508

RAYMOND C A R V E R , Cathedral :5?16 ..,,-' . . ,

JOSE ARMAS, .El Tonto del Barrio • 527 < '< - , r , y

T O N I CADE BAMBARA, The Lesson 534Poetry. 541. ... : ,• •"' '• ' .

PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, We wear the mask > 541 • . ••.LUCILLE CLIFTON, Quilting 542' .:•' ' • . ,

WOLE SOYINKA, Telephone Conversation 543"WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, The Lake Isle Of Innisfreei 544MARTIN ESPADA, Coca-Cola and Coco Frio 545 ,CATHY SONG, The Youngest Daughter 546 >•JUDITH ORTIZ COFER, Latin Women Pray 548MARY TALLMOUNTAIN, There Is No Word

for Goodbye -549 .. • . ;.WING TEK LUM, It's Something Our Family Has

Always Done 550

XXIV CONTENTS

Drama 552ATHOL FUGARD, "Master Harold" . . . and the Boys 552Commentary: FRANK R I C H , Review of the Yale Repertory Theatre

Production of "Master Harold" and the Boys 589Essays 591

CHIEF SEATTLE,' My People 591

FREDERICK DOUGLASS, Learning to Read and Write 594Connections: Roots, Identity, and Culture 599Suggestions for Extended Connections among Chapters 600Suggestions for Collaborative Learning 601

8 Men and Women 603Fiction 604

CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, The Yellow Wallpaper 604Commentary: CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN, Why I Wrote

"The Yellow Wallpaper" 618KAY BOYLE, Astronomer's Wife 619EDITH WHARTON, Roman Fever 624LAURIE COLWIN, A Country Wedding 635RITA DOVE, Second-Hand Man 643 * • ;

Poetry 649SAPPHO, To me he seems like a god 649WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Let me not to the marriage

of true minds 650JOHN D O N N E , The Sun Rising 650ANDREW MARVEEL", TO His Coy Mistress 652APHRA BEHN, The Willing Mistress 653CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, The Passionate Shepherd

to His Love 655SIR WALTER RALEIGH, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 655AMY LOWELL, Patterns 656TESS GALLAGHER, The Hug 659 'PAULA GUNN ALLEN,'Pocahontas to Her English Husband,

John Rolfe 661 .,DONALD HALL, The Wedding Couple 662

Drama 663HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll's House 663

Essays 719ROBERT SOLOMON, Romantic Love 719C s. LEWIS, We Have No "Right to Happiness" 724

Contents xxv

Connections: Men and Women .. 729 . . , :

Suggestions for Extended Connections among Chapters 729

Suggestion for Collaborative Learning 731 '

9 Families 733Fiction 734

TILLIE OLSEN, I Stand Here Ironing 734"

JOYCE CAROL OATES, Shopping 740

MARY HOOD,. How Far She Went 750

SHERWOOD ANDERSON, The Triumph of the Egg 757

RUDY THAUBERGER, Goalie 766

Poetry .770 . . . . ' , ' ,,;THEODORE ROETHKE, My Papa's Waltz 770 .

MAXINE, KUMIN, Making the Jam without You 771

SHARON OLDS, The Possessive. 773 ,

ROBERT MEZEY, My Mother . 7,74 ,

SYLVIA PLATH, Metaphors 776,

DONALD HALL, My son, my executioner 776

JAMES MASAO MITSUI, Allowance 777

NEAL BOWERS, Driving Lessons 778

ROBERT HAYDEN, Those Winter Sundays 780

Commentary: DAVID HUDDLE, The "Banked Fire" of Robert

Hayden's "Those Winter Sundays" 781

MOLLY PEACOCK, Say You Love Me 783

Drama 785

WAKAKO YAMAUCHI, And the Soul Shall Dance 785 'Essays 827 ' • - . . - • . •

DORIS KEARNS GOODWIN, From Father, with Love 828ANDREW MERTON, When Father Doesn't Know Best 831

Connections: Families 834

Suggestions for Extended Connections among Chapters 835

Suggestions for Collaborative Learning 836

10 Nature 837 .Fiction 838 • . - . , !

ERNEST H E M I N G W A Y , Hills like White Elephants 838

J A C K L O N D O N , To Build a Fire ; 8 4 2 - ' - ! ' ' . • ' •"' -

R A T E C H O P I N , The Storm 855 .' , "

D O R I S LESSING, Through the Tunnel 860 . :

XXVi CONTENTS

EUDORA WELTY, A Worn Path • 867Commentary: EUDORAWELTY, Is Phoenix Jackson's Grandson

Really Dead? 875Poetry 877

Haiku 877MORITAKE, Fallen petals rise 877SOKAN, If only we could 878MEISETSU, City People 878KYOSHI, The Snake 878

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, The World Is Too' Much with Us 879GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, God's Grandeur 880ELIZABETH BISHOP, The Fish 881WILLIAM STAFFORD, Traveling through the dark 883DENISE LEVERTOV, To the Snake 884MARY OLIVER, A Certain Sharpness in the Morning Air 885MAXINE KUMIN, Woodchucks 887MAGGIE ANDERSON, A Place with Promise 888RICHARD WILBUR, The Writer 890

Drama 891PATRICK MEYERS, K2 891

Essays 914BARRY HOLSTUN LOPEZ, Landscape and Narrative 914DONELLA MEADOWS, Living Lightly and Inconsistently

on the Land 920Connections: Nature 923Suggestions for Extended Connections among Chapters 924Suggestions for Collaborative Learning 925

11 War and Power 927Fiction 928

AMBROSE BIERCE, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 928FRANK O'CONNOR, Guests of the Nation 936Commentary: STANLEY R E N N E R , The Theme of Hidden Powers:

Fate vs. Human Responsibility in "Guests of the Nation" 946CYNTHIA OZICK, The Shawl 952ELIZABETH GORDON, On the Other Side of the War: A Story 957TIM O'BRIEN, The Things They Carried 959

Poetry 974ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, Mother and Poet 974THOMAS HARDY, The Man He Killed 978

Contents xxvii

WILFRED OWEN; Dulce et Decorum Est 979 ,.ARIEL DORFMAN, Hope . 981 .,"WALT WHITMAN, The Dying Veteran 982DENISE LEVERTOV, What Were They Like? .983YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA, Facing It 984

RANDALL JARRELL, Gunner ,985 ; ,MARGARET ATWOOD, At first I was given centuries . 986CAROLYN FORCHE, The Colonel 987

DEBORAH GARRISON, I Saw You Walking 988Drama 990

SOPHOCLES, Antigone 990

Essays 1022ANDREW LAM, Goodbye, Saigon, Finally , 1022. ,JACQUELINE NAVARRA RHOADS, Nurses in Vietnam iO25BARBARA KINGSOLVER, And Our Flag Was Still There 1035

Connections: War and Power 1038Suggestions for Extended Connections among Chapters 1038Suggestions for Collaborative Learning 1039

12 Death 1041 , ,Fiction 1042 • , . ;

C H E W I N G BLACKBONES, Old Man, and Qld Woman: ,

A Blackfoot Indian Myth Retold, ,1042 . . . . . . .

KATHERINE ANNE PORTER, The Jilting, of . . . . ,•

Granny Weatherall 1044, , ,. • , . . . y . - <

W I L L I A M F A U L K N E R , A Rose for Emily 1051

Commentary: W I L L I A M F A U L K N E R , O n the Meaning of. ••

"A Rose for Emily," 1059 . . . ' . . . . ;

ALICE W A L K E R , To Hell with Dying ,,1060

GAIL GODWIN, Dream Children 1066 , ...

Poetry 1077 • - • . . , . : . • - , • • .

JOHN D O N N E , Death, be, not proud 1077 . .

e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill s 1078 , ; . , ;

R U T H W H I T M A N , Castoff Skin 1079 , . : - , , • „ •

EMILY DICKINSON 1079 . , , !

Apparently with no surprise 1080

I heard a Fly buzz—when,I died— 1080 , ;

The Bustle in a House .1081 . , , ,, . . ' . ; • . . , ,

A. E. H O U S M A N , To an Athlete Dying Young 1081 -.,

T H E O D O R E ROETHKE, Elegy for Jane ,1082 . , • • , . . . , , . .

D E N I S E LEVERTOV, During a Son's Dangerous Illness 1083

XXVili CONTENTS

LANGSTON HUGHES, Night Funeral in Harlem 1084MICHAEL LASSELL, How to Watch Your Brother Die 1085

Drama 1089 • , - . • . . .HARVEY FIERSTEIN, On Tidy Endings 1089 • '

Essays 1109LEWIS THOMAS, On Natural Death 1109ELISABETH KUBLER-ROSS, On the Fear of Death 1112

Connections: Death 1118

Suggestions for Extended Connections among Chapters 1119

Suggestions for Collaborative Learning 1120

13 Three American Poets 1121Time Line: Key Events in the Lives of Three American Poets 1122EMILY DICKINSON 1123

Success is counted sweetest 1125If I can stop one Heart from breaking 1125Wild Nights—Wild Nights! 1126There's a certain Slant of light 1126I'mNobody'.Whoareyou? 1126"Heaven"—is what I cannot reach! 1127We grow accustomed to the Dark • 1127Good Morning—Midnight— 1128After great pain, a formal feeling comes1— 1128The Brain—is wider than the Sky— 1129This is my letter to the World 1129A Secret told— 1129The Soul selects her own Society— 1130I felt a Cleaving in rriy Mind— 1130One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted—— 1130Tell all the Truth but tell it slant— 1131From all the Jails the Boys and Girls 1131

ROBERT FROST 1132

Mending Wall 1133Home Burial 1135"Out, Out—" 1138Nothing Gold Can Stay 1139Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evenirig 1139Acquainted with the Night 1139- •Desert Places 1140

: Contents, xxix

A Critical Casebook oft Robert Frost 1141DONALD CUNNINGHAM, "Mending Wall" 1141From ROBERT FROST, The Figure a Poem Makes 1146 ,From DONALD J. GREINER, The. Indispensable Robert Frost 1147From WESLEY McNAiR, Robert Frost and Dramatic .

Speech 1149 , " • „ . - . . •• '',From JAY PARINI, One Long Wild Conversation:

Robert Frost as Teacher 1151 'From PETER j . STANLIS, Robert Frost: The Conversationalist

as Poet 1152 ' ' ' ' ' '"' ~ ' ' ' "" ;

GWENDOLYN BROOKS 1155kitchenette building 1157The Mother 1158 ' ' '" ' 'Prom "The Womanhood" 1159 ;> -; ' "•' 'The Bean Eaters 1159 ' ; • 'the rites for Cousin Vit 1159Of Robert Frost 1160 • : •••••'>•Boy Breaking Glass 1160To the Young Who Want to Die 1161

Connections: Three American Poets 1161'

Connections: Art and Poetry (color section) , lTopics for Discussion and Writing 2

Sample Assignment and Student Paper: "Death's Image,"JANICE MOORE 2

Albrecht Diirer's Knight, Death, and the Devil 4RANDALL JARRELL, Knight, Death, and the Devil 5

Ander Gunn's Untitled photograph 6THOM GUNN, Something approaches 7

Pieter Breughel the Elder's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus 8w. H. AUDEN, Musee des Beaux Arts 9PATRICIA HAMPL, Woman before an Aquarium 10

Henri Matisse's Woman before an Aquarium 11Edgar Degas's The Millinery Shop 12

ADAM ZAGAJEWSKI, Edgar Degas: The Millinery Shop 13Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec's At the Moulin Rouge 14

JON STALLWORTHY, Toulouse-Lautrec at the Moulin Rouge 15Pablo Picasso's The Old Guitarist 16

XXX CONTENTS

WALLACE STEVENS, The Man with the Blue Guitar 17Robert Motherwell's Blue Air 18Henri Matisse's Dance 19:

NATALIE SAFIR, Matisse's Dance 19 >

Edvard Munch's The Scream 20'

DONALD HALL, The Scream 21

Pieter Breughel the Elder's Peasants Dance (The Kermess) 23WILLIAM CARLOS "WILLIAMS, The Dance 23

Georgia O'Keeffe's Black Cross, New Mexico 24

ELLEN BRYANT VOIGT, Wormwood: The Penitents 25

Charles Henry Demuth's / Saw the Figure 5 in Gold 26

"WILLIAM CARLOS "WILLIAMS, The Great Figure 27

Edward Hopper's Nighthawks 28 ,DAVID RAY, A Midnight Diner by Edward Hopper 29SAMUELYELLEN, Nighthawks 30 , ... •

Vincent van Gogh's The Starry Night 31ANNE SEXTON, The Starry Night 31

Appendix: MLA Documentation 1163,

Glossary of Terms 1173Credits 1180

Index of First Lines 1188

Index of Authors,Titles, and Subjects 1190