Study the map. What were the main geopolitical threats to Chinese security in the 1960s?

starter activity

Why did Sino-Why did Sino-American relations American relations improve during the improve during the

1970s?1970s?Assess the implications of the Ussuri Assess the implications of the Ussuri River Dispute (1969) and changing River Dispute (1969) and changing

‘‘geopoliticsgeopolitics’’Identify reasons why ‘Identify reasons why ‘rapprochementrapprochement’ ’ occurred between US and China and occurred between US and China and

evaluate the achievements of improved evaluate the achievements of improved relationsrelations

Aims

Ussuri River, marking the boundary between USSR and China

Your taskYour task

Explain Mao’s motives for provoking Explain Mao’s motives for provoking the Ussuri River dispute (1969).the Ussuri River dispute (1969).

What does the dispute tell us about What does the dispute tell us about Sino-Soviet relations?Sino-Soviet relations?

How did the dispute bring a change How did the dispute bring a change in attitude of China to the USA?in attitude of China to the USA?

(p.128-129, Phillips)(p.128-129, Phillips)

Border clash at Damansky Island

MotivesMotives Damansky Island (1964) - Mao angered Damansky Island (1964) - Mao angered

USSR by describing the hand over of the USSR by describing the hand over of the island as a preliminary to many Chinese island as a preliminary to many Chinese territorial gains angered Khrushchev who territorial gains angered Khrushchev who cancelled agreementcancelled agreement

Czechoslovakia (1968) – heightened Czechoslovakia (1968) – heightened Chinese fears of Soviet invasion, leading to Chinese fears of Soviet invasion, leading to new policy of ‘active defence’new policy of ‘active defence’

Fear of nuclear strike – China & USSR Fear of nuclear strike – China & USSR possessed nuclear weapons; USSR possessed nuclear weapons; USSR appointed Tolubko to command Soviet appointed Tolubko to command Soviet forces in Far Eastforces in Far East

Sino-Soviet relationsSino-Soviet relations

Poor communications between leaders - Poor communications between leaders - e.g. Kosygin (Soviet foreign minister) met e.g. Kosygin (Soviet foreign minister) met Zhou Enlai for talks at Beijing Airport; Zhou Enlai for talks at Beijing Airport; misinterpretations – Czechoslovakia seen misinterpretations – Czechoslovakia seen to herald new era of Soviet expansionismto herald new era of Soviet expansionism

Nuclear weapons – possession by both Nuclear weapons – possession by both sides de-stabilised relationssides de-stabilised relations

Changing relations - China less subservient Changing relations - China less subservient to Russia; policy of ‘active defence’ & 1to Russia; policy of ‘active defence’ & 1stst strike against Soviet troops (2 march 1969)strike against Soviet troops (2 march 1969)

Changes in attitudes Changes in attitudes towards UStowards US

Need for an ally against Soviet Need for an ally against Soviet aggressionaggression

Fear of encirclementFear of encirclement USA seen as less of a threat – Mao USA seen as less of a threat – Mao

thought USA was an empire in thought USA was an empire in declinedecline

Your taskYour task

Using the information on p.129-130 Using the information on p.129-130 note the reasons for rapprochement note the reasons for rapprochement between China and America.between China and America.

Nixon meets Mao during a state visit to Beijing in 1972

RapprochementRapprochement

Geopolitical considerations – Geopolitical considerations – encirclement, tensions with border encirclement, tensions with border countries, e.g. Japan, India, Taiwancountries, e.g. Japan, India, Taiwan

Vietnam War – increasing US Vietnam War – increasing US involvement in regioninvolvement in region

Ideological conflict with USSR - Ideological conflict with USSR - Mao’s dislike of Soviet Mao’s dislike of Soviet revisionism, revisionism, Mao viewed USA as a ‘declining Mao viewed USA as a ‘declining power’, therefore less of a military power’, therefore less of a military or economic threator economic threat

Your taskYour task

Read Nixon’s response to Sino-US Read Nixon’s response to Sino-US rapprochement in his Report to rapprochement in his Report to Congress (1971). Highlight in green Congress (1971). Highlight in green evidence which suggests he genuinely evidence which suggests he genuinely wishes to improve relations with China wishes to improve relations with China and evidence in red that he is driving a and evidence in red that he is driving a wedge between China and the USSR.wedge between China and the USSR.

Nixon in China, Feb 1972. What might have motivated Nixon to improve relations with China?

Your taskYour task Study the information on p.130-1 and Study the information on p.130-1 and

note what closer relations achieved for:note what closer relations achieved for: a) Chinaa) China b) USAb) USA c) Both countries?c) Both countries?

Your teacher will give you some cards, Your teacher will give you some cards, sort them into achievements for the US, sort them into achievements for the US, China or bothChina or both

Extension. Write a judgement paragraph Extension. Write a judgement paragraph explaining who benefited mostexplaining who benefited most

Achievements for USAAchievements for USA China strengthened ties with E China strengthened ties with E

European communist countriesEuropean communist countries - e.g. - e.g. Yugoslavia and RomaniaYugoslavia and Romania

Weakened China’s relations with other Weakened China’s relations with other communist countriescommunist countries – Albania criticised – Albania criticised China for betraying Revolution; N China for betraying Revolution; N Vietnam angered by China’s support of Vietnam angered by China’s support of USAUSA

Created opportunity for DétenteCreated opportunity for Détente – links – links with China used to force USSR to with China used to force USSR to negotiatenegotiate

Achievements for ChinaAchievements for China

Victory for Chinese diplomacyVictory for Chinese diplomacy - ‘Nixon and - ‘Nixon and Kissinger came to (Mao’s) study to listen to Kissinger came to (Mao’s) study to listen to his teachings’ (Chen)his teachings’ (Chen)

US relations with Far East allies weakenedUS relations with Far East allies weakened– – criticism of S Vietnam govt; ‘Two Chinas’ criticism of S Vietnam govt; ‘Two Chinas’ policy diminished support for Taiwanpolicy diminished support for Taiwan

Diplomatic recognitionDiplomatic recognition for China at UN for China at UN Strengthened Mao’s domestic positionStrengthened Mao’s domestic position - -

supporters like Zhou Enlai grew in popularity, supporters like Zhou Enlai grew in popularity, opponents of Mao, e.g. Lin Biao removedopponents of Mao, e.g. Lin Biao removed

Achievements for bothAchievements for both

Ping pong diplomacyPing pong diplomacy - channels of - channels of diplomacy opened up, e.g. Kissinger diplomacy opened up, e.g. Kissinger met with Zho Enlai 6x in July 1971met with Zho Enlai 6x in July 1971

Trade & travelTrade & travel restrictions relaxed – restrictions relaxed – trade between 2 countries increased trade between 2 countries increased from $5m to $500mfrom $5m to $500m

Undermining USSRUndermining USSR – China & US – China & US expressed opposition to any expressed opposition to any expansion in Asia-Pacific region – expansion in Asia-Pacific region – tacit criticism of USSR tacit criticism of USSR

Your taskYour task

Copy these phrases onto slips of Copy these phrases onto slips of paper:paper:

Ideological differences Ideological differences PersonalitiesPersonalities National interestsNational interests Draw a line on a piece of paper and Draw a line on a piece of paper and

place the cards on the appropriate place the cards on the appropriate location. Jot down 2 pieces of location. Jot down 2 pieces of evidence to support your judgementsevidence to support your judgementsThis was the

definitive cause of the Sino-Soviet split

This played very little part

in the Sino-Soviet split

Your taskYour task

On the computer, On the computer, working in pairs working in pairs write a paragraph to write a paragraph to answer this question: answer this question: “How far was the “How far was the Sino-Soviet Split of Sino-Soviet Split of the late 1960s the the late 1960s the result of ideological result of ideological differences between differences between the communist the communist powers?”powers?”

Extension taskExtension task

Read p. 149-152 in Gaddis, ‘Cold Read p. 149-152 in Gaddis, ‘Cold War’ and take notes on reasons for War’ and take notes on reasons for rapprochement he suggests.rapprochement he suggests.

Read p.310-14 in Isaacs, ‘Cold War’ Read p.310-14 in Isaacs, ‘Cold War’ and explain how Ping Pong became and explain how Ping Pong became part of international diplomacypart of international diplomacy

PlenaryPlenary

Paste the photograph of Mao Paste the photograph of Mao meeting Nixon in your notes, and meeting Nixon in your notes, and annotate with thought bubbles. What annotate with thought bubbles. What would the US gain?would the US gain?

HomeworkHomework

““How far was the Sino-Soviet Split of How far was the Sino-Soviet Split of the late 1960s the result of the late 1960s the result of ideological differences between the ideological differences between the two communist powers?”two communist powers?”

Complete the research topic on Complete the research topic on p.135.p.135.