STUDY ON PERMEATION GROUTING IN COARSE GRAINED SOIL … · [email protected] ABSTRACT Grouting is the process of ground improvement techniques which is used to improvise

STUDY ON PERMEATION GROUTING IN COARSE GRAINED SOIL

WITH CEMENT CHEMICAL GROUT (SODIUM SILICATES)

K.Venkatraman1, P.Dayakar

2, Dr.R.Venkatakrishnaiah

3

Assistant Professor1,2

, Associate Professor3 ,Department of Civil Engineering

1,2,3

BIST, BIHER, Bharath University.

[email protected]

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Grouting is the process of ground improvement techniques which is used to improvise the

foundation where there is loose state of the soil. Grouting can be classified as permeation

grouting, compaction grouting or hydraulic fracturing. Permeation grouting is an effective way

to send the grout into the ground without disturbing the soil structure. In this investigation, an

attempt is made to study the effect of cement grout with (sodium silicate) in improving the

bearing capacity of the sandy soil. Cement grout with different ratio of 10:1 ( Water: Cement) ,

8:1, 6:1, 4:1 are injected into the soil. Grouting experiment is performed with perforated PVC

pipe in a tank of 50cm x 50cm x 50cm sandy soil. To study the improvement in the strength

property of the grouted soil the plate load test is performed with 14cm x 14cm plate on the

grouted sand after 7days curing and 28 days curing and this study revealed that the increase in

cement content increases load carrying capacity of the sandy soil.

INTRODUCTION

The term Ground improvement and ground modification refers to any procedure

undertaken to increase the shear strength, decrease the permeability and compressibility or

otherwise render the physical properties of soil more suitable for projected engineering use. The

constructional activities in the coastal belt of our country often demand deep foundations

because of the poor engineering properties and the related problems arising from weak soil at

shallow depths[7-12]. The soil profile in coastal area often consists of very loose sandy soils

extending to a depth of 3 to 4 m from the ground level underlain by clayey soils of medium

stiffness. The structures built on such soils may suffer from excessive settlements and would lead

to punching shear failure. Grouting is the suitable technique in improving the weak soil.

Grouting technique finds applications in case of seepage control in rock and soil under dams,

advancing tunnels, cut off walls etc (Nonveiller, 1989). The main purpose of grouting is to fill

the voids of the formation material by replacing the existing fluids with the grout and thereby

improving the engineering properties of the medium, especially reducing the permeability[1-6].

Over the past years, many types of chemicals have been used for geotechnical

applications. But generally chemical grouts are toxic and hazardous in nature. This necessitates

the need to do research in finding alternate ecofriendly materials for ground improvement. It

seems that many chemical admixturer can be used as substitute for conventional components of

grouting materials. Hence in this study an attempt is made to use the soidium silicate as an

additive with the cement grout to study the improvement of the soil property. Hamid Reza

Khatami et al[13-19]., has concluded that, biopolymers can effectively improve the strength

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 12 2018, 9289-9300ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu

9289

characteristics of sand without causing environmental toxicity. Laetitia Patural et al., has

conclude that, cellulose are thickener, good binder, film former and used as additives to improve

the cement based material and also improve the properties of mortar such as water retention,

workability, and consistency of material. P. Dayakar et al., conclude that, permeation grouting is

an effective way to send the grout into the ground without disturbing the soil structure. The

increase in cement content increases load carrying capacity of the sandy soil[20-26].

MATERIALS

Materials involved in grouting process are soil and grout materials. In this study the grout

materials are cement with sodium silicate which is termed as chemical grout.

Fig.no.1 Grain Size Distribution of Soil

Locally available Palar river sand is utilized for this study and the properties of the sand are

given in table 1. The grain size distribution curve of the soil used is shown in fig.2.1. From the

grain size distribution curve the Coefficient of curvature (Cc) and Coefficient of uniformity (Cu)

are calculated and tabled in table 2.1. Also the other properties such as the Specific gravity,

maximum and minimum void ratio are also calculated and given in the table[27-32].

Table1 Properties of sand

Specific Gravity, G 2.57

D60

, mm 2.00

D30

, mm 1.6

D10

, mm 1.1

Cc 2.844

Cu 1.818

emax

0.67

emin

0.50

0.00

15.00

30.00

45.00

60.00

75.00

90.00

105.00

0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000

% F

ine

r

Particle size dia, mm (log)

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

9290

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Ordinary Portland cement is new geneSpecimenn cement. It contains high reactive Silica

(HRS) to enhance ultimate performance of concrete. OPC is essentially a siliceous material in

finely divided form with the presence of water, that react with Calcium hydroxide at ordinary

temperature liberated during the hydSpecimenn of Portland Cement to produce

stable,cementations compounds. These compounds contribute to strength and water tightness of

Cement and are especially suitable for Dams and mass construction like foundation.

Table2 Properties of cement ROPERTIES VALUES

Grade OPC

Specific Gravity 3.15

Fineness, % 95

Consistency, % 35

Initial Setting Time, min 30

METHODOLOGY

Grouting

Permeation grouting of sandy soil with cement grout of sodium silicates is done in

anacrylic tank ( 50cm x 50cm x 50cm ) in room temperature of 28oC.The tank should be

completely dry before filling the sand (i.e.) water content should be there. One-third of the tank

is filled with sand. Then the grout pipe is placed in the tank in manner of dividing it four parts

and place it in the centre of each parts. Thin film foils should place inside the pipe such that the

sand should not enter the grout pipe’s holes. Then the soil is filled in the tank without disturbing

all the four grout pipes. The paper foils are removed from the grout pipes and the mixture of

water, cement and sodium silicates is poured inside all four grout pipes equally. The mixture will

flow easily into the soils particles. After the grout is filling into the sandy soil in the tank. The

grout pipes are removed from the tank gently without disturbing the sand. The gap of the grout

pipes is filled with sand[33-37]

Plate Load Setup

These apparatuses consist of three units, as shown in the figure 4.4 Cell pressure unit, the

back pressure unit and the triaxial cell. The cell pressure unit and back pressure unit regulate the

corresponding pressure with a piston system, The sample (i.e., grouted soil acrylic tank 50cm X

50cm X 50cm ) in the is placed in the triaxial cell and the axial load is applied to the sample

through the plate place at center, via the load cell and the loading frame. The plate is place on the

loading frame so that extension tests can be performed easily. In addition, a gear box is installed,

which reduces the vertical movement. The axial displacements are measured the cell by the

external Linear Variable Displacement Transformer (LVDT), which is mounted above solid part

of the tank and analyzing the displacement measurement devices with respect to their accuracy,

the following errors are recognizable. In the axial direction, the LVDT is mounted above the

solid part of the acrylic tank and measures down to the bottom of the pedestal[38-42].


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Figure 1 Triaxial loading machine

Plate load test

The sample is placed in triaxial loading machine, and a steel plate (14x14cm) is placed at

the top centre as shown in Figure 4.5. A steel spherical ball is placed over the centre of the

loading test plate[43-47]. A load cell as shown in Figure 4.5 is placed over the spherical steel

ball, in order to take the reading of the load which applied. The LVDT (Linear Variable

Differential Transformer).

Figure 2 Load cell arrangements. Figure 3 LVDT


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Figure 4 Data logger

RESULTS & DISSCUSION

Grouting Results

We have taken the readings of the grouted sand after 7 days and another set after 28 days.

The7 days and 28 days test are taken in different water cement Specimen such as 10:1, 8:1, 6:1,

and 4:1 respectively. The readings are taken with the help of data logger[48-50], LVDT and lode

cell. A graph is plotted displacement due to load and load applied on the grouted soil. The

tabulation of the 7 day tested samples which is in loose state is from the table 5.1 Similarly for

the seventh day loose state is furnished in the table 4.3 and comparison of this test are compared

in graph in figure 4.1 and figure 4.2.Likewise for the medium dense state grouted soil was tested

and the results are in the table 4.4 to table 4.5. Graphs are plot in figure 4.3 and figure 4.4. In the

graph (figure 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4) we have given some notation as follows

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00

sett

lem

ent

in m

m

load intensity kN/m2

loose soil

comp soil


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Figure 5. plot between load intensity vs settlement for non-grouted soil

Figure 6. Plot between load intensity and settlement for loose state (7days)

Figure 7. Plot between load intensity vs settlement for loose state (28 days)

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00

sett

lem

en

t in

mm

load intensity kN/m²

4:1

6:1

8:1

10:1

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00

sett

lem

ent i

n m

m

load intensity kN/m²

4:1

6:1

8:1

10:1


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Figure 8. Plot between load intensity vs settlement for medium dense state (28

days)

Figure 9 Plot between load intensity vs settlement for loose state cement grout (7

days)

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00

sett

lem

ent

in m

mload intensity kN/m²

4:1

6:1

8:1

10:1

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

sett

lem

en

t in

mm

load intensity kN/m2

4:1

6:1

8:1

10:1


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CONCLUSION By the results and objective we came to know that adding of sodium silicates with

cement increases the bearing capacity of soil and decreases the permeability in the grouting.

adding 3% of sodium silicates with cement, the viscosity is increased and free flow of grout

solution is obtained.Bearing capacity of the soil increases with reduces in water content and

increase in penetRation of the grout.In Sodium silicates grout with the increasing curing periods

i.e. 7- 28 days, when the water content increases it results in low strength and permeability and

the vice-versa.From the study on loose and compacted state it is concluded that the reduce of

voids increases the strength.In Sodium silicates grout when the viscosity decreases there is an

increase in strength with decrease in permeability.

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Documents

STUDY ON PERMEATION GROUTING IN COARSE GRAINED SOIL … · [email protected] ABSTRACT Grouting is the process of ground improvement techniques which is used to improvise