FINAL REPORT

BANGLADESH MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT FUND (BMDF)

STUDY ON

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

CHITTAGONG CITY CORPORTION RAJSHAHI CITY CORPORATION

RANGPUR MUNICIPALITY PATUAKHALI MUNICIPALITY

Submitted by:

Joint Venture (JV) of AQUA Consultant & Associates Ltd. (BD) Hifab International AB, Sweden Resource Planning and Management Consultants Ltd. (BD) & Engineering & Planning Consultants Ltd. (BD)

June 21, 2012

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing solid waste management system in Chittagong City Corporation, Rajshahi City Corporation, Rangpur Municipality and Patuakhali Municipality. Moreover, it also evaluates priorities for sector reforms as well as identification of investment projects in the aforementioned urban local bodies. This study is mainly based on primary data as there was acute absence of reliable secondary data. The key findings of this study are as follows: 1. Based on the data collected from field survey, it has been found that per capita waste

generation in Chittagong City Corporation is 0.34 kg/capita/day. While for Rajshahi City Corporation, Rangpur Municipality and Patuakhali Municipality the generation rate are 0.245; 0.242; and 0.22 kg/capita/day respectively. However, the per capita waste generation rates are for only dry season which will increase in the wet season. Since the study was conducted in dry season, it was not possible to ascertain the waste generation rate for wet season.

2. The estimated total waste generation in the study area is 1161 tons/day for Chittagong

City Corporation; while the waste generation for Rajshahi City Corporation, Rangpur Municipality and Patuakhali Municipality stands at 195, 99 and 18 tons/day respectively.

3. Sample survey in residential, market and landfill site indicates that compostable part varies

between 71% to 85% for Chittagong City Corporation, while this figure are 79% to 85% for Rajshahi City Corporation, 68% to 85% for Rangpur Municipality and 85% to 87% for Patuakhali Municipality.

4. Chemical composition analysis of waste was also conduct in residential, market and

landfill site of the study areas. It has been found that for Chittagong City Corporation lead and chromium content are quite high in residential waste (low income area), while for Rajshahi City Corporation and Patuakhali Municipality lead content was found to be high at waste sample of landfill sites. It was also found from chemical analysis that moisture content of waste varies between 51% to 89.45% for samples collected from households, markets and landfill sites.

5. Analysis of leachate samples collected from landfill sites of Chittagong City Corporation

and Rajshahi City Corporation shows that it contains very high BOD, COD and Ammonia content compared to the national standard for discharge to inland surface water.

6. No standard is being followed in placement of secondary storage bin in the study area;

and as a result in most of the areas the numbers of bins have either over or under capacity when compared with waste generated in the city. Moreover, there is no synchronization between primary and secondary collection of waste resulting in multiple handling of waste.

7. Based on the available number of trucks and number of trips made the waste collection

efficiency in Chittagong City Corporation, Rajshahi City Corporation Rangpur and Patuakhali Municipality are 42%, 72%, 32% and 60% respectively.

8. In terms of disposal of solid waste, it was found that none of the study area has controlled

or sanitary landfill sites. Surprisingly, they do not have any environmental clearance certificate for landfill sites. Moreover, it was found that in Chittagong City Corporation and Rangpur, part of the collected waste is being sold to raise private land against payment.

9. Informal sector is playing an important role in recycling of solid waste in the study area,

dealing only with inorganic waste. It is estimated that in Chittagong City Corporation area 12.41% of waste is recycled, while this figure stands at 4.71%, 4.84% and 4.55% for Rajshahi City Corporation, Rangpur Municipality and Patuakhali Municipality respectively.

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It has also been found that in Chittagong 1% of the collected organic waste is composted by the Chittagong City Corporation.

10. Financial analysis of solid waste management system in study area shows that there is a

huge gap between expenditure made and revenue collected which varies between 37% - 60% reflecting an average of 50% for the study area.

11. In terms of institutional analysis it was found that conservancy section of municipality

remains neglected for decades. There is a shortage of skilled supervisory staff. Moreover, it was also found that except the Chief Conservancy Officers of Chittagong City Corporation, and Rajshahi City Corporation, none of the staff have any formal training on solid waste management.

12. In order to improve the solid waste management system of the study area following

recommendations are made:

12.1 The most cost effective option for secondary storage of waste has been found to be demountable containers. Based on the study of city/town 5, 3, and 1.5 cubic meter size container can be used. The city/towns can use a guideline of 2 storage facility per sq. km of area.

12.2 Regarding collection of waste, almost all the study areas have house to house

waste collection system which should be extended to cover the entire city. Moreover, cost recovery for primary collection must be properly looked into. In terms of primary collection vehicle, use of rickshaw van with removable container should be used. This will help to directly discharge waste inside the demountable containers in order to avoid multiple handling of waste.

12.3 It has been found that in terms of waste transportation, labor productivity and

loading and unloading time; demountable trucks with closed container are more efficient compared to open trucks in Bangladeshi condition. As such, city corporations and municipalities should gradually move to container trucks from open trucks. Different types of container trucks for different road types have been suggested.

12.4 By changing the waste collection trucks and improving primary and secondary

collection of waste, it is possible to collect 100% of the waste within existing budget of the city/town authorities.

12.5 There is an opportunity to improve the recycling situation of the study area by

promotion of source separation of waste. Moreover, there is also an opportunity for converting organic waste into compost, biogas and RDF for Chittagong, compost and biogas plant for Rajshahi and compost plants in Rangpur and Patuakhali. By recycling of organic waste, the city authorities can also claim carbon credits.

12.6 In terms of financial improvement, introduction of user fee instead of conservancy

charge can improve the financial performance the waste sector by 100%.

12.7 There is a need for capacity building and institutional strengthening of conservancy section for sustainable improvement of waste management service delivery. There is an urgent need for training of all staff of conservancy division along with appointment of supervisory staff with adequate formal training in solid waste management. Number of staff in the conservancy section of the urban local bodies should be based on their population of city/town.

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12.8 There is also an opportunity to involve private sector in following activity:

Door to door waste collection; Street sweeping Secondary transportation of waste; and Construction and operation and maintenance of treatment/recycling

facilities. 13. Based on the study following priority projects (Technical Assistance and Investment) have

been recommended for the study area. Total estimated cost of the project is USD 23.6 million.

13.1 Development of Human Resource and Institutional Strengthening of Conservancy Department. Estimated cost of the project is USD 515,000.

13.2 Promotion of Source Separation of Waste. Estimated cost of the project is USD

935,000.

13.3 Improvement of Primary and Secondary Collection of waste to achieve 100% collection efficiency. Estimated cost of the project USD 3.72 million. There is an opportunity for CDM project in this component.

13.4 Improvement of open disposal sites into controlled landfill site. Total estimated

cost is USD 4.18 million. There is also an opportunity for CDM project in this component.

13.5 Establishment of Integrated Resource Recovery Center using Public-Private-

Partnership at landfill sites. The estimated cost of the project is USD 14.125 million. This project can be implemented as CDM project and it is can be an investment project.

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GLOSSARY Aerobic Composting: Environment characterized by bacteria active in the presence of oxygen. Biodegradable: Any material that can be reduced into finer particles (degraded or decomposed) by microbiological organisms. Bio-gas: Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal feces, and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of bio fuel. Carbon Dioxide Equivalent/Certified Emission Reduction (CERs): Green house gas reduction of any CDM project is measured according to internationally agreed methods and are quantified in standard units called Certified Emission Reduction (CERs). These are expressed in tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Under the Kyoto Protocol, CDM is a mechanism that allows developed countries to achieve part of their green house gas emissions reduction obligations through investment in projects in developing countries that reduce green house gas or fix or sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Composting: The controlled biological decomposition of organic solid waste under aerobic conditions. Compost: The relatively stable decomposed organic material resulting from the composing process, also referred as humus. Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. Crude Dumping: Crude dumping is a method of waste disposal in which the waste is merely dumped and left uncovered. Demountable Container: The movable waste storage facility, that is used for collection of waste by placing it at a designated point of an urban area, and is hauled by a vehicle to the waste disposal site. Disposal: Intentional burial, deposit, discharge, dumping, placing or release of any waste material into or on air, land or water. Dumping Ground: The place, where waste is carried out for final disposal. Green House Gas (GHG): Many gases present in the atmosphere are known as green house gases (GHG), because these prevent heat from escaping from earth. These gases are: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluoro carbons, per fluoro carbons, and sulphur hexafluoride. If the amount of these gases increases in the atmosphere, earths temperature will increase. Scientists have named this phenomenon as Global Warming and the associated changes to the atmosphere are known as climate change. Informal Sector: Extensive economic activity, which is usually small-scale, labor intensive, unregulated and competitive. Inorganic material: Materials, which are not degraded by microorganisms. Leachate: Liquid from a landfill containing substances that were present in the waste, either as liquids or as solids, and were dissolved by water passing through the waste. Municipal Waste: General waste for collection by a municipality, generated mainly by households, commercial activities and street sweeping.

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Organic Material: material containing carbon. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste derived from animal or vegetable sources, and can generally be degraded by microorganisms. Paurashava: It is a local term for municipality. Recyclable: Materials that still have useful physical or chemical properties after serving their original purpose and that can, therefore, be reused or remanufactured into additional products. Recycling: The Process by which waste materials are transformed into new products in such a way that the original products may loose their identity. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF): Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced by shredding and dehydrating solid waste (MSW) with a waste converter technology. RDF consists largely of combustible components of municipal waste such as plastics and biodegradable wastes. Residue: Materials remaining after processing incineration, composting or recycling has been completed. Residues are usually decomposed of in landfills. Resource Recovery: It is a general term referring to any productive use of what would otherwise be waste material requiring disposal. Re-use: Using the same item again, for the same purpose or other purposes. Source Separation: The segregation of specific materials at the point of generation for separate collection. Residences source separate recyclables as part of recycling program. Sanitary Landfill: An engineered method of disposing of solid waste on land in a manner that protects the environment e.g. by separating the waste in thin layers, compacting it to the smallest practical volume, and covering it with soil by the end of each working day, constructing barriers to infiltration, evacuating the gases produced. Solid Waste Management: Systematic control of generation, storage, collection, transport, separation, processing, recycling, recovery and final disposal of solid waste. Tokais: The word Tokai means I pick. It is locally use name for the waste pickers who collect wastes from waste bins, roadsides and dumpsite as consider wastes as ore. Waste bin tokais and dumpsite tokais fall in this group. Urban Solid Waste: Means all solid waste generated in an urbanized area except industrial and agricultural waste. Waste Picker: A person, who collects waste for recycling and reuse from the streets or from the waste disposal site as a mean of his/her livelihood. It is the English term of Tokai. In Bangladesh, considerable percentage of waste pickers is children. Waste Treatment: A process by which hazardous wastes are converted into les or non-hazardous waste, through a process which may or may not lead to the reduction of the volume of the waste.

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ABBREVIATION 3R Reduce, Reuse and Recycling

ADB Asian Development Bank

BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

BMDF Bangladesh Municipal Development Fund

BOO Build Own Operate

BOOT Build Own Operate and Transfer

BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

CBO Community Based Organization

CCC Chittagong City Corporation

CCO Chief Conservancy Officer

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CER Certified Emission Reduction

CI Conservancy Inspector

CO Conservancy Officer

CS Conservancy Supervisor

CSI Conservancy Superintendent

CWASA Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority

DAE Department of Agricultural Extension

DCC Dhaka City Corporation

DOE Department of Environment

DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering

DWASA Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority

ECA Environmental Conservation Act

ECR Environmental Conservation Rule

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ETP Effluent Treatment Plant

FMO Netherlands Development Finance Company

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Green House Gas

GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GoB Government of Bangladesh

HGR High Growth Rate

HH Household

IDA International Development Association

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

ITN International Training Network

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

LGD Local Government Division

LGED Local Government Engineering Department

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LGR Low Growth Rate

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MoE Ministry of Energy

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoI Ministry of Information

MoLGRD&C Ministry of Local Government Rural Development and Cooperatives

MGR Medium Growth Rate

MSU Municipal Support Unit

NGO Non Government Organization

PCSP Primary Collection Service Provider

PPP Public Private Partnership

RAJUK Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha

RCC Rajshahi City Corporation

RDF Refuse-Derived Fuel

STIFPP-II Secondary Towns Integrated Flood Protection Project (Two)

SWM Solid Waste Management

UGIIP Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project

UGIIP-II Secondary Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project

ULB Urban Local Body

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund

UPEHSDP Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program

VIP Very Important Person

WWR World Wide Recycling

CONVERSION EQUIVALENT 1 Hectare : 10000 m2 1 Hectare : 2.47 acre 1 Acre : 43,560 sft 1 Lac : 100,000 1 Crore : 10,000,000 1 US Dollar : Approximately Taka 82

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i GLOSSARY iv ABBREVIATIONS vi TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF PLATES xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study 1 1.3 Methodology and Approach 3

1.3.1 Recruitment of Study Team and Training 3 1.3.2 Data Collection and Analyses 3

1.4 Time Line for the Study 6 1.5 Study Area 7

1.5.1 Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) 7 1.5.2 Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) 8 1.5.3 Rangpur Municipality 9 1.5.4 Patuakhali Municipality 10

1.6 Limitation of the Study 11

CHAPTER 2 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS 12 2.1 Central Government and its Role in SWM 12

2.1.1 Local Government Division (LGD) MoLGRD&C 12 2.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) 13 2.1.3 Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) 13 2.1.4 Ministry of Energy (MOE) 13 2.1.5 Ministry of Finance (MOF) 14 2.1.6 Ministry of Information (MOI) 14

2.2 City Corporations and Municipalities Their Role in SWM 14 2.3 Projects Supported by External Support Agencies and Its Role in SWM 14

2.3.1 Projects Implemented by LGED and LGD 15 2.3.1.1 Second Urban Governance and Infrastructure

Improvement Project (UGIIP-II) 15

2.3.1.2 Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program (UPEHSDP)

15

2.4 Projects Supported by Government of Bangladesh 16 2.5 Recycling Projects Implemented by Private Sector 17

2.5.1 Composting Project in Dhaka Using PPP 17 2.5.2 Waste to Energy Project in Dhaka using BOO 19

2.6 Legal Analysis 20 2.6.1 The Legal Regime 20 2.6.1.1 National Level Framework 20 2.6.1.2 Requirement of Environmental Clearance lEE, ElA,

and ETP 21

2.6.1.3 National 3R Strategy for Waste Management, 2010 21 2.6.2 Local Level Framework 22 2.6.2.1 The Local Government (City Corporation) Act, 2009 22 2.6.2.2 The Local Government (Paurashava) Act, 2009 22 2.6.3 Local Laws 22 2.6.4 Rules 23 2.6.5 By-laws 24 2.6.6 Draft Final Solid Waste Management Handling Rules, 2010 24 2.6.7 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009 24 2.6.8 Enforcement 25

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CHAPTER 3 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 26 3.1 Demography of Chittagong City Corporation 26

3.1.1 Chronology of Population Growth in Chittagong City Corporation

26

3.1.2 Population Projections for Chittagong City Corporation 26 3.2 Demography of Rajshahi City Corporation 27

3.2.1 Chronology of Population Growth in Rajshahi City Corporation 27 3.2.2 Population Projections for Rajshahi City Corporation 28

3.3 Demography of Rangpur Municipality 28 3.3.1 Chronology of Population Growth in Rangpur Municipality 28 3.3.2 Population Projections for Rangpur Municipality 29

3.4 Demography of Patuakhali Municipality 30 3.4.1 Chronology of Population Growth in Patuakhali Municipality 30 3.4.2 Population Projections for Patuakhali Municipality 31

CHAPTER 4 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS 32 4.1 Organizational Aspects 32

4.1.1 Organizational Aspects in Chittagong City Corporation 32 4.1.2 Organizational Aspects in Rajshahi City Corporation 33 4.1.3 Organizational Aspects in Rangpur Municipality 34 4.1.4 Organizational Aspects in Patuakhali Municipality 34

4.2 Quantity of Waste 35 4.2.1 Quantity of Waste in Chittagong City Corporation 35 4.2.2 Quantity of Waste in Rajshahi City Corporation 37 4.2.3 Quantity of Waste in Rangpur Municipality 38 4.2.4 Quantity of Waste in Patuakhali Municipality 40

4.3 Quality of Waste 41 4.3.1 Quality of Waste in Chittagong City Corporation 41 4.3.2 Quality of Waste in Rajshahi City Corporation 42 4.3.3 Quality of Waste in Rangpur Municipality 43 4.3.4 Quality of Waste in Patuakhali Municipality 44

4.4 Density of Waste 45 4.4.1 Density of Waste in Chittagong City Corporation 45 4.4.2 Density of Waste in Rajshahi City Corporation 45 4.4.3 Density of Waste in Rangpur Municipality 46 4.4.4 Density of Waste in Patuakhali Municipality 46

4.5 Chemical Composition of Waste and Leachate 46 4.5.1 Chemical Composition of Waste 46 4.5.2 Chemical Composition of Leachate 47

4.6 Storage and Collection of Waste 51 4.6.1 Chittagong City Corporation 51 4.6.2 Rajshahi City Corporation 52 4.6.3 Rangpur Municipality 55 4.6.4 Patuakhali Municipality 56

4.7 Transfer and Transport of Waste 57 4.7.1 Chittagong City Corporation 57 4.7.2 Rajshahi City Corporation 58 4.7.3 Rangpur Municipality 61 4.7.4 Patuakhali Municipality 63

4.8 Disposal of Solid Waste 63 4.8.1 Chittagong City Corporation 63 4.8.2 Rajshahi City Corporation 69 4.8.3 Rangpur Municipality 73

4.9 Resource Recovery 75 4.10 Maintenance Facility 78

4.10.1 Chittagong City Corporation 78 4.10.2 Rajshahi City Corporation 79

4.10.3 Rangpur Municipality 80 4.10.4 Patuakhali Municipality 80

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CHAPTER 5 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 81

5.1 Municipal Taxation System in Bangladesh 81 5.2 Expenditure & Income from SWM in City Corporations and Municipalities 82 5.3 Expenditure & Income from SWM in Chittagong City Corporation 82 5.4 Expenditure & Income from SWM in Rajshahi City Corporation 86 5.5 Expenditure & Income from SWM in Rangpur Municipality 89 5.6 Expenditure & Income from SWM in Patuakhali Municipality 92

CHAPTER 6 IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES 97

6.1 Technical and Environmental Improvement 97 6.1.1 Secondary Storage 97 6.1.2 Collection 98 6.1.3 Transportation of Waste 103 6.1.4 Resource Recovery 106 6.1.5 Disposal 115

6.2 Institutional Improvement and Strengthening 118 6.2.1 Capacity Building of Staff 118 6.2.2 Institutional Strengthening of Conservancy Section 120 6.2.3 Improvement in Data Management and Monitoring 121 6.2.4 Financial Improvement 121 6.2.5 Example of How Use of User Fee Can Make SWM Operation

Sustainable Instead of Current Conservancy Tax 123

6.2.6 Strategy and Rules for Solid Waste Management 123 6.2.7 Involvement of Private Sector 123

CHAPTER 7 PRIORITY PROJECTS 126 7.1 Goal 126 7.2 Objectives 126 7.3 Priority Measures 126 7.4 Priority Projects 126

7.4.1 Development of Human Resource of Conservancy Department 126 7.4.2 Promotion of Source Separation of Waste 128 7.4.3 Improvement of Primary and Secondary Collection of Waste to

Reach 100% Collection Efficiency 129

7.4.4 Improvement of Final Open Disposal Site into Controlled Landfill Site

130

7.4.5 Establishment of Integrated Resource Recovery Center using Public Private Partnership at Landfill Sites

131

REFERENCE 133 ANNEXURE 134

ANNEX I Institutional Survey ANNEX II Formats for Data Collection ANNEX III Equipment Inventory and Landfill Assessment for CCC ANNEX IV Equipment Inventory and Landfill Assessment for RCC ANNEX V Equipment Inventory and Landfill Assessment for Rangpur

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page Fig 1.1 Map Showing Locations of Study Area 2 Fig 1.2 Map of Chittagong City Corporation Area 8 Fig 1.3 Map of Rajshahi City Corporation Area 9 Fig 1.4 Map of Rangpur Municipality Area 10 Fig 1.5 Map of Patuakhali Municipality Area 11 Fig 2.1 Public Private Community Partnership Model Used in the CDM Project 17 Fig 3.1 Comparison of Population Growth Rate (1991-2001) for CCC 26 Fig 3.2 Comparison of Population Growth Rate (1991-2001) for RCC 28 Fig 3.3 Comparison of Population Growth Rate (1991-2001) for Rangpur

Municipality 29

Fig 3.4 Comparison of Population Growth Rate (1991-2001) for Patuakhali Municipality

30

Fig 4.1 Organogram for Solid Waste Management in Chittagong City Corporation 32 Fig 4.2 Organogram for Solid Waste Management in Rajshahi City Corporation 33 Fig 4.3 Organogram for Solid Waste Management in Rangpur Municipality 34 Fig 4.4 Organogram for Solid Waste Management in Patuakhali Municipality 34 Fig 4.5 Domestic Waste Generation Rate of Chittagong City Corporation 36 Fig 4.6 Domestic Waste Generation Rate of Rajshahi City Corporation 37 Fig 4.7 Domestic Waste Generation Rate of Rangpur Municipality 39 Fig 4.8 Domestic Waste Generation Rate of Patuakhali Municipality. 40 Fig 4.9 A typical flow of household waste of RCC 53 Fig 4.10 A typical flow of waste from shops and restaurants of RCC 53 Fig 6.1 Typical Scenario of Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh 106

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LIST OF TABLES

Tables Title Page Table 1.1 Format for Recording Data for Physical Composition of Waste 4 Table 1.2 Time line for the Study 7 Table 3.1 Population, Growth Rate and Area of Chittagong City Corporation 26 Table 3.2 Projected Population of Chittagong City Corporation 27 Table 3.3 Population, Growth Rate and Area of Rajshahi City Corporation 27 Table 3.4 Projected Population of Rajshahi City Corporation 28 Table 3.5 Population, Growth Rate and Area of Rangpur Municipality 29 Table 3.6 Projected Population of Rangpur Municipality 30 Table 3.7 Population, Growth Rate and Area of Patuakhali Municipality 30 Table 3.8 Projected Population of Patuakhali Municipality 31 Table 4.1 Domestic Waste Generation Rate of Chittagong City Corporation 35 Table 4.2 Average Domestic Waste Generation Rate in Chittagong City Corporation 35 Table 4.3 Average Waste Generation of Chittagong City Corporation 36 Table 4.4 Per Capita Domestic, Market, Street Sweeping Waste and Overall Waste

Generation Rate in CCC 36

Table 4.5 Domestic Waste Generation Rate in Rajshahi City Corporation 37 Table 4.6 Average Waste Generation of Rajshahi City Corporation 38 Table 4.7 Per Capita Domestic & Market Waste and Overall Waste Generation Rate

in RCC 38

Table 4.8 Domestic Waste Generation Rate of Rangpur Municipality 38 Table 4.9 Average Waste Generation of Rangpur Municipality 39

Table 4.10 Per Capita Domestic & Market Waste and Overall Waste Generation Rate in Rangpur Municipality

40

Table 4.11 Domestic Waste Generation Rate of Patuakhali Municipality 40 Table 4.12 Average Waste Generation of Patuakhali Municipality 41 Table 4.13 Per Capita Domestic & Market Waste and Overall Waste Generation Rate

in Patuakhali Municipality 41

Table 4.14 Physical Composition of Solid Waste in Chittagong City Corporation 42 Table 4.15 Physical Composition of Solid Waste in Rajshahi City Corporation 43 Table 4.16 Physical Composition of Solid Waste in Rangpur Municipality 43 Table 4.17 Physical Composition of Solid Waste in Patuakhali Municipality 44 Table 4.18 Density of Waste in Chittagong City Corporation 45 Table 4.19 Density of Waste in Rajshahi City Corporation 45 Table 4.20 Density of Waste in Rangpur Municipality 46 Table 4.21 Density of Waste in Patuakhali Municipality 46 Table 4.22 Leachate Sample Analysis 47 Table 4.23 Chemical Composition of Raw Waste of Chittagong City Corporation Area 48 Table 4.24 Chemical Composition of Raw Waste of Rajshahi City Corporation Area 49 Table 4.25 Chemical Composition of Raw Waste of Rangpur Municipality Area 50 Table 4.26 Chemical Composition of Raw Waste of Patuakhali Municipality Area 50 Table 4.27 Secondary Waste Storage Facility in Chittagong 52 Table 4.28 Secondary Waste Storage Facility in Rajshahi 55 Table 4.29 Secondary Waste Storage Facility in Rajshahi 56 Table 4.30 Equipment Inventory of CCC 57 Table 4.31 Efficiency of Waste Collection System of CCC 58 Table 4.32 Equipment Inventory of RCC 58 Table 4.33 Trailer information of Rajshahi City Corporation 59 Table 4.34 Waste Carrying Capacity of Trucks in RCC 60 Table 4.35 Existing collection and transportation efficiency assessment of RCC 60 Table 4.36 Vehicle Inventory of Rangpur Municipality 61 Table 4.37 Waste Carrying Capacity of Trucks in Rangpur Municipality 62 Table 4.38 Existing collection and transportation efficiency assessment of Rangpur

Municipality 62

Table 4.39 Equipment Inventory of Patuakhali Municipality 63 Table 4.40 Mechanical Equipments Used in Landfill Operation 63 Table 4.41 Compost Quality Test Result 77 Table 4.42 List of Equipments Available in the Workshop 79

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Table 5.1 Major Sources of Income and Expenditure of a City Corporation or a Municipality

81

Table 5.2 Expenditure of CCC in SWM under the Head of Salary, Wages and Other Allowances

82

Table 5.3 Budget Expenditure of CCC on SWM for Year 2011-12 83 Table 5.4 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Expenditure) 84

Table 5.5 Revised Budget Income of CCC on SWM for Year 2010-11 84 Table 5.6 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Income) 84

Table 5.7 Estimated Annual Expenditure of CCC on SWM for the year 2011-12 84 Table 5.8 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Expenditure) 85

Table 5.9 Estimated Annual Income of CCC on SWM 85 Table 5.10 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Annual Income) 86

Table 5.11 Expenditure of RCC in SWM under the Head of Salary, Wages and Other Allowances

86

Table 5.12 Budget Expenditure of RCC on SWM for Year 2011-12 87 Table 5.13 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Expenditure) 87

Table 5.14 Revised Budget Income of RCC on SWM for Year 2010-11 87 Table 5.15 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Income) 88

Table 5.16 Estimated Annual Expenditure of RCC on SWM 88 Table 5.17 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Expenditure) 88

Table 5.18 Estimated Annual Income of RCC on SWM 89 Table 5.19 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Annual Income) 89

Table 5.20 Expenditure of Rangpur Municipality in SWM under the Head of Salary, Wages and Other Allowances

89

Table 5.21 Budget Expenditure of Rangpur Municipality on SWM for Year 2011-12 90 Table 5.22 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Expenditure) 90

Table 5.23 Budget Income of Rangpur Municipality on SWM for Year 2011-12 91 Table 5.24 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Income) 91

Table 5.25 Estimated Annual Expenditure of Rangpur Municipality on SWM 91 Table 5.26 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Expenditure) 92

Table 5.27 Estimated Annual Income of Rangpur Municipality on SWM 92 Table 5.28 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Annual Income) 92

Table 5.29 Expenditure of Patuakhali Municipality in SWM under the Head of Salary, Wages and Other Allowances

93

Table 5.30 Budget Expenditure of Patuakhali Municipality on SWM for Year 2011-12 93 Table 5.31 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Expenditure) 94

Table 5.32 Budget Income of Patuakhali Municipality on SWM for Year 2011-12 94 Table 5.33 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Budget

Income) 94

Table 5.34 Estimated Annual Expenditure of Patuakhali Municipality on SWM 94 Table 5.35 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Expenditure) 95

Table 5.36 Estimated Annual Income of Patuakhali Municipality on SWM 95 Table 5.37 Financial Analysis for Total Disposed/Dumped Waste (with Estimated

Annual Income) 96

Table 6.1 Types of Secondary Waste Storage Facility in the Study Areas 97 Table 6.2 Secondary Storage Facility Per Square Kilometer in the Study Areas 97

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Table 6.3 Recommended Numbers of Demountable Container for the Study Area 98 Table 6.4 Comparison of Various Methods of Solid Waste Collection 99 Table 6.5 Waste Collection System Practiced in the Study Area 100 Table 6.6 Comparative Characteristics of Waste Collection Vehicles 104 Table 6.7 Waste Transportation Efficiency of Different Types of Trucks 104 Table 6.8 Required Number of Demountable Container Trucks for Improved

Transportation of Waste 104

Table 6.9 Comparison between Container Carrier Truck and Flat Bed Truck 105 Table 6.10 Technology Used in South Asia to Recycle and Recover Organic Waste 107 Table 6.11 Physical Composition of Waste 108 Table 6.12 Composition of Waste and Recycling Rate in the 4 Study Area 109 Table 6.13 Estimated Organic Waste Resource Recovery in Study Area 109 Table 6.14 Estimated Value of Organic Recycled Material in Study Area 109 Table 6.15 Different Options for Public Private Partnerships for Large Scale Projects 111 Table 6.16 Management Models for Small and Medium Scale Composting 114 Table 6.17 Requirements for Selection of Landfill Sites 117 Table 6.18 Training Status of Conservancy Staff in Four Selected Municipalities 119 Table 6.19 Status of Conservancy Service for the Total Population in Four Selected

Municipalities 120

Table 6.20 Proposed Position for Conservancy Department Based on Population to Be Served

121

Table 6.21 Income-Expenditure on Solid Waste Management 122 Table 6.22 Estimation of Monthly User Fee per HH Instead of Collecting Yearly

Conservancy Tax 123

Table 7.1 Budget for Human Resource Development in Chittagong City Corporation 127 Table 7.2 Budget for Human Resource Development in Rajshahi City Corporation 127 Table 7.3 Budget for Human Resource Development in Rangpur Municipality 127 Table 7.4 Budget for Human Resource Development in Patuakhali Municipality 128 Table 7.5 Budget for Source Separation Project in Chittagong City Corporation 128 Table 7.6 Budget for Source Separation Project in Rajshahi City Corporation 128 Table 7.7 Budget for Source Separation Project in Rangpur Municipality 129 Table 7.8 Budget for Source Separation Project in Patuakhali Municipality 129 Table 7.9 Budget for Collection Efficiency Project in Chittagong City Corporation 129

Table 7.10 Budget for Collection Efficiency Project in Rajshahi City Corporation 130 Table 7.11 Budget for Collection Efficiency Project in Rangpur Municipality 130 Table 7.12 Budget for Collection Efficiency Project in Patuakhali Municipality 130 Table 7.13 Budget for Controlled Landfill Project in Chittagong City Corporation 130 Table 7.14 Budget for Controlled Landfill Project in Rajshahi City Corporation 131 Table 7.15 Budget for Controlled Landfill Project in Rangpur Municipality 131 Table 7.16 Budget for Controlled Landfill Project in Patuakhali Municipality 131 Table 7.17 Budget for Resource Recovery Center Project in Chittagong City

Corporation 132

Table 7.18 Budget for Resource Recovery Center Project in Rajshahi City Corporation 132 Table 7.19 Budget for Resource Recovery Center Project in Rangpur Municipality 132 Table 7.20 Budget for Resource Recovery Center Project in Patuakhali Municipality 132

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LIST OF PLATES

Plates Title Page Plate 2.1 Bins Provided by DCC for Segregation of Waste at Source 16 Plate 2.2 Clean Organic Waste from Vegetable Market Used for

Composting in Bulta Plant 18

Plate 2.3 Wheel loader Used for Piling of Waste in Bulta Plant 18 Plate 2.4 Composting Being Done Under Covered Shed in Bulta 19 Plate 2.5 Monitoring of Emission Reduction through Aerobic Composting in

Bulta Plant 19

Plate 4.1 Demountable containers for storage of waste 51 Plate 4.2 Waste collection from open secondary collection points 52 Plate 4.3 Small bin for disposal of waste from shops and restaurants 53 Plate 4.4 Rickshaw van used for primary collection of waste 54 Plate 4.5 Secondary waste collection point in Rajshahi 54 Plate 4.6 5 ton capacity open truck in operation 55 Plate 4.7 Open waste collection point 56 Plate 4.8 Waste collection by open truck 57 Plate 4.9 Trailer used for collection of waste 59 Plate 4.10 Open Truck of Rangpur Municipality 61 Plate 4.11 No uniform and even no pant 63 Plate 4.12 Arefin Nagar Landfill Site 65 Plate 4.13 Waste picking at Arifin Nagar Disposal Site 66 Plate 4.14 Access road for Halishahar Landfill Site 68 Plate 4.15 Spreading of waste using payloader 68 Plate 4.16 Waste picking at Hali Shahar Disposal Site 69 Plate 4.17 Landfill Site of RCC 71 Plate 4.18 Waste pickers at City Haat Disposal Site 72 Plate 4.19 Cattle shop next to the landfill site 72 Plate 4.20 Nasniabill Disposal Site 73 Plate 4.21 Disposal Site Adjacent to Public Road 74 Plate 4.22 Waste Pickers at Nasniabill Disposal Site 75 Plate 4.23 Composting boxes at the Halishahar Compost Plant 75 Plate 4.24 Compost Box Filled With Waste 76 Plate 4.25 Compost Ready for Bagging 76 Plate 4.26 Bagged Compost Ready for Sale 76 Plate 4.27 Excavator waiting for repairing 78 Plate 4.28 Pay loader out of order for several years 78 Plate 6.1 Multiple Handling of Waste in Chittagong (from Road to Container) 101 Plate 6.2 House to House Waste Collection System in Rajshahi 101 Plate 6.3 Unloading of Collected Waste near the Community Storage Bin 101 Plate 6.4 Waste Lying Outside Community Bin 102 Plate 6.5 Improved Rickshaw van with Container 103 Plate 6.6 Containers Can Directly Discharge the Waste into the Closed

Demountable Containers 103

Plate 6.7 1-1.5 Ton Capacity Container Carrier Vehicle ( Scooter) 105 Plate 6.8 3 Ton Capacity Container Carrier Vehicle ( Tractor) 105 Plate 6.9 5 Ton Capacity Container Carrier Vehicle 106 Plate 6.10 Waste is being burned at Hali Shahar Disposal Ground 115 Plate 6.11 Leachate Accumulated at the Valley of Arefin Nagar Dumping

Ground 115

Plate 6.12 Waste Disposed at Read Side in Rangpur Municipality 116 Plate 6.13 Waste Disposed into River in Patuakhali Municipality 116

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 deals as a preamble for the whole report. In this chapter, the background and objectives as well as approach and methodology and time line of the study have been described. A brief overview of the study areas i.e. Chittagong City Corporation, Rajshahi City Corporation, Rangpur Municipality and Patuakhali Municipality have been provided in this chapter as well. Moreover, this chapter describes the limitations of the study. 1.1 Background Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world (1,125 per sq km). Along with dense population, rapid urbanization is also a notable feature of the country. While the countrys total population has been increasing at about 1.4% per annum, its urban population has been growing at about 3.27% per annum. The above comparison proves the rapid urbanization scenario. It is expected that Bangladeshs urban population will increase from the currently estimated figure of 40 million, accounting for about 28% of the countrys total population, to about 116 million by 2040, accounting for about 50% of the countrys total population. This rapid urbanization has resulted in most of the urban local bodies, that are mandated to provide urban health and environment related services which includes solid waste management, facing a severe strain in keeping up with the increased demand on its infrastructural facilities and urban services. The urban local bodies do not have the requisite technical, institutional and financial capacities to address such a worsening situation of solid waste management due to rapid urbanization. In the light of this scenario, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) through Bangladesh Municipal Development Fund under the Ministry of Finance, and the World Bank during review mission of the World Bank assisted Municipal Services Project Phase-II agreed that a portion of the additional financing under IDA credit 4761-BD could be used to study solid waste management in selected City Corporations and Municipalities of Bangladesh. This study would encompass a comprehensive investigation of the sector in four urban local bodies (ULBs), specifically, Chittagong, Rajshahi City Corporation, Rangpur and Patuakhali Municipality (Figure 1.1). In order to carry out the consultancy assignment an agreement between Bangladesh Municipal Development Fund (BMDF) and JV of AQUA-HIFAB-RPMC-EPC was signed on February 5, 2012. Subsequently, JV signed MOU with Waste Concern Consultants to participate in carrying out the study on resource sharing basis on February 6, 2012. The map of the study area has been shown in Figure 1.1. 1.2 Objectives of the Study The main objectives of this study are to:

a) Develop a comprehensive analysis of the existing institutional, financial, technical, operational, environmental and social aspects of the existing system in the ULBs;

b) Identify priorities for sector reform and investment projects in the four pilot cities based

on National 3R Strategy;

c) Evaluate the potential of promotion of low carbon development in waste management sector in four pilot cities.

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Figure 1.1: Map Showing Locations of Study Area

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1.3 Methodology and Approach 1.3.1 Recruitment of Study Team and Training Comprehensive data collection requires a good number of investigators and data collectors. Four supervisors and eight surveyors have been engaged for data collection. They have been recruited from the respective professional sectors. Supervisor and surveyors have been given orientation and training on the survey methodology and how to collect and compile field data. Field Investigators (supervisor and data collectors) have been given training on the questionnaires and they have been explained each and every section of the questionnaire before going to the field test and thereafter the actual data collection. The questionnaire has been developed during the training and orientation session in the presence of the team members. 1.3.2 Data Collection and Analyses The study has been conducted mainly based on the primary data collected through field survey, laboratory analysis of samples as well as structured questionnaire survey. Both qualitative and quantitative data has been collected. A set of questionnaire and formats have been developed to collect the primary data. In addition to primary data, secondary data have been collected and reviewed, mainly regarding the recent Government of Bangladesh strategy, acts, rules and guidelines as well as PPP document for a waste to energy project in Dhaka. Moreover, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics data regarding population of the pilot cities under the study have been reviewed and updated. Details of data collection approach for different tasks are presented in the following sections: Task 1: Review of available background information relating to four pilot urban local bodies (ULBs) In order to accomplish this task, both secondary and primary data have been collected. Secondary information included review of the recent government strategy, acts, rules, City Corporation and municipal ordinances and guidelines relating to solid waste management. Following recent documentation has been reviewed:

Draft Solid Waste Management Handling Rules, 2010; Bangladesh National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan, 2009; National 3R Strategy for Waste Management, 2010; Local Government (City Corporation/ Paurashava) Act 2009; Paurashava Ordinance, 1977; Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( Urban Area Report); Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( Environment Survey Report); National Sanitation Strategy 2005; National Policy for Water Supply and Sanitation, 1998; and City Corporation and Municipality Budgets ( 2010-2011)

Apart from the aforementioned review of literature, an institutional survey format has been developed to collect updated information from the pilot four ULBs regarding organizational framework and organizational staffing pattern, budget, etc. The Format is attached in Annex-I. Task 2: Determination of the sources, quantities, characteristics and components of municipal solid waste in the selected ULBs Waste generation Waste mainly generates from two sources such as- domestic and non-domestic. To estimate the domestic waste generation three different income group (high income, middle income and low income) has been selected. From each of the income groups, a sample survey was conducted to collect data regarding waste generation rate (kg/cap/day). Similarly sample size

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has been selected for the determination of the non-domestic waste generation for the convenience of data collection and to achieve greater accuracy. Three markets from each of the four ULBs have been selected for the determination of the waste generation rate from the non-domestic sources. Survey has been conducted for three days in both residential and market areas. Moreover, a sample survey was conducted to account the amount of waste generated from street sweeping. Waste Quantity Since no weigh bridge is available in the pilot ULBs and no reliable records are kept at the landfill sites, in order to assess the waste quantity collected by the city authority, a survey has been conducted to record number of trucks along with its design load carrying capacity coming to landfill site during 24 hours. Based on this data, estimated amount of waste collected have been determined (number of trips X designed load carrying capacity of the truck). However, in order to verify this estimated data, another sample survey has been conducted for each truck type and its design pay load capacity by unloading the collected waste in the landfill site and measuring the entire waste in buckets/baskets. Total waste collected per truck by type has been calculated by multiplying total number of baskets/buckets with average weight of the basket. Based on this process, we have verified average load of different truck types such as by what percentage it is over or under the design load capacity. Three trucks from each type have been randomly selected for this survey. Waste Characteristics Physical and chemical composition of the waste is very important for selection of waste treatment, recycling and disposal options. In order to assess the physical composition of waste, a field survey have been conducted in the landfill site and sample of waste has been taken from different types of truck loads (open, covered, demountable container, tractor trailer). Following format has been used for analysis of physical composition of waste carried by the truck. However, it should be noted that there are seasonal variations in physical composition of waste. Table 1.1: Format for Recording Data for Physical Composition of Waste

Components Residential (high/medium/low income)/Market Waste

Waste at Truck

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

Total Weight

%

Vegetable/Food Waste

a a/A X100

Bones b b/A X100 Paper c c/A*100 Textile Plastic Grass/ Wood Leather/Rubber Metals Glass/Ceramic Miscellaneous Total A 100 Physical composition for the waste generated from the household and market has also been assessed along with the physical composition at the landfill site. Households and market areas have been surveyed for three days during data collection. Waste from these two sources have been separated in similar components that of the Table 1.1. Apart from analysis of the physical composition of waste at the landfill site, households and markets laboratory analysis has been conducted in Dhaka at the Waste Concern Laboratory to determine moisture content, chemical composition (including heavy metals) and calorific value of waste. For analysis of the aforesaid parameters, sample has been collected from different types of trucks (open, covered, demountable container, tractor trailer) operating in the ULBs. Moreover, for analysis of leachate, sample has been collected from landfill sites of Chittagong and Rajshahi.

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Waste Density Density of waste has been calculated by conducting survey at the household level (high, middle and low income) by measuring 200 samples for Rajshahi City Corporation, and Rangpur and Patuakhali Municipality 120 while 210 samples for Chittagong City Corporation. Weight and volume of waste has been recorded at household level. Moreover, density of waste has also been measured at communal containers and trucks of different types by measuring weight and volume. Projected Waste Quantity and Character: In order to project future quantity of waste, population for each of the project city/town has been projected for next 10 and 20 years (i.e. 2020 and 2030). For the projection, three growth rates i.e. high growth rate (HGR), medium growth rate (MGR) and low growth rate (LGR) have been considered for each of the four cities. Two of the three growth rates have been estimated from the ten years time period from 1991 to 2001 and 2001 to 2011 and other growth rate has been estimated from the 20 years time period from 1991 to 2001. Depending on the calculated values of the growth rate HGR, MGR, LGR have been determined against the concerned ULB. Moreover, to attain the present waste generation rate and physical composition of waste in each project city, a sample house hold waste generation survey has been carried out to determine per capita per day waste generation rate (kg/person/day) and also a sample survey has been also conducted to account the waste generation rate as well as from non domestic sources such as markets, street sweeping etc. Usually in developing countries, domestic (household waste) accounts for 70% of the total municipal waste. Total waste generated in 2012 has been calculated by multiplying the projected population of 2012 with the estimated per capita per day waste generation rate of each city. Estimated waste generation of 2012 of the four ULBs, as well as amount of recyclable has been compared with the GDP of the city. Previous national data of urban population and GDP (1991-2005) has been compared with total waste generation and percentage of recyclable in the waste of the same period. Globally, the trend is with the growth of GDP, waste composition changes and calorific value of waste increases due to increase in the amount of dry recyclable waste. Task 3 Collection and analysis of data on existing solid waste management Under this task four types of field survey has been conducted

Equipment Inventory Facility Inventory Collection Service Level Assessment Waste Collection Point Assessment

In order to collect the aforementioned data from field, structured questionnaire Format have been developed which is attached in the Annex II. Task 4 Investigation of solid waste disposal systems In order to assess the existing solid waste disposal system in terms of location of present and future sites, landfilling operational practices, equipments used, environmental control plan and waste recovery activities recycling and composting by formal and informal sector, a structured assessment format has been developed to record the solid waste disposal systems for each of the ULBs which is shown in Annex II. Using the format and questionnaire, data has been collected using field survey. Task 5 Developing baseline study for landfill site including acquisition and resettlement A site selection criterion for landfill has already been proposed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) which is part of the proposed Solid Waste Management Handling Rules of 2010. These new rules have already been approved by the MoEF and currently under review process of Ministry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs. In order to complete this task, an assessment of existing landfill site has been done using the criteria set by MoEF. Municipal

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landfill sites are under red category of Environment Conservation Rules and requires a site clearance as well as detailed EIA report before any landfill site can be used. Task 6 Collection of data/information and review of implemented and on-going projects, methods of financing and details on the projects financed by foreign/international agencies and GoB. So far solid waste management projects have been implemented by donor supports to LGED and few projects to DPHE. Detailed information of ADB supported recent solid waste management projects under STIFFP-2 and UGIIP-2 has been collected. Moreover, UNICEF supported solid waste management projects in 19 towns have also been reviewed. Moreover, information regarding on-going GoB funded solid waste source separation projects in Dhaka and Chittagong as well as programmatic CDM project on composting for 64 districts have also been gathered. JICA supported solid waste management project of Dhaka is also being reviewed. Asian Development Bank (ADB), funded Bangladesh Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program (UPEHSDP) is also being reviewed as this project is supposed to use PPP on solid waste management in 5 city corporations of Bangladesh in which they are to construct integrated waste treatment and disposal facilities. Recently, Local Government Division, MoLGRD&C has signed a contract with a foreign firm for implementation of 10 MW Waste to Energy Project in Dhaka using PPP. Bidding document of this project has also been collected. The consultants team has already collected data regarding waste to compost CDM project of Dhaka along with information regarding financing of the first CDM project of Bangladesh. The operators of waste to compost project have a 15 year concession agreement with the Dhaka City Corporation. This task is being completed based on the available secondary data and interview of relevant project persons. Task 7 Assessment of performance and opportunities for the public private partnerships in MSWM In order to assess the role of private sector in SWM, recently signed waste to energy project in Dhaka using PPP has also been analyzed along with the concession agreement for the Dhaka composting project under CDM and contracting out of waste collection and disposal of Tongi Municipality to BRAC has been reviewed. Recently approved PPP vision paper, PPP policy and guideline has been also reviewed along with the incentives offered by GoB to attract the private sector in the recently approved 3R strategy, draft SWM handling rules and private sector infrastructure guidelines. Task 8 Identification of priorities for sector reform and investment Based on the data collected for Tasks 1-7, following issues regarding improvement of SWM in four project cities/town has been identified:

Areas of reform ( institutional, financial, legal, environmental and social); Priority areas investments; and Priority areas for technical assistance.

1.4 Time Line for the Study Table 1.2 shows the time line for the study

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Table 1.2: Time line for the Study SL. No. Item

Feb 2012

March 2012

April 2012

May 2012

June 2012

1 Preparation for the Questionnaire and Formats and Study Methodology

2 Training of Surveyors

3 Inception Report

4. Field Survey

5 Data checking and compilation

6 Data Review and Cross Checking

7 Preparation of Draft Report

8 Workshop on Draft Report

9 Final Report 1.5 Study Area 1.5.1 Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) Chittagong Municipality was upgraded to City Corporation in July 1990. Earlier in 1894 Chittagong Municipality was established. It was reconstituted to Chittagong Municipal Committee under the Municipal Administration ordinance of 1960. After the independence of Bangladesh Chittagong Municipal Committee was renamed as Chittagong Municipality according to Bangladesh Local Council and Municipal Committees (amendment) order 1972. The Chittagong City Corporation is the second largest city corporation with an area of 168.07 sq. km. According to the 2001 census about 55 percent of the population is male. Literacy rate (more than 7 years old) according to the 2001 census is 65 percent. The City Corporation consists of 11 thanas namely Bakalia, Baijid Bostami, Halishahar, Khulshi, Chittagong port, Pahartoli, Double Mooring, Kotwali, Panchlaish, Chadgaon, and the Hathazari. The City Corporation has 207 mahallas containing 41 wards. There are 389 educational institute, 110 clinics/hospitals, 38 playgrounds, 55 public toilet, 12 cinema halls, 76 community centres, 6 dak bunglows, and 52 post offices in this city corporation. Figure 1.2 shows the map of Chittagong City Corporation.

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Figure 1.2: Map of Chittagong City Corporation Area

1.5.2 Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC)

Rajshahi City Corporation earlier known as Rampur Boalia was made a municipality in 1876. It was functioning as the Municipal Committee in terms of the basic democracies order of 1960. Rajshahi Municipality replaced the Rajshahi Municipal Committee by the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committee Order, 1972. Eventually in 1991, it got the status of a City Corporation. The City Corporation has an area of 96.68 sq. km. As per 2001 census

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percentage of the male population is 53.63. Literacy rate (more than 7 years old) according to the 2001 census is 69.3 percent. The City Corporation consists of 4 upazillas, 35 wards and 170 mahallas. It has 140 educational institute, 27 clinic/hospitals, 12 public toilets, 18 playgrounds, 4 cinema halls, 4 libraries, 9 community centres, 1 dak bunglow and 15 post offices. Figure 1.3 shows the map of Rajshahi City Corporation.

Figure 1.3: Map of Rajshahi City Corporation Area

1.5.3 Rangpur Municipality Rangpur Municipality was established in the year 1869. The municipality was reconstituted as Rangpur Municipal Committee in accordance with the provisions of the municipal administration ordinance 1960. The Rangpur Municipal Committee was renamed as a Municipality in the 1972 as per the provision of the Bangladesh Local councils and Municipal Committees (amendment) order, 1972. It is the largest and oldest municipality of the Rangpur Zilla with an area of 50.69 sq. km and population. The percentage of the male population is 51.50. The literacy rate (more than 7 year old) is 64.5 percent. Rangpur Municipality has 109 mahallas with 15 wards. There are 113 educational institute, 3 libraries, 35 clinics/hospitals, 16 playgrounds, 5 public toilet, 5 cinema halls, 5 community centers, 32 dak bunglows and 8 post offices in the municipality. The municipality falls under the category of A class. Figure 1.4 shows the map of Rangpur Municipality.

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Figure 1.4: Map of Rangpur Municipality Area 1.5.4 Patuakhali Municipality

Patuakhali was declared as municipality under the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committee (amendment) order, 1972 and it replaced the Patuakhali Municipal Committee. Patuakhali municipality was established in the year 1892 and was reconstituted under the basic democracies order 1960. It is the largest municipality in the Patuakhali District with an area of 27.03 sq. km as per the 2001 census. The percentage of the male population is 53.45. Literacy rate (more than 7 years) of the municipality is 72.5 percent. Patuakhali Municipality has 29 mahallas with 9 wards. There are 29 educational institute, 12 clinics/hospitals, 2 playgrounds, 8 public toilet, 3 cinema halls, 2 libraries, 2 community centres, 8 dak bunglows and 3 post offices in this municipality. Figure 1.5 shows the map of Patuakhali Municipality.

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Figure 1.5: Map of Patuakhali Municipality Area

1.6 Limitation of the Study The study was carried out with great care. However, it was not without limitations. The limitations of the study have been depicted as follows:

The field survey was conducted in the months of February, March and April of 2012. As a result, the study could not address comparative waste generation scenario of the study areas in terms of seasonal variation.

Religious festivals, especially, Eid-ul-Adha has great significance on composition and

generation of waste. Since none of the Eids took place during the study period, it could not take into account of such special occasions.

No published census data of 2011 of the study areas were found from Bangladesh

Bureau of Statistics (BBS). We had to depend on the projected population data using the published census data of 1991 and 2001 of the study areas. However, the projected population might vary from the actual population, and thereby leave the risk of error in forecasting future waste generation scenario. Similarly no data regarding GDP of the city or district were available. As such, we had to project the GDP of the district based on past data.

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CHAPTER 2 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS Chapter 2 provides a brief analytical overview of the institutional and legal aspects regarding solid waste management practices in Bangladesh. Under institutional analysis, the role of concerned central government ministries and agencies as well as local government ministry and agencies has been discussed. Here, a brief overview has been drawn on the recent completed, on-going and up-coming SWM projects being funded by external support agencies as well as Government of Bangladesh. The chapter has also narrated about the recent recycling projects implemented by the private sector. On the other hand, under legal analysis, a broad overview has been given on both national level legal regime as well as local level legal framework regarding SWM. While summarizing the SWM laws and rules, the chapter has briefly narrated different aspects of the Draft Final Solid Waste Management Handling Rules, 2010 as well as the SWM component of Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009. Finally, different options for enforcement of the prevailing laws and rules have been discussed. 2.1 Central Government and its Role in SWM Regarding solid waste management sector in Bangladesh, the Local Government Division (LGD) under the Ministry of Local Government Rural Development and Cooperatives (MoLGRD&C) at the national level is responsible for overall planning, identification of investment projects, monitoring and observance of rules governing urban local bodies i.e. city corporations and municipalities and agencies under it (viz. Department of Public Health Engineering, Local Government Engineering Department), private sector and NGOs/CBOs. However, each organization is responsible for its own activities. Apart from LGD under (MoLGRD&C), Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Ministry of Energy (MoE), Ministry of Finance (MoF) and Ministry of Information (MoI) are also directly and indirectly linked with solid waste management activity. In the following sections role of different central government agencies are described: 2.1. 1 Local Government Division (LGD) and MoLGRD&C All the Municipalities and City Corporations work under Local Government Division (LGD) of Ministry of Local Government Rural Development and Cooperatives (MoLGRD&C). All the rules and regulations, acts, ordinances and government orders regarding the issues of Municipalities and City Corporations are prepared and then disseminated by LGD. In recent years, the Ministry has published two important acts, e.g. Local Government (City Corporation) Act, 2009 and Local Government (Paurashava) Act, 2009. However, both the acts are almost identical and provide minimal guideline regarding solid waste management. But solid waste management is a fast growing issue in the present context of urban development in Bangladesh, and needs much more focus. Hence, it appears that the texts written on solid waste management in both these documents are need to be amended with provision of necessary detailing. Two important departments named Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) and Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) work on solid waste management and sanitation in Bangladesh. Their activities have been discussed in the following paragraphs. Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) It is the oldest department under the LGD. It gives municipalities technical assistance for water supply, sanitation, and drainage services except in Dhaka and Chittagong in accordance with the National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation 1998. DPHE constructs water supply facilities for municipalities and transfers ownership of infrastructure to the municipality concerned after three years of joint operation without any charge for the capital cost recovery. Non-recovery of capital leads to low tariff charge by the municipalities for the service. DPHE also provides low cost sanitary materials to poor households for construction of sanitary latrines with the vision of ensuring 100% sanitation coverage in the country. Recently, DPHE has been involved in providing technical support to city corporations and Municipalities on

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solid waste management. Last year, DPHE under a GOB-UNICEF project assisted 19 cities and towns with technical assistance by preparing an action plan for solid waste management and pilot project on composting, improved waste collection and controlled landfilling. Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) LGED is currently responsible for a number of development projects throughout the country covering besides physical interventions, service oriented interventions in water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, socio-economic development of slum dwellers and other development activities in the city corporations and municipalities. Its prime responsibility is of a nodal agency for rural development and has also been associated with urban sector development. According to the National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation 1998, in particular foreign aided projects where specifically required as a component of overall infrastructure development package, LGED may also undertake water supply and sanitation related activities. In such project-based cases, LGED assists the municipalities in implementation and provides technical assistance. The role of LGED in water and sanitation project is similar to DPHE, i.e. technical assistance to municipalities. In last two decades, LGED has provided solid waste management support to several Municipalities through some donor driven projects. 2.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) In general, MOEF is a nodal ministry responsible for preparing and enforcing a countrys environmental rules and regulations including National 3 R strategy for waste management & draft municipal solid waste management rules. These rules require (i) source segregation of waste into dry and wet waste, (ii) standards for composting, (iii) anaerobic digestion and waste-to-energy projects, (iv) guidelines for landfilling and (v) standards for placement of secondary storage bin, and primary and secondary collection of waste. Promotion of 3Rs, site selection criteria for landfills, recycling plants, and applicable environmental standards are typically articulated by MOEF. For landfill site selection, large-scale organic waste recycling plants, an environmental impact assessment would also be overseen by the environmental agency. MOEF also monitor local governments performance for compliance of such rules and environmental regulations. Department of Environment (DOE) under the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) provides environmental clearance for different types of development activities falling under four categories Green, Orange A, Orange B and Red. Development of compost plant, landfill and waste to energy plant fall under red category, for which environmental clearance must be taken from DOE before starting the project. Hence, any SWM project has to be designed in such a way that it contributes to the environment rather than damaging, and then environmental clearance has to be taken from DOE. After taking the clearance, the SWM project has to renew environmental clearance certificate from DOE in every year. Besides, for getting the environmental clearance, it is mandatory to have fire license from Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defence and local government body which has to be renewed as well for continuing the approval of yearly environmental clearance. 2.1.3 Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) The MOA is the nodal ministry for developing and enforcing compost standards for soil application and registration and certification of compost. Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) under the Ministry of Agriculture provides license for operation of compost plant as well as for selling of fertilizers. After taking the clearance, the SWM project has to renew the license from DAE in every two years. 2.1.4 Ministry of Energy (MOE) The MOE is a key player in promoting the development of renewable energy within each country. For example, MOE would be instrumental in linking biogas plants producing electricity to the national grid. MOE can also catalyze financing for renewable energy investments through, for instance, promoting feed-in tariffs as a policy mechanism to accelerate investment

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in renewable energy technologies. Any waste to energy project has to take approval from Ministry of Energy and sign power purchase agreement in case electricity is sold to the grid. 2.1.5 Ministry of Finance (MOF) This ministry is a key player in deciding the levels of financial support and subsidy from the central government to be provided to develop waste recycling projects. Current fiscal incentives include (i) tax holidays for up to 5-10 years for all waste treatment and recycling plants (ii) less import (custom) or excise duties on relevant equipment, and (iii) No VAT/sales tax on sales of compost. 2.1.6 Ministry of Information (MOI) The MOI plays an important role in promoting source segregation of waste via awareness campaigns in national media. The MOI can raise awareness of the positive impacts of compost application to crops, along with promoting the use of RDF or biogas. Apart from telecasting or broadcasting in the media, the ministry can also instruct print media to provide factual information regarding source segregation, as well as encouraging the use of organic waste products as part of corporate social responsibility. 2.2 City Corporations and Municipalities Their Role in SWM At present, in Bangladesh, there are ten city corporations located in Dhaka North, Dhaka South, Narayanganj, Gazipur, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal, Sylhet and Comilla, and 312 municipalities. The city corporations were previously governed by respective City Corporation Ordinances, and from October 15, 2009 they are governed by The Local Government (City Corporation) Act, 2009. Similarly, the municipalities were previously governed by Paurashava Ordinance, 1977, and they are now governed by the Local Government (Paurashava) Act, 2009 from October 06, 2009. According to the Local Government (Paurashava) Act, 2009, urban local government bodies are responsible for such functions as sanitation and environmental pollution control, solid waste management, water supply, public street, street lighting, traffic control etc. In addition, they also carry out functions as regulation of markets, planning and building control, preparation of development plans etc. The City Corporations also carry out the same functions. Although solid waste management is an important function of the City Corporations and Municipalities, also they collect conservancy tax from the owners of the holdings under their jurisdiction, most of these ULBs practice the primitive open dumping without taking any environmental protection, which ultimately involves various environmental hazards for those cities and towns. Besides, according to prevailing rule, the City Corporations or Municipalities are not bound to collect waste from households; they are responsible to collect waste from dustbins and designated points and dispose it. In fact, urban local government bodies are very much restricted in what they can do with their meagre resources and their actual activities depend upon what is required by the central government. 2.3 Projects Supported by External Support Agencies and Its Role in SWM External support agencies such as ADB, GIZ, World Bank and KfW are providing financial support to municipalities on solid waste management as part of urban development project through LGED or LGD. Recently, JICA has provided technical assistance to DCC to develop a 20 year master plan for solid waste. Moreover, JICA has also provided grants to improve the crude dumping site in Dhaka into a controlled landfill site and provided 100 reconditioned compactor truck for waste collection. Following section describes current on going project on solid waste management supported by external support agencies as a loan to the central government.

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2.3.1 Projects Implemented/Under Implementation by LGED and LGD 2.3.1.1 Second Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement Project (UGIIP-II) The project started on 1st January, 2009 and will be going on till December, 2014. It is being carried out in 35 Municipalities. The donor agencies are ADB, KFW and GIZ. There is a strong solid waste management facility development component at the ULBs under this project. Supports on SWM facilities started from July, 2011 and will continue until the end of the project. About 65 garbage dump trucks and 90 rickshaw vans shall be provided to the ULBs under this project. Fourteen landfill sites are selected for the project. The size of each landfill site is minimum 1.5 hector. EIA will be done for site selection. For management of waste, CBO is formed to collect waste against a monthly user fees for house to house waste collection service. Rickshaw van and dump truck is also provided by the project for the primary and secondary collection of waste. The project has also plan to construct 20 small scale compost plant in the project towns. 2.3.1.2 Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program (UPEHSDP) The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) through the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (MoLGRDC) and Asian Development Bank (ADB), conceived the Bangladesh Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program (UPEHSDP). This program was designed to address the complex, but interlinked challenges of the Urban Public and Environmental Health sector. The final ADB loan agreement for the UPEHSDP was signed in October 2009 and is for a period of five years from January 2010 to December 2014. The UPEHSDP has been designed to improve the public and environmental health conditions of the urban areas of Bangladesh, particularly in the six city corporations of Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Barisal, Rajshahi and Khulna. The UPEHSDP has two components: (a) Program loan of US$ 70 million, which includes reforms in the areas of institutional strengthening, improving financial sustainability, improving public and environmental health service delivery and strengthening governance and management, with a focus on delivering improved public and environmental health services in urban areas, in the aforesaid six city corporations and other municipalities. (b) Project loan of a total of US$ 80 million (BDT 555.45 crores), in which GoB will contribute US$ 20 million and ADB would provide a loan of US$ 60 million. The project loan covers the three areas of (i) Solid Waste Management Municipal Solid Waste and Medical waste; (ii) Food Safety, which includes Food Testing Laboratory and Training Centre and Modern Slaughter Houses; (iii) Program Management, Institutional Support and Capacity Development. The total project loan of BDT 555.45 crores is to be invested on the following project sub-components:

Project Sub-component Investment (in BDT Crores)

Municipal Solid Waste Management (Primary & Secondary Collection and Transportation, Treatment and Scientific Land-fill site)

196.96

Medical Waste Treatment 38.20 Food Testing Laboratory and Training Centre 21.23 Modern Slaughter House 104.90 Project Management and Institutional Strengthening Support 57.48 Financial Management & Municipal Finance Support 11.50 Policy Reforms and Capacity Development 27.97 Bridge Technical Assistance and Other Investment 97.21

Total 555.45

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The infrastructure components of the project would be developed in each one of the above mentioned six corporations, in the following manner:

City Corporation

MSW Primary

Collection

MSW Transfer Stations

MSW Treatment Facility &

Scientific Land-fill

Medical Waste

Treatment

Food Lab. &

Training Centre

Modern Slaughter

House

Dhaka 1 12 0 1 1 1 Chittagong 1 12 1 1 1 1 Khulna 1 8 1 1 0 1 Rajshahi 1 6 1 1 0 1 Sylhet 1 4 1 1 0 1 Barisal 1 4 1 1 0 1 Total 6 46 5 6 2 6 2.4 Projects Under Implementation by DOE 2.4.1 Promotion of Source Separation of Waste in Dhaka and Chittagong This project is being implemented by DOE in partnership with DCC (North and South) and CCC. The project is financed by Climate Change Trust Fund of Government of Bangladesh to promote segregation of waste. From April this year, the 3R pilot project has been launched in Dhaka's Gulshan, Baridhara, Gonobhaban (Mohammadpur), Dhanmondi, Minto Road and Chittagong's Nasirabad, Shugandha Housing, Hill View Housing, Khulshi, North Khulshi, Panchlaish Housing Society, Moushumi Residential Area and Jamalkhan Area. As part of the project, three bins are provided for 50,000 households in Dhaka and Chittagong. Also, awareness raising campaign is undertaken. Moreover, segregated waste will be composted. Based on the results of the pilot project, it will be gradually extended all over the city. This project is implemented as part of the National 3R strategy to promote segregation of waste at source and promote recycling.

Plate 2.1: Bins Provided by DCC for Segregation of Waste at Source 2.4.2 64 District Composting Project in Bangladesh Using Programmatic CDM This project is financed by the Climate Change Trust Fund of Government of Bangladesh. Under this project DOE is providing technical assistance and capital cost for implementation of composting project in the municipalities of Bangladesh. Moreover, DOE is registering a programmatic CDM project with the UNFCCC and revenue from carbon credits will be shared between DOE and the municipalities. The first phase of the project is being implemented in Narayangonj, Coxs Bazar, Gazipur and Mymensingh Municipalities. Gradually, DOE plans to support all municipalities with such project. This project is implemented as part of the National 3R strategy.

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2.5 Recycling Projects Implemented by Private Sector 2.5.1 Composting Project in Dhaka Using PPP Waste Concern is currently operating a large scale compost plant in Dhaka, Bangladesh, using PPP. The organization submitted the waste composting CDM project for approval to Designated National Authority in March, 2006 and the project was approved in July 2006. Subsequently, a 15 year concession agreement was signed with Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) in 2007 .The delay in signing the PPP contract was due to lack of guideline of GoB on PPP for waste sector. The project started operation in the last quarter of 2008. This is the first concession agreement in solid waste recycling in Bangladesh. Under this project Waste Concern can collect upto 700 ton/day of organic waste (not mixed, only vegetable waste) incrementally starting from 100 ton/day. Land for composting is arranged by the Waste Concern along with collection of organic waste. No waste collection fee or tipping charge is provided to Waste Concern by the municipality. Moreover, if Waste Concern fails to collect waste there is a penalty clause of Tk. 250/ton for non collection of waste. All the vegetable markets are under the jurisdiction of Waste Concern for collection of waste. However, for the first plant of 100 tons per day capacity, DCC has allowed Waste Concern to collect waste from six vegetable markets of Dhaka and a daily monitoring is done by the municipality on amount of waste collected by Waste Concern. This project is a joint venture between Waste Concern, from Bangladesh, WWR, FMO and High Tide of Netherlands. The project is using aerobic composting under shed with force aeration.

Organic WasteOrganic WasteCOMPOST PLANT Joint Venture

WC-WWR,FMO, High Tide

DCC

CDM Board

Project Investment Harnessing CDM

Project Approval

PUBLIC PRIVATE COMMUNITY

Signed concession agreement for15 years

Direct Collection from Vegetable markets

Paying CBOs/NGOs for waste delivery

Promoting source separated waste and community participation

BOI

CompostCompost

CER (carbon credits)

CER (carbon credits)

Rural Farmers

Urban Population

International Market

Attracted Foreign Direct Investment

Attracted Foreign Direct Investment

Organic WasteOrganic WasteCOMPOST PLANT Joint Venture

WC-WWR,FMO, High Tide

DCC

CDM Board

Project Investment Harnessing CDM

Project Approval

PUBLIC PRIVATE COMMUNITY

Signed concession agreement for15 years

Direct Collection from Vegetable markets

Paying CBOs/NGOs for waste delivery

Promoting source separated waste and community participation

BOI

CompostCompost

CER (carbon credits)

CER (carbon credits)

Rural Farmers

Urban Population

International Market

Attracted Foreign Direct Investment

Attracted Foreign Direct Investment

Fig 2.1: Public Private Community Partnership Model Used in the CDM Project The compost produced by Waste Concern has been approved and certified by the government. It took one and half year years for Waste Concern to obtain the registration and approval from the government. ACI the largest fertilizer marketing company in Bangladesh buys all the compost from the factory gate at a price of Tk. 8,000/ton for 40 kg bag and Tk.

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10,750/ton for a 5 kg bag and distributes it through its own network in the villages upto 500 km from the plant. The production cost per ton of compost including waste collection cost is Tk. 5000/ton. Apart from sale of compost, the project earns 15-20% extra revenue from sale of carbon credits. There is no marketing problem for Waste Concern. ACI is the sole distributor for the compost. The process used for composting is a forced aeration using box method. Entire composting operation is done under overhead cover with leachate collection and treatment system. The first plant is of 100 ton/day capacity located in Bulta near Dhaka. Waste Concern will start the construction of its second plant of 250 ton/day capacity close to the site of the first plant. However, construction work in being delayed due to suspension of new electric connection to any new industrial project by the government. The project is financed by FMO and High Tide Investments of the Netherlands and Dutch Bangla Bank of Bangladesh.

Plate 2.2: Clean Organic Waste from Vegetable Market Used for Composting in Bulta Plant

Plate 2.3: Wheel loader Used for Piling of Waste in Bulta Plant

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Plate 2.4: Composting Being Done Under Covered Shed in Bulta Plate 2.5: Monitoring of Emission Reduction through Aerobic Composting in Bulta Plant 2.5.2 Waste to Energy Project in Dhaka using BOO LGD under MoLGRD&C has recently signed an agreement with SRL Via Priore Berengario of Italy to install a 10 MW power plant in which primary fuel would be the waste generated in Dhaka City Corporation (DCC). The power plant would use 1,000 tonnes of waste per day generated in DCC. The project will be implemented using Build Own Operate (BOO) system. Under this project, DCC will provide the company with land at the landfill site and purchase electricity from the plant at a price agreed by the parties. The selected company would have to sign two separate agreements with DCC and Power Division, one for waste management and another for buying electricity. The project is not yet implemented.

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2.6 Legal Analysis 2.6.1 The Legal Regime The legal regime of the country is constituted principally by: a) The, Constitution of the Republic; b) the Statutes; c) The Rules; d) The By-laws; and e) Regulations. The constitution is the supreme law of the land. If any other law is inconsistent with the constitution, that other law shall, to the extent of inconsistency, be void. The statutes include Acts and Ordinances. Acts are enacted by the parliament, while Ordinances are promulgated by the president and subsequently approved by the parliament. Rules are framed by the relevant ministry under the provision of an act or ordinance. By-laws are framed by the local authorities/agencies under the provision of the statutes and with approval of the government. Regulations are prepared by the local authorities/agencies with approval of the government to regulate procedures. 2.6.1.1 National Level Framework The constitution of Bangladesh describes the improvement of public health as well as protection and improvement of environment a primary duty of the state. However, a good number of statutes, some of which are more than a hundred years old, touch on the environment. Until the 1970s, Bangladesh did not have any law exclusively dealing with environmental issues. The Government of Bangladesh formulated the National Environment policy in 1992, and three years later enacted the Bangladesh Environment conservation Act, 1995, which presently establishes the framework for environmental arrangement This Act replaced the Environmental Pollution Control Ordinance, 1977 and provides for the conservation of the environment, improvement of environmental quality and control, and mitigation of the pollution of the environment. Although this Act does not include any specific provisions about solid waste management, it gives the Director General of the Department of Environment (DOE) the authority to take the necessary measures for control, abatement and mitigation of environmental pollution. The Act also empowers the Director General to examine any place or premise for the purpose of improvement of the environment and control and mitigation of