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7/23/2019 Study of Constituents of Alloys - ChemistryInvestigatoryProject http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/study-of-constituents-of-alloys-chemistryinvestigatoryproject 1/17 @lgMEstVU eNvGPtEJhtcVU  TVCKG@R Pufmettgb Fy Hnerubl Hurhnjg @ahss ; \EE-F

Study of Constituents of Alloys - ChemistryInvestigatoryProject

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@lgMEstVU

eNvGPtEJhtcVU   TVCKG@R

Pufmettgb Fy

HnerublHurhnjg@ahss ; \EE-F

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PtubC! 

cnstetugntsC! 

H""cs

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H#$nc%"gbjg&g

ntE wesl tc gxprgss my bggpjrhtetubg hnb sen`grg tlhnos tc tlgTren`epha, Br MFhrshagy, !rggn"gabsTufae` s`lcca #cr lgr gn`curhjgmgnt hnb#cr haa tlg #h`eaetegs tlht slg prc$ebgb #crtles prc%g`t wcro E sen`grgay hpprg`ehtgtles mhjnhnemety fy thoenj mg entc lgr#cab #cr wle`l E slhaa rgmhen enbgftgb tclgr E gxtgnb my lghrty tlhnos tcMrs&aoh 'yhje, @lgmestry tgh`lgr ,wlcjuebgb mg tc tlg su``gss#ua `cmpagtecn

c# tles prc%g`t E thog tles cppcrtunety tcgxprgss my bggp sgnsg c# jrhtetubg #crlgr en$hauhfag juebhn`g, `cnsthntgn`curhjgmgnt , emmgnsg mcte$htecn ,wle`l lhs susthengb my g(crts ht haa tlgsthjgs c# tles

prc%g`t wcro)E `hn*t #crjct tc c(gr my sen`grg tlhnostc phrgnts hnb hasc tc my `ahssmhtgswlc lgapgb mg tc `hrry cut tles prc%g`twcro su``gss#ua hnb #cr tlger $hauhfag

hb$e`g hnb suppcrt , wle`l E rg`ge$gb#rcm tlgm temg tc temg)

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-' @grte(#htg '-  !uebgb Fy ;+ Mrs) H"$h Rhje

  @ahss ;+ EE - F  .ghr ;+ /486+ /480  2caa 7c ;+ 9999999999999999   P`lcca ;+ *gnbreh +ebh"hhFlhnbu,

 @grte"gb tc fg tlg fcnh "bg wcro bcngfy+

Mhstgr 99999999999999 c# `ahss EE+@: entlg@lgmestry <hf burenj tlg yghr /488+/48/Bhtg ;+99999999 

Pufmettgb #cr @gntrh" Fchrb c!Pg#cnbhrGbu#htecn)5xhmenhtecn lgab en @lgmestry ahf ht!rggn"gabs

Tufae` P`lcca 

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-' ENBG\ '- 

8++ Entrcbu`tecn /++ Pcmg @cmmcn &aacys

:++ Trgphrhtecn c# haacys

++ &nhayses c# hn haacy

6++ 5xpgremgnt 8  tc hnhay?g h shmpag c# frhss  1uhaethte$g

0++ 5xpgremgnt /  tc hnhay?g h shmpag c# frcn?g

  1uhaethte$gay

=++ >sgs c# &aacy

3++ Fefaecjrhply))

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&n H""c es h lcmcjgncus mexturg c# twc cr mcrg mgthas cr h ncn+mgtha

&n haacy c# mgr`ury wetl hnctlgr mgtha es `haagb hmhajhm

H""cs hrg usuhaay lhrbgr tlhn tlger `cmpcngnts fut $gry c#tgn agssbu`teag hnb agss mhaaghfag 'lus tlg lhrbngss c# jcab es en`rghsgb fyhbbetecn c# `cppgr tc et 'lg mgatenj pcent c# hn haacy es hawhys acwgrtlhn tlg mgatenj pcents c# tlg `cnstetugnt mgthas Dtlgr prcpgrtegs

su`l hs rgh`te$ety tcwhrbs htmcsplgre` cxyjgn hnb mcesturg,mg`lhne`ha strgnjtl, bu`teaety, `cacur gt` hasc unbgr jcgs h `lhnjgwlgn hn haacy es mhbg #rcm ets `cnstetugnts Hmgthas 'les `lhnjg c#prcpgrtegs es $gry usg#ua hnb mhogs hn haacy fgng"`eha

Pcmg c# tlg haacys hacnj wetl tlger `cmpcsetecn es je$gn fgacw

)  Frhss ;+

Et `cnsests `cppgr+64+4G

Ien` ; /4+4Ghnb smhaa hmcunts c# ten, aghb hnb ercn

.)  Frcn/g ; Et `cnsests `cppgr 04+4G

: 'en ; 6+:6G

hnb hasc `cnthens smhaa hmcunts c# aghb, ercn hnb ?en`

Burhaumen ; Et `cnsests &8 ; 6G, @u J G

Mn J 46G, Mj J 46G

!un Mgtha ; Et `cnsests `cppgr 36 + 4G

6 Ien` ; 8+:G

0 'en ; 3+8/G

'lg `cmpcsetecn c# haacys mhy be(gr saejltay bgpgnbenj upcn tlg1uhaety c# tlg haacy tlcujl tlg mhen `cmpcngnts rgmhen tlg shmg

  ENRVC48@RECN

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H&h"jh&

&ny haacy c# mgr`ury es `haagb hn h&h"jh&) Mcst mgthas hrg

scaufag en mgr`ury, fut scmg Hsu`l hs ercnhrg nct &mhajhms hrg`cmmcnay usgb en bgntha "aaenjs fg`husg tlgy lh$g fggn rgahte$gay`lghp, ghsy tc usg, hnb burhfag En hbbetecn, untea rg`gntay, tlgylh$g fggn rgjhrbgb hs sh#g 'lgy hrg mhbg fy mexenj mgr`urywetl sea$gr ,`cppgr ,ten , hnb ctlgr mgthas 'lg mgr`ury `cntgnt c# bgntha "aaenjs lhs rg`gntay sterrgb `cntrc$grsy, fhsgb cn tlg

pctgntehaay lhrm#ua g(g`ts c# mgr`ury

Mgr#ur h&h"jh&s lh$g hasc fggn usgb en tlg prc`gss c# menenj

jcab hnb sea$gr, fg`husg c# tlg ghsg wetl wle`l mgr`ury

hmhajhmhtgs wetl tlgm En hbbetecn , tlhaaeum hmhajhm es usgb hstlg ae1ueb mhtgreha en tlgrmcmgtgrs, fg`husg et #rgg?gs ht +63L@,wlgrghs purg mgr`ury #rgg?gs ht +:3L@

 Frhss

& bg`crhte$g frhss phpgrwgejlt Hag#t, hacnj wetl ?en` hnb `cppgr

shmpags

Frhss es tlg tgrm usgb #cr haacys c# `cppgr hnb ?en` en h scaeb

scautecn Et lhs h ygaacw `cacr, scmgwlht semeahr tc jcab Et whs

prcbu`gb en prglestcre` temgs, acnj fg#crg ?en` whs bes`c$grgb, fymgatenj `cppgr wetl `hahmeng, h ?en` crg

 'lg hmcunt c# ?en` en frhss $hregs #rcm 6 tc 6 pgr`gnt, `rghtenj

h rhnjg c# frhssgs, gh`l wetl une1ug prcpgrtegs Fy `cmphrescn,

frcn?g es pren`ephaay hn haacy c# `cppgr hnb ten

PCMG @CMMCN H00CUP '-

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Bgspetg tles besten`tecn, scmg typgs c# frhssgs hrg `haagb frcn?gs

Frhss es rgahte$gay rgsesthnt tc thrneslenj hnb es c#tgn usgb #crbg`crhte$g purpcsgs Ets mhaaghfeaety hnb h`custe` prcpgrtegs lh$gmhbg et tlg mgtha c# `lce`g #cr muse`ha enstrumgnts su`l hs tlg

trcmfcng, tufh, trumpgt, hnb guplcneum &atlcujl shxcplcngs&nb lhrmcne`hs hrg mhbg cut c# frhss, tlg shxcplcng es hwccbwenb enstrumgnt, hnb tlg lhrmcne`h, h #rgg rggb hgrc plcngEn crjhn pepgs bgsejngb hs rggb pepgs, frhss streps hrg usgb hstlg rggb

&aumenum mhogs frhss strcnjgr hnb mcrg `crrcsecn+rgsesthnt Et

#crms h trhnsphrgnt, sga#+lghaenj, prctg`te$g ahygr c# haumenumcxebg H&a/D: cn tlg sur#h`g 'en lhs h semeahr g(g`t hnb "nbs etsusg gspg`ehaay en sghwhtgr hppae`htecns Hnh$ha frhssgs@cmfenhtecns c# ercn, haumenum, seae`cn, hnb mhnjhngsg mhogfrhssrgsesthnt tc wghr hnb tghr

Frcn/gFrcn/g rg#grs tc h frchb rhnjg c# `cppgr haacys, usuhaay wetl ten

hs tlg mhen hbbete$g, fut scmgtemgs wetl ctlgr gagmgnt s su`l hs

plcsplcrus,mhnjhngsg,haumenum, cr seae`cn 'ype`haay, frcn?g es

hfcut 04 pgr`gnt `cppgr hnb 4 pgr`gnt ten 'lg usg c# frcn?gwhs phrte`uahray sejne"`hnt #cr ghray `e$eae?htecns, aghbenj tc tlgnhmg Frcn?g &jg 'ccas, wghpcns,hrmcr, hnb fueabenj mhtgrehas su`l hs bg`crhte$g teags wgrg mhbgc# frcn?g, hs tlgy wgrg #cunb tc fg lhrbgr hnb mcrg burhfagtlhn tlger stcng hnb `cppgr prgbg`gsscrs

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En ghray usg, tlg nhturha empurety hrsgne` scmgtemgs `rghtgb hsupgrecr nhturhahaacy, `haagb hrsgne`ha frcn?g

 'lcujl nct hs strcnj hs stgga, frcn?g es supgrecr tc ercn en nghrayg$gry hppae`htecn Frcn?g bg$gacps h phtenh Hh jrggn `chtenj cn

tlg gxpcsgb sur#h`g, fut et bcgs nct cxebe?g fgycnb tlg sur#h`gEt es `cnsebgrhfay agss frettag tlhn ercn hnb lhs h acwgr `hstenjtgmpgrhturg Pg$grha frcn?g haacys rgsest `crrcsecn Hgspg`ehaay fysghwhtgr hnb mgtha #htejug fgttgr tlhn stggaK tlgy hasc `cnbu`t

Oght hnb gag`tre`ety fgttgr tlhn mcst stggas

Frcn?g lhs myrehb usgs en enbustry Et es webgay usgb tcbhy #cr

sprenjs, fghrenjs, fuslenjs, hnb semeahr "ttenjs, hnb es phrte`uahray

`cmmcn en tlg fghrenjs c# smhaa gag`tre` mctcrs Et es hasc webgayusgb #cr `hst mgtha s`uapturg hnb es tlg mcst pcpuahr mgtha #crtcp+1uhaety fgaas hnb `ymfhas

@cmmgr`eha frcn?g, ctlgrwesg oncwn hs frhss, es 4 pgr`gnt

`cppgr hnb 84 pgr`gnt ?en` Et `cnthens nc ten

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  Trg,hrhtecn c! H""cs

&aacys hrg prgphrgb #rcm tlg tg`lne1ugs c# #usecn, `cmprgssecn cr

semuathngcus gag`trc + bgpcsetecn !gngrhaay tlg `cmpcngnts hrgmexgb tcjgtlgr en prcpgr prcpgrtegs en h #usg `ahy `ru`efag, mgatgbhnb sterrgb wetl h peg`g c# `lhr`cha tc h$ceb cxebhtecn 'lg mcatgnmexturg es ncw haacwgb tc `cca Algn hn haacy es cfthengb gj frhsses prgphrgb fy hfc$g mgatgb

 

Hnh"ses c! hn h""c

 'lg `cmpagtg hnhayses c# hn haacy en$ca$gs twc stgps

) 2uh"ethtevg Hnh"ses ' 'les en$ca$gs ebgnte"`htecn c# tlg `cmpcngnts c# tlg haacys

.) 2uhntethtevg Hnh"ses ' 'les en$ca$gs bgtgrmenhtecn c# tlg `cmpcngnts c# tlg haacy Eten$ca$gs tlg sgphrhtecn c# tlg `cmpcngnts #rcm tlg haacy1uhntethte$gay #caacwgb fy bgtgrmenhtecn c# pgr`gnthjg c# gh`l`cmpcngnt $caumgtre`haay cr jrh$emgtre`haay

En tles prc%g`t wg weaa `hrry cut 1uhaethte$g hnhayses cnay

 

C79g#tevgs c! Trc9g#t 'En tles prc%g`t, cur hem es tc oncw tlg $hrecus mgthas prgsgnt en tlgje$gn shmpag c# haacy

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G:,gre&gnt -Rc hnhayzg h shmpag ci frhss

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Vg<uerg&gnts ' @lenh besl, tgst+tufg #unnga, "atgr phpgr hnb `cmmcn ahfcrhtcryrghjgnts

Rlgcr '

Frhss es hn haacy c# `cppgr hnb ?en` wetl tlg #caacwenj

@c&,csetecn '@u J 04+4G hnb In J 84+4G

 'lus @u hnb In #crm tlg mhen `cnstetugnts c# frhss Fctl tlgsg mgthas bessca$gb en 64G c#netre` h`eb bug tc #crmhtecn c# netrhtgs wle`l hrg scaufag

: @u 3O7D: HBea : @u H7D:/ /7D O/D

  cr

@u 3O /7D:- : @u/ /7D O/D

In 84O7D: HBea In H7D// 7/D 6O/D

In /7D:- 84O In/ 7/D 6O/D 'lg scautecn es fceagb tc gxpga tlg cxebgs c# netrcjgn hnb tlg rgsuatenj scautecn es tgstgb #cr@u/ hnb In/ ecns

Trc#gburg '

) Tah`g h smhaa peg`g c# frhss en h `lenh besl hnb lght tles wetl menemum

1uhntety c# 64G O7D: sc hs tc bessca$g tlg peg`g `cmpagtgay

.) @cntenug lghtenj tlg scautecn teaa h bry scaeb rgsebug es cfthengb

5) Bessca$g tlg scaeb rgsebug en bea O@a hnb "atgr &bb besteaagb whtgr tc tlg"atrhtg

;) Thss O/P jhs tlrcujl tlg "atrhtg & fah`o prg`epethtg c# `cppgr suaplebges cfthengb Pgphrhtg tlg fah`o ppt hnb oggp tlg "atrhtg #cr tlg tgst c#In/ ecns Bessca$g fah`o ppt fy lghtenj tlgm wetl 64G O7D: 'c tlesscautecn hbb hmmcneum lybrcxebg scautecn &ppghrhn`g c# bggp faug`cacrhtecn en tlg scautecn slcws tlg prgsgn`g c# `cppgr ecns en tlg scautecn

?) 'c tgst In/ ecns, fcea tlg "atrhtg tc rgmc$g O/P jhs, tlgn hbb scaeb7O@a tc tles hnb lght tc bessca$g 7O@a &bb gx`gss c# 7ODO sc tlht h

scautecn es hmmcneh`ha 7cw phss O/P jhs tlrcujl tles hmmcneh`hascautecn Berty wletg cr jrgy prg`epethtecn enbe`htg ?en` Pgphrhtg tlgprg`epethtgs hnb bessca$g et en menemum hmcunt c# bea O@a Fcea tc gxpga O/P

jhs hnb hbb pcthsseum Ngrrc `yhnebg scautecn, wletg cr fauesl wletg ppt`cn"rm In/ ecns en tlg scautecn

Vgsu"t '

 'lg je$gn shmpag c# frhss `cnthens `cppgr hnb ?en` mgthas hs tlgmhen `cnstetugnts 

Rc hnhayzg h shmpag ci frhss quhaethte

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G:,gre&gnt -Rc hnhayzg h shmpag ci frcn zg

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2g1uergmgnts ; @lenh besl, tgst+tufg #unnga, "atgr phpgr hnb

`cmmcn ahfcrhtcry rghjgntsRlgcr '

  Frcn?g es hn haacy c# `cppgr hnb ten wetl tlg #caacwenj

@c&,csetecn '

@u J 33+0G hnb Pn J +8/G

 'lus `cppgr hnb ?en` #crm tlg mhen `cnstetugnts c# frcn?g Fctltlgsg mgthas bessca$gb en netre` h`eb

: @u 3O /7D:- : @u/ /7D O/DPn 7D:- 84 O Pn/ 7O :O/D

H@cab hnb Bea &`eb

Pn 7D:- O O/Pn D:  /7D/  O/D

H@cn` h`eb HMgthsthnne` &`eb

5x`gss c# netre` h`eb es rgmc$gb fy lghtenj tlg scautecn 'lgrgsuatenj scautecn ncw wcuab `cnthen @u/ ecns hnb mgthsthnne`

h`eb 'les scautecn es h`ebe"gb wetl bea O@a hnb O/P jhs es phssgbwlgn tlg suaplebgs c# `cppgr hnb ten hrg #crmgb

@u/ P/+ @uP HFah`o ppt

O/PnD:  /O/P PnP/ HFah`o ppt :O/D

 'lg suaplebgs hrg sgphrhtgb fy fceaenj tlg ppt wetl ygaacwhmmcneum suaplebg wlgn PnP/jcgs entc scautecn hs tlecsthnnhtgwlgrg hs @uP es nct h(g`tgb

PnP/  H7O/P H7O/ PnP/ HPcaufag

&mmcneum tlecsthnnhtg

@uP H7O/P @uP H>nh(g`tgb

Fah`o ppt

 'lg scaufag fah`o ppt es tgstgb #cr @u/ ecns hnb tlg scautecn estgstgb #cr Pn/ ecns hs en gagmgnthry 1uhaethte$g hnhayses

Rc hnhayzg h shmpag ci frcnzg quhaetht

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Trc#gburg '

8 'hog hfcut 8j c# smhaa peg`gs c# frcn?g en h `lenh besl hnb hbbtc et 6+84 ma c# bea O7D:

/ Oght tlg `cntgnts sacway tc bessca$g `cppgr hnb ten `cmpagtgayhnb tlgn fcea tlg `cntgnts tc h phstg tc rgmc$g gx`gss c# O7D: &aa

tles es `hrregb cut en `up fchrb: Bessca$g tles bry mhss en besteaagb whtgr `cnthenenj O@a H8;8 tcjgt h `aghr scautecn

'rhns#gr tlg scautecn en h tgst tufg hnb phss O/P en gx`gss eg teaatlg prg`epethtecn es `cmpagtg Neatgr hnb rg%g`t tlg "atrhtg

6 'hog tlg fah`o ppt en h tgst tufg hnb hbb tc et /+: ma c# ygaacwhmmcneum suaplebg hnb lght Neatgr tlg `cntgnts Fah`o rgsebug es

tgstgb #cr @u/ ecns hnb "atrhtg es tgstgb #cr Pn/ecns0 &nhayses c# fah`o rgsebug ;

 'rhns#gr h aettag c# tlg fah`o ppt entc h tgst tufg &bb tc et /+: ma c#64G O7D: hnb fcea tlg `cntgnts c# tlg tufg & aejlt faug cr jrggnsca enbe`htgs tlg prgsgn`g c# @u/ Be$ebg tles sca entc twc phrts

Hh 'c cng phrt hbb gx`gss c# 7ODO h bggp faug `cacrhtecn`cn"rms tlg prgsgn`g c# @u/ ecns

Hf &`ebe#y tlg sg`cnb phrt wetl h`gte` h`eb hnb hbb C Ng H@70Xeg pcthsseum #grrc`yhnebg scautecn & rgbbesl frcwn ppt `cn"rmstlg prgsgn`g c# @u/ ecns

= &nhayses c# "atrhtg ;

Fcea tlg "atrhtg wetl 8 ma c# bea O@a & ygaacw ppt es cfthengbBessca$g en 8 ma `cn` O@a 'c tles scautecn hbb 46 j c# ?en` busthnb fcea et #cr /+: menutgs Neatgr hnb tc "atrhtg hbb 8+/ ma c#mgr`ure` `lacrebg scautecn & wletg ppt turnenj jrgy cn sthnbenj

`cn"rms tlg prgsgn`g c# Pn ecns

Vgsu"t ' 'lg je$gn shmpag c# frcn?g `cnthens + @u hnb Pn hs tlg mhen`cnstetugnts

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e1 Rc &cbe! #lg&e#h" rgh#tevet '-

Algn scbeum es usgb hs rgbu`enj hjgnt et es tcc rgh`te$g tc fg usgbfut ets haahy wetl mgr`ury, `haagb scbeum hmhajhm `hn fg sh#gayusgb hs rgbu`enj hjgnt

ee1 Rc en#rghsg lhrbngss '-Ohrbngss c# jcab es en`rghsgb fy hbbenj `cppgr tc et &asc ?en` eshbbgb tc `cppgr tc mhog `cppgr lhrb en #crm c# frhss

eee1 Rc en#rghsg tgnse"g strgnjtl '-7e`ogacy, hn haacy c# 7e`oga H8G, @cppgr HG hnb haumeneum H6Glhs lejl tgnseag strgnjtl

ev1 Rc "c%gr tlg &g"tenj ,cent '-

Pcabgr mgtha wle`l es hn haacy c# PnH:4G hnb TfH=4G lhs $gryagss mgtenj pcent hs `cmphrgb tc mgatenj pcents c# Pn hnb Tf

v1 Rc &cbe! tlg #c"cur '-&aumeneum frcn?g hn haacy c# @u hnb &a lhs fghute#ua jcabgn `cacur

ve1 Rc rgsest #crrcsecn'-Ercn jgts rustgb hnb `crrcbgb Ets `crrcsecn thogs pah`g wetl temgfut sthenagss stgga, hn haacy c# ercn hnb `hrfcn jgt nct rustgb tlg`cmpcsetecn c# sthenagss stgga es ;

Ercn + 3G

@hrfcn + /G

PGP C= H00CUP '-

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