Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae ......Mr. Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (Regd. No. 2012-432-D), a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sericulture

Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae meal in the diets of Broiler chicken

Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (2012-432-D)

Temperate Sericulture Research Institute

Faculty of Agriculture

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences &

Technology of Kashmir

2015

Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae meal in the diets of Broiler chicken

Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (2012-432-D)

Thesis

Submitted to

Faculty of Agriculture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences &

Technology of Kashmir in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in Sericulture

2015

Someone who holds us in arms as we enter this world Someone who always encourage us with their loving words of praise

Someone who listens patiently to all our worries and stresses Someone who’s eyes shine with pride and happiness at our every little achievement

DEDICATE MY THESIS

To the most beautiful creature of Allah

“MY BELOVED PARENTS”

AND

MY LATE UNCLE

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir

Faculty of Agriculture Temperate Sericulture Research Institute, Mirgund, Baramulla

Certificate – I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae meal in the diets of Broiler chicken” submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sericulture, to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kahsmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, is a record of bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (Regd. No. 2012-432-D) under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.

It is further certified that information received during the course of investigation has duly been acknowledged.

( Dr. M.A. Malik ) Chairman

Advisory Committee Endorsed Prof. & Head, Temperate Sericulture Research Institute


Faculty of Agriculture Temperate Sericulture Research Institute, Mirgund, Baramulla

Certificate – II

We, the members of the Advisory committee of Mr. Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (Regd. No. 2012-432-D), a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sericulture, have gone through the manuscript of the thesis entitled, “Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae meal in the diets of Broiler chicken” and recommend that it may be submitted by the student in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree.

Advisory Committee

Chairman Prof. M.A. Malik Professor & Head, Temperate Sericulture

Research Institute, Mirgund Members Prof. M. Tufail Banday

Professor, Division of Livestock Production and Management, FVSc. & AH., Shuhama

Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad Dar

Associate Professor, Division of Agri-Extension, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar

Dr. Tariq Ahmad Raja

Associate Professor, Division of Agri-Statistics, SKUAST-Kashmir

Dr. Shabir Ahmad Bhat

Assistant Professor, Temperate Sericulture Research Institute, Mirgund

Dean’s Nominee Dr. Parvez A. Khan

Associate Professor, Faculty of Forestry, Benihama, Ganderbal

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Temperate Sericulture Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture Mirgund, Baramulla

Certificate – III

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Studies on the

utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae meal in the diets of Broiler chicken” submitted by Mr. Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (Regd. No. 2012-432-D) to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sericulture was examined and approved by the Advisory Committee and external examiner on ……………….. Chairman External Examiner Advisory Committee Prof. & Head Temperate Sericulture Research Institute Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-Kashmir

2


Temperate Sericulture Research Institute, Mirgund, Baramulla

Name of the student : Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri

Registration No. : 2012-432-D

Major subject : Sericulture

Minor subjects : Agricultural Extension

Major advisor : Prof. M.A. Malik Professor & Head, Temperate Sericulture Research Institute, Mirgund

Title of the Thesis : “Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae meal in the diets of Broiler chicken”

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with

silkworm pupae meal and Silkworm excreta meal on the performance, blood biochemistry, carcass characteristics, nutrient utilization and economics in the diets of broiler chicken. To achieve the envisaged objective, the feeding trials were undertaken during different seasons (winter and summer). Two hundred ten, day-old commercial broiler chicks for each trial were procured in both the seasons from a reputed source reared together until 7 days of age. On 8th day, the chicks were individually weighed, distributed into five treatment groups of three replicates with fourteen chicks in each. Five experimental diets were formulated. T1 (served as the control diet and contained 10% fishmeal). T2 (contained 6% fishmeal and 4 % silkworm pupae meal). T3 (contained 6% fishmeal and 4% Silkworm excreta meal). T4 (contained 4 % fishmeal and 6% Silkworm pupae meal). T5 (contained 4 % fishmeal and 6% silkworm excreta meal). The live body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded at weekly intervals. The highest body weight of 1458.38g±5.44 in trial-1 and 1407.00g±0.74 in trial-2 was recorded in T4 (diet containing 6% Silkworm pupae meal) and the lowest body weight of 1080.80g±2.74 in trial-1 and 1035.48±0.53 in trial-2 was recorded in T5 group (diet containing 6% silkworm excreta meal). There was an adverse effect on the performance of broilers when 4% of fish meal was replaced with silkworm excreta meal which increased further at 6%

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replacement level. The feed consumption ratio was better in the diets supplemented with silkworm pupae meal. A highest FCR of 2.63 was obtained in the T5 group of birds fed diet containing with 6% silkworm excreta meal and the lowest FCR of 1.78 was obtained in the T4 treatment group fed diet supplemented with 6% Silkworm pupae meal at the end of the 6th week. The performance of birds in terms of live body weight, FCR was better in summer than in winter. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference in serum protein, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase ( SGOT) levels, but serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) level differed significantly (p<0.05) with the replacement of 4% or 6% Fishmeal with silkworm pupae meal. The serum protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, glucose and Cholesterol levels decreased significantly (p<0.05), but the levels of SGOT and SGPT increase significantly (p<0.05), when Fishmeal was replaced with Silkworm excreta meal at different levels. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference in the percentage of dressing, feather, head, shanks and Giblet yield when fishmeal was replaced with silkworm pupae meal at different levels . Similarly feather and Giblet yield percentage when Fishmeal was replaced with Silkworm excreta meal at different levels. The percentage of shanks yield was lower and that of head was higher in Silkworm excreta meal based diets. The percent yield of various cut up parts was not significantly (p>0.05) different between various treatments. No significant (p>0.05) effect was found on apparent digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre when T2 and T4 groups were compared with T1 group. The apparent digestibility of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus was lower when 6% Fishmeal was replaced with Silkworm excreta meal. Among different treatment groups the feed cost per kg live weight gain was lowest in T4 group of birds followed by T2 group of birds when compared with T1, T3 and T5 group of birds . A highest feed cost per kg live weight gain was found in T5 group of birds followed by T3 group of birds. From the above findings it is concluded that, up to 6% level Fishmeal can be replaced with silkworm pupae meal for more profitability and better fed conversation efficiency. The replacement of Fishmeal at 4% or 6% with Silkworm excreta meal is not economical at all.

Key words : Silkworm pupae meal, Silkworm excreta meal, Broilers, Performance, Blood biochemistry, Carcass traits, Nutrient digestibility, Economics.

Signature of Student Signature of Major Advisor Dated : ___________ Dated: ________________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful

Praise to be Allah, lord of worlds I have no words to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Almighty Allah, the merciful who is for ever the torch of knowledge, the cause behind every effect

and guidance for humanity as a whole

take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to my major advisor and guide Dr M.A. Malik, Professor and Head, Temperate Sericulture Research

Institute, Mirgund for his sympathetic guidance, constructive criticism, comments and vital suggestions.

I am highly thankful and indebted to the most important members of my advisory committee Prof. (Dr.) M.T. Banday, Division of Livestock Production Management, Shuhama for his devotion, sincere guidance, his sympathetic approach and inspiring guidance created in me the will to work, It was his constructive approach and criticism which made my mind inquisitive, investigative and new channels of learning and understanding. His through and detailed supervision made this laborious and difficult task easy and possible.

I deem it a proud privilege to express my heartfelt gratitude to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. Shabir Ahamad Bhat, Assistant Professor, TSRI,Mirgund, Dr Mushtaq Ahamad Dar, Associate Professor, Division of Agri Extension, Shalimar, Dr. Tariq Ahamad Raja, Associate Professor (Statistics),FVSc & AH., Suhama ,Dr. Parvez Ah Khan, Professor, Faculty of Forestry, Benhama, Ganderbal (Dean’s Nominee) for their valuable guidance, cooperation and generous help.

It is my profound priviledge to express my deep sense of gratitude, veneration and earnest thanks to Dr. Azmat Alam Khan, (Associate Professor) and Dr. Islam Uddin Sheikh (Assistant Professor) Division of Livestock Production management Shuhama, who Despite not being the members of my advisory committee were instrumental in helping me.

I am highly thankfull to Dr. Ab Majeed Ganai, Professor and head, Division of Animal nutrition, Dr. Hyder, Associate Professor, Animal Nutrition

I

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and Dr. Fayaz (C. Lecturer ) and Technical staff of Animal nutrition for their earnest help and cooperation.

I am Highly indebted to Professor Tej-Pratab, Ho’nble Vice Chancellor and Dr. S.A Wani Director Research SKUAST-Kashmir for providing me fellowship out of the life Sciences Research Board Sponsored project titled “Sericulture based farming system for sustainable agriculture”

Thanks are also due to the authorities of Life Sciences Research Board Govt. of India for Sanctioning above said Project to our Institute.

I am highly indebted to Prof. Badrul Hassan, Director Education, Professor Mushtaq Ahamad Registrar, SKUAST-Kashmir and their staff members for their earnest help and cooperation.

I glandly acknowledge the assistance rendered by technical and farm staff of the Division of Livestock Production and Management, namely Mr. Mohammad Sidiq, Mr. Ab. Rasheed, Mr. Abdul Rasheed Shah, Mr. Mohd Maqbool, Mr. Gh Mohammad Parry, Mr. Ab. Majeed, Mr. Gulam nabi Shah, Mr. Mohd Shafi, who always entended their cooperation and support which will be ever remembered.

I am extremely thankful to all Teaching and Non teaching staff members of the Temperature Sericulture Research Institute Mirgund for their timely help and consistent cooperation especially Dr. M.F. Baqual, Dr. N.D. Sheikh, Dr. Ziyaul Haq Rufaiee, Dr. M.R. Mir, Dr. Nisar, Dr. Irfan, , Dr. Firdous, Dr. Sabahat, Miss Nasreen, Mr. Shaban Sahab, Mr. Fida Hussain and Mr. Aasif.

Friendship is beyond the bounds of acknowledgement. But I will still not like to miss this opportunity to place on record the affection, cooperation and emotional support provided by my friends and colleagues, Mushtaq Ahmad Mir, Mr. Mohiudin, Naina Majid, Sakiba Saleem, Saima Khursheed, and Zaffer Iqbal.

I am happy to acknowledge the pleasant and everlasting company and encouragement by my sisters, and cousins Syed Zarina, Syed Gulafroza, Syed Shafgufta, Syed shaheen Syed Tahira, Syed Shahida Shereen, Syed Mina-un Nisa, Syed Humaria, Syed Jehangir, Syed Muzaffer, Syed Mubashir Syed Idrees and Syed Javid iqbal.

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I sincerely want to thank, my Aunty, Phophi’s and Phopha’s for their love and affection from childhood to now.

A word of thank from core of my heart to my Aunty Miss Bilquees Malik for her love and affection to me

I feel honored to remember my late Grandfather, Grandmother and Uncle Dr Mohammad Amine Qadri who has been my inspiration from my childhood.

Where the emotions are involved, words cease to mean, my vocabulary utterly fail in expressing my accolades to my revered parents who brought me to this stage and who after Allah have been the reason of all my achievements. They took, pains and pains to bring me to this stage. No words shall be adequate to prove how indebted I am to my parents. With out your unending support and love from child hood to now, I never would have made it through this process or any of the tough times in my life, Thank you.

I am highly indebted to my Wife Syed Aasiya Hameed for her cooperation, enduring patience, to undertake and complete this work at the cost of her personal convenience and comfort.

MY thanks are also due to Mr. Younus Ahmad Bhat, Mr. Arshid Baba and Mr. M. Rafiq of M/S Universal Computers, Shalimar for taking lot of pains and care in formatting this manuscript so beautifully in shortest possible time.

Ultimately I pray to almighty Allah for giving me strength, courage and patience for completion of this manuscript.

Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri

Place: TSRI, Mirgund

Dated: __________

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CONTENTS

Chapter Particular Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1-4

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-20

2.1 Proximate composition 5

2.2 Growth performance 9

2.3 Carcass characteristics 18

2.4 Economics of feeding 19

2.5 Nutrient digestibility 20

2.6 Blood biochemicals 20

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 21-33

3.1 Collection and processing of material 20

3.2 Feeding trials 21

3.3 Formulation of experimental diets 21


3.5 Experimental birds and management 28

3.6 Observations recorded 29

3.7 Carcass characteristics 29

3.8 Mortality 30

3.9 Performance index 30

3.10 Blood biochemistry 31

3.11 Nutrient utilization 31


3.13 Statistical analysis 33

4. EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS 34-75

4.1 Proximate analysis of silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta

34

4.2 Proximate analysis of the experimental diets 34

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4.3 Body weight 38

4.4 Body weight gain 41

4.5 Feed consumption 44

4.6 Feed conversion ratio 47

4.7 Mortality 51

4.8 Performance index 51

4.9 Blood biochemical studies 52

4.10 Carcass and slaughter characters 57

4.11 Nutrient utilization of crude protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre

64


5. DISCUSSION 76-88


5.2 Body weight and body weight gain 78

5.3 Feed consumption 80

5.4 Feed conversation ratio 81

5.5 Mortality 82

5.6 Blood biochemical studies 82

5.7 Slaughter and yield characteristics 84

5.8 Cut ability characteristics 85

5.9 Nutrient utilization 86


6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 89-93

LITERATURE CITED i-xiii

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Particulars Page

No.

3.1 Composition of experimental diets (starter diet) 22

3.2 Composition of experimental diets (finisher diet) 23

4.1 Proximate composition of silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta

35

4.2 Proximate composition of experimental diets (starter diets) 36

4.2.1 Proximate composition of experimental diets (finisher diets) 37

4.3 Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

39

4.3.1 Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

40

4.4 Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1(summer season)

42

4.4.1 Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

43

4.5 Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

45

4.5.1 Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

46

4.6 Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

49

4.6.1 Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

50

4.7 Performance index (PI) of broilers under different experimental groups

51

4.8 Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial 1 (summer season)

54

10

4.8.1 Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial 2 (winter season)

55

4.9 Slaughter and yield characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

58

4.9.1 Slaughter and yield characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

59

4.10 Cut ability characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

62

4.10.1 Cut ability characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

63

4.11 Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

66

4.11.1 Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

67

4.12 Comparative cost of feed formulation of different experimental diets (starter)

70

4.12.1 Comparative cost of feed formulation of different experimental diets (finisher)

71

4.12.2 Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

72

4.12.3 Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

73

4.12.4. Cost of production per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

74

4.12.5 Cost of production per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

75

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Particulars After

page No.

1. Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

39

2. Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

40

3. Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

42

4. Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

43

5. Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

45

6. Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

46

7. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

49

8. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

50

9. Performance index (PI) of broilers under different experimental groups

51

10. Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

54

11. Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season

55

12. Slaughter and yield characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

58

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13. Slaughter and yield characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

59

14. Cut ability characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

62

15. Cut ability characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

63

16. Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

66

17. Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

67

18. Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

72

19. Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

73

20. Cost of production (Rs.) per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

74

21. Cost of production (Rs.) per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

75

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full form

Ad.Lib Ad libitum

AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards oC Degree Celsius

AR Apparent retention

Ca Calcium

CF Crude fibre

CF Crude Protein

DM Dry matter

DTSPM De –tanned silkworm pupae meal

FCR Feed conversion ratio

g Gram

Kcal Kilo calorie

Kg Kilogram

mg Miligram

N Nitrogen

P Phosphorus

Rs Rupees

SCM Silkworm caterpillar meal

SGOT Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase

SGPT Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase

SWP Silkworm pupae

SWPM Silkworm pupae meal

SWE Silkworm excreta

SWEM Silkworm excreta meal

U.G.F Unidentified growth factor

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Chapter - 1

INTRODUCTION

Farming systems research in sericulture is now considered a powerful

tool for natural and human resource management in many silk producing countries

including India. This multidisciplinary whole-farm approach can prove very

effective in solving the problems of small and marginal farmers and aims at

increasing income and employment from small holdings by integrating various

farm enterprises and recycling crop residues and by products within the farm

itself.

The Indian economy is predominantly rural and agricultural, and the

declining trend in size of land holding poses a serious challenge to the

sustainability and profitability of farming. In view of the decline in per capita

availability of land from 0.5 ha in 1950-51 to 0.15 ha by the turn of century and a

projected further decline to less than 0.1 ha by 2020 under agriculture, it is

imperative to develop strategies and agricultural technologies to enhance farm

productivity and provide employment opportunities and income generation

especially for small and marginal farmers who constitute more than 80% of the

farming community.

The crop and cropping system based perspective of research needs to

make way for farming systems based research conducted in a holistic manner for

the sound management of available resources by small farmers (Jha, 2003). Under

the gradual shrinking of land holding, it is necessary to integrate land based

enterprises like sericulture and poultry within the bio-physical and socio-

economic environment of the sericulture farmers to make seri-farming more

profitable and dependable.

Sericulture with its vast potential for employment generation in rural

areas of India plays a vital role in reducing poverty and unemployment. It is one

of the crop enterprises which is identified as most appropriate labour intensive

house hold activity as it combines both agriculture and industry and provides

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gainful employment not only at the stage of production of mulberry leaves but

also at the stage of rearing of silkworms using the output of the former as an input

of the later. Indian sericulture is on the threshold of a stage of development

characterized by a shift from static technology to a modern technology, in which

capital requirement and purchased inputs occupy a large share. Much of success

of the new programmes depends upon the ability of workers to act as growth

promoters. So all the new technologies should be built on the ability of farmers to

understand and adopt the new sericultural activities which will ensure higher

income and employment to the rural population.

In India, silkworm rearing and production of cocoon is the year round

activity while in Jammu and Kashmir it is a subsidiary occupation for farmers.

Unlike other southern states of the country the income obtained from sericulture

cropping in Kashmir is hardly sufficient to sustain the farm family throughout the

year because of being a subsidiary occupation. Activities such as poultry especially

broiler production can assume critical importance in this state in supplementing

farm income of sericulture farmers. Regular cash flow can become possible when

poultry is combined with sericulture enterprise. Judicious combination of these

enterprises keeping in view the environment condition of our locality can pay

greater dividends and at the same time it can promote effective recycling of

residues/wastes. Hence integrated farming system in sericulture in Kashmir seems

to be the answer to the problem of increasing income of Seri farmers and can

generate additional employment for family labour and can also minimize the risk

associated with conventional subsidiary cropping system. Sericulture industry is a

typical export oriented industry, which is highly sensitive to world economic

situation and global financial crisis have a great impact on the sericulture industry.

It further shows that traditional single production and management mode of

cultivation “sericulture-cocoon-reeling” is difficult to adapt to frequent fluctuations

of cocoon/silk market. In order to overcome the difficulty and promote sustainable

development of sericulture industry in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, we have to

actively explore new mode of production and management, and utilization of

3

sericulture resources to broaden the integrated channels of sericulture industry and

improve the industry’s overall income efficiency. It is in this context, the crises of

stagnation in sericulture in Kashmir needs urgent attention. This sector still provides

livelihood to more than 33,000 farm families in Jammu and Kashmir and remains

vital because of its main advantages such as high employment intensity, regularity

of income to the farmers, its suitability for small farmers and high export possibility

creating trade surplus (Malik, 2010).

Waste and byproducts from sericulture are also of good value. Mulberry

leaves and shoots left by silkworms can form good fodder to the cattle and

increase markedly their milk yield. Silkworm larvae, pupae and excreta being

rich sources of protein can be used in broiler rations replacing costly protein

ingredients. Further silkworm pupae contains lysine and methionine,

indispensable amino-acid mostly deficient in chicken feeds, therefore, inclusion

will trigger higher ADG in poultry. The rational utilization and disposal of

byproducts can, therefore, help the sericulturists in Kashmir to enhance their

economic gains. Considering the above advantages of Sericulture, integrated

development of mulberry based agro system besides providing an economic

model can result in self-sustaining farm maintenance with regard to multiple

cropping system involving sericulture along with other cash crops like poultry and

can be used as an effective tool for rural development for alleviating rural poverty

and ushering in rural prosperity. The byproducts like unconsumed mulberry

leaves, silkworm litter, pupae, pierced and unreelable cocoons and reeling waste

can all become useful in one form or the other and can enhance on farm

returns. Raw silk has also good demand both in the domestic and international

markets. Mulberry (Morus sp.) is extensively cultivated for rearing of silkworms,

Bombyx mori L. for production of silk. As the mulberry leaf is rich in various

nutrients with 22-24% protein (FAO, 1998), the studies on its use other than

silkworm rearing gained importance worldwide in recent times.

In India little work has been done on use of byproducts of sericulture

origin as animal feed supplements. In sericulture industry in addition to left over

4

mulberry leaves, silkworm litter and pupae are traditionally discarded without

second thought after reeling of silk thread, which contain a high percentage of

protein that can otherwise be used as feed for chicken. Alternative ways of using

the foliage of mulberry tree along with other seri-wastes is welcomed by silkworm

rearers/farmers for the occasions when income from silkworm rearing is low.

Mulberry leaves have been successfully ensiled with paddy straw for winter feeding

of cattle. These wastes are appropriate protein supplements for poultry. Feed cost

accounts for 60-80 per cent of total production cost in poultry farming (Bhuiyan,

1998) and out of this protein cost alone accounts for 15 per cent of the feed cost

(Singh, 1990; Banerjee, 1992) in livestock and poultry farming. Silkworm pupae

and other wastes generate vast resources of nutrients for livestock and poultry high

protein values (62%) and can replace fishmeal in poultry ration. Jammu and

Kashmir State alone produces 1022 MT of cocoons 600 MT of pupae. Hence 600

MT of dry pupae are available per year. However little or no information is

available on the nutritional value and use of excreta and pupae of silkworm Bombyx

mori L. as Poultry feed in India in general and in Kashmir in particular. Inclusion

or incorporation of sericulture wastes in poultry ration especially silkworm pupae

meal and silkworm excreta meal will not only reduce the cost of production but will

also mitigate shortage of costly protein ingredients to a large extent, which are

otherwise imported from neighbouring states.

This study was, therefore, envisaged to evaluate the efficiency of

integrated component technologies in terms of productivity, income increase and

employment generation to help in strengthening the base of sericulture

farmers/rearers at their work place with following objectives:

• Utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae as a Broiler chicken feed

ingredient.

• Find out economics of broiler chicken production utilizing silkworm pupae

and excreta.

• Promotion of economic model on sericulture based farming system

5

Chapter - 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Proximate composition

2.1.1 Silkworm pupae

Bora and Sharma (1965) evaluated the silkworm pupae (Assam muga

silkworm) for the contents of calcium, phosphorous and reported that calcium

and phosphorous contents was 0.26 and 0.80 per cent respectively.

Panda (1968) reported that the silkworm Pupae contain 55 per cent crude

protein, 25 per cent ether-extract and 3.0 per cent crude fiber.

Chopra et al. (1971) and Joshi et al. (1980), reported that deoiled

silkworm pupal powder contains 5.36 per cent lysine and 2.39 per cent methionine

on per cent dry matter basis.

Das and Saturadhar (1971) while making systematic study of byproducts

of agro-industrial origin revealed that silkworm pupae contain a high percentage

of protein and can be used as animal feed for chicken, rabbits, cattle and fresh

water fish.

Sujatha (1979) analyzed the deoiled silkworm pupae samples before and

after autoclaving and reported that they contain 74.95 and 71.21 per cent crude

protein levels, respectively.

Panda (1970) reported that the nutritive value of silkworm pupae meal

was found to be 134 per cent superior over casein and its pepsin digestibility was

89.5 per cent when used as feed for poultry.

Panda (1975) reported the content of amino acids in silkworm pupae

meal, 5.7 lysine, 2.0 leucine, 3.4 isoleucine, 4.4 methionine, 2.7 phenylalanine

and 3.8 valine g/100 g protein.

Wijayasinghe and Rajaguru (1977) reported that the amino acids

6

percentage in protein extracted from silkworm pupae includes 3.89% alanine,

4.62% arginine, 8.65% aspartic acid, 0.35% cystine, 8.65% glutamic acid, 3.46%

glycine, 2.25% histidine, 3.77% isoleucine, 6.02% leucine, 5.31% lysine, 1.75%

Methionine, 4.25% phenylalanine, 1.60% proline and 3.68 % serine. Among

which arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, Methionine

phenylalanine, proline, serine are essential for chickens. and further he reported

the proximate composition of silkworm pupae was 8.50% moisture, 63.30%,

crude protein, 3.10% crude fibre, 4.50% ash, 1.13%, nitrogen free extract, 2.03%

P2O5 and 0.545 %CaCO3.

Joshi et al. (1980), analyzed the deoiled silkworm pupae and reported

that it contains 73.41 per cent crude protein.

Rajashekaran and Oblisami (1981) reported that eri silkworm pupae

contained 11per cent of nitrogen in deoiled pupal powder.

Fagoone (1983) reported that silkworm pupae, oven dried at 80oC contain

90.9 per cent dry matter, 47.9 per cent protein, 27.0 per cent fat, 3.4 per cent fiber

and 5.6 per cent total ash.

Fagoone (1984) while studying variation in the concentration of some

essential amino acids in pupae of various stages (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days old).

Observed that lysine content ranges from 2.62 to 3.21 per cent, arginine from 1.56

to 1.98 per cent glycine 2.3 to 3.61 per cent, methionine from 0.96 to 1.46 per

cent, isoleucine from 1.67 to 1.93 per cent and leucine from 28.4 to 32.5 per cent.

Lin et al. (1983) treated dried silkworm pupae with hydrogen peroxide

and reported that the treated pupa was better in odour, taste and colour when

compared to untreated ones.

Majaonkar and Bjambure (1987), conducted analysis of silkworm pupae

and revealed it they contain 48.12 per cent protein, 34.20 per cent ether extract,

1.84 per cent crude fiber, 11.40 per cent nitrogen free extract and 4.44 per cent

total ash on dry matter basis.

7

Singh and Panda (1987) also reported that calcium and phosphorous

content in pupae was 0.29 and 0.58 per cent, respectively.

Bhuiyan et al. (1989) reported that Silkworm pupae a waste product of

silk industry can be used as a top class unconventional protein ranging from (65-

75%) and energy feed for poultry after processing at a reasonable cost.

Choudry et al. (1990), estimated the proximate composition of silkworm

pupae and found that per cent moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, total ash,

calcium, phosphorus and either extract was 6.13, 58.40, 4.76, 4.62, 0.10, 0.46 and

21.88 respectively.

According to Udayshekara Rao (1994), the amino acids lysine, threonine,

methionine and tyrosine in silkworm pupae meal was higher than in whole egg

protein.

Habib and Hasan (1995) evaluated the silkworm pupae as dietary protein

source for Asian catfish Clarias batrachus L. and reported that it is an important

source of crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract, ash,

calcium, phosphorus, lysine, methionine and can reduce production cost of

balanced poultry diets with a consequent increase in profitability of poultry

production.

Nataraj and Basavanna (1996) analyzed the silkworm pupae and

reported that it contains 8.0% ether-extract and 3.0% crude fiber, 20-25 % of oil

and 5.0% mineral matter

Ahamad et al. (2000) reported that Silkworm pupae contains 9.8%

ofmoisture, 62.2% crude protein, 7.6% crude lipid, 1.3% crude fibre, 1.9%

digestable carbohydrate and17.2% ash ocntents.

Ioselevich et al. (2004), reported that non-defatted pupae meal is rich in

fat, ranging between 20-40% on dry matter basis. Defatted meal contains less than

10% of oil on dry matter basis. Silkworm oil contains a high percentage of

8

polyunsaturated fatty acids, notably linolenic acid (18:3), with reported values

ranging from 11 to 45% of the total fatty acids.

Sheikh et al. (2005), reported that silkworm pupae contains about 12.82%

moisture, 43.16% crude protein, 12.37% total ash, 4.14% acid insoluble ash,

0.70% calcium, 0.23% phosphorus and 25.41% of ether extract.

Koundinya and Thangavelu (2005) reported that the vitamins such as

pyridoxal, riboflavin, thiamine, ascorbic acid, folic acid and minerals such as

calcium, iron and phosphorus are present in higher quantity in silkworm pupae

making it more nutritive.

Anon (2007) studied the mineral composition of silkworm pupae meal

and reported that they contain calcuim-0.63 per cent, phosphorus-1.25 per cent,

sodium-0.03 per cent, and potassium-1.07 per cent. He further reported that,

Silkworm pupae meal is very rich in vitamins, such as vitamin B1, B6, nicotinic

acid, folic acid, and vitamin D. and it contains (mg/100g) vitamin E-1000, vitamin

B1-15, vitamin B2-80 and vitamin B12-0.5.

2.1.2 Silkworm excreta

Narayanaswamy (1986) conducted chemical analysis of silkworm excreta

and reported that, chemical composition of SWE which was dried by two methods

i.e. sun drying and oven drying revealed that Sun dried SWE Contained

91.63% dry matter, 14.46% crude protein, 12.08% crude fiber, 1.86% ether

extract, 54.65% nitrogen free extract, 16.95% total ash, 6.03 acid insoluble ash,

2.62% calcium and 0.25% phosphorus, while as oven dried SWE contained

92.08% dry matter, 13.51% crude protein, 13.51% crude fiber, 1.63% ether

extract, 54.65% nitrogen free extract, 15.65% total ash, 5.82 % acid insoluble

ash, 2.76% calcium and 0.21% phosphorus.

Aruga et al. (1994) reported that the silkworm litter has high nutritive

value over will grass, wheat bran and paddy husk and can be preserved as ensilage

to combat the seasons of fodder shortage.

9

Ramakrishina (2001) analyzed the silkworm excreta and reported that it

has higher composition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and carbon

when compared to FYM.

Chen Yaowang (2003) reported that the nutritive composition of

silkworm excreta as 12.2 per cent moisture, 15.4 per cent crude protein 2.6 per

cent crude fat, 19.6 per cent crude fiber, 36.2 per cent non-nitrogen extracts and

4.5 per cent minerals.

Anon (2008) revealed that Silkworm Excreta contains 7.35% water,

13.88% crude protein, 1.44% raw fats, 15.41% raw cellulose, 47.15% substances

without nitrogen.

Reddy (2008) reported that the chlorophyll, sodium, copper

chlorophyline, pectin, phytol and carotene extracted from silkworm litter are

being used in more than thirty kinds of USA medicines.

Hossam and Shafwat (2011) conducted the chemical analysis of

silkworm excreta and reported that silkworm excreta contains 6.08 per cent

moisture, 93.92 per cent dry matter, 24.67 per cent ash, 1.9 per cent either

extract,18.74 per cent crude protein and 13.84 per cent crude fiber.

2.2 Growth performance

Naidu (1959) stated that the powdered silkworm pupae would make a

good protein supplement for poultry.

Nanavathy (1965) reported that the refined protein from pupa was

superior to that of fishmeal and about equal to that of beef.

Bora and Sharma (1965) observed no significant (p<0.05) difference in

rate of gain in body weight between the group of chicks fed on mash containing

SWPM with supplementary calcium and phosphorus.

Ichhponani and Malik (1971) reported a beneficial effect in chicks by

replacing 5% of fishmeal and 10 per cent of GNC together with silkworm pupae

10

meal in the diets of chicks and found that metabolizable energy content of the diet

was not affected due to inclusion of pupae in the meal.

Saikia et al. (1971) reported that the poultry mash containing silkworm

pupae (SWP) as an animal protein was superior to other byproducts and fish

meal. However a lowered feed intake and lowest feed to egg conversation ration

in layers was observed when poultry mashes were supplemented with SWPM

than the control (without SWPM). Further they reported lowest mortality in chicks

in SWPM supplemented groups than control group.

Lodhi and Ichhponani (1974) reported the absorbability of protein in

deoiled silkworm pupae meal was 57 and 77 per cent when 50 per cent of total

nitrogen was replaced by ground nut cake and fish meal in poultry diet.

Panda and Rao (1975) replaced 10 per cent of maize and entire portion of

fishmeal with deoiled silkworm pupae meal and found satisfactory growth rate in

young stock and egg production in layers.

Wijayasinghe and Rajaguru (1977) while conducting a study to find out

the effect of various levels of replacement of local fish meal with SWPM in

broiler starter, finisher and Layer diets on their performance and reported that

SWP could successfully replace local FM in poultry ration. The presence of

unidentified growth factor in SWP for chicks was also observed. Improved

reproductive performance in terms of hatchability of eggs and weight of chicks at

hatching time were observed when SWP was included in layer ration. A

favorable alternation of the sex ratio in chicks towards feminity was also

observed.

Joshi et al. (1980) carried out an experiment with broiler chicken in

which silkworm pupae meal (SWPM) was replaced at 2.75, 5.5, 8.25 or 11% at

the expense of fish meal. A significant depression in growth and feed intake was

observed more in SWPM supplemented groups than the control groups.

Joshi et al. (1979) replaced fish meal at 25, 50, 75 or 100% by de-oiled

11

silkworm pupae meal (SWPM) in White Leghorn pullets and recorded no

significant (p<0.05)difference in feed intake per dozen of egg production.

Horie and Watanabe (1980) reported that the silkworm pupae (SWP)

contained some unidentified growth factors which might contribute to growth of

chicken when the ration was supplemented with silkworm pupae meal (SWPM).

Virk et al. (1980) conducted two series of experiments, on Silkworm

pupae meal (SWPM). They processed de-oiled Silkworm pupae meal in water and

acid, and fishmeal was replaced at 50, 75 and 100% in broiler diet. However, in

comparison to control diet no encouraging results were observed, but they

recorded significantly (p<0.05) more feed intake per gram of gain in all SWPM

supplemented groups than control.

Sujatha and Rao (1981) reported that there is no significant (p<0.05)

difference in body weight gain and in feed in take per 12 eggs among different

treatment groups in starcross White Leghorn hens, when the fish meal of the diets

was replaced on an equal weight, iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric basis by de-oiled

silkworm pupae meal.

Fagoone (1983) indicated a growth stimulating effect in growing chicks

correlated with ecdysteroid activity (a hormone involved in metamorphosis of the

pupae, though this has not been confirmed since.

Fagoone (1984) studied the effect of inclusion of dried and ground spent

silkworm pupae on broiler performance. Chicken were given a diet of maize 51

per cent, wheat bran 15 per cent, groundnut oil meal 14 per cent, fishmeal 10 per

cent, pollard four per cent, meat and bone meal four per cent minerals and

vitamins two per cent. The test groups were given diets containing dried and

ground spent silkworm pupae with half or all of fishmeal replaced by silkworm

pupae meal. It was concluded that total replacement of fishmeal had an adverse

affect on growth rate of broilers.

Tas (1985) conducted an experiment with 749 broiler chicks, divided in

12

to seven groups and were given a control diet containing 6% fish meal and 6%

meat and bone meal. The fishmeal as well as meat and bone meal were replaced

with SWPM at the rate of 50 and 50%, 50 and 100%, and 100 and 50%

respectively. A significantly (p<0.05) depressed growth rate and poorer feed

conversation efficiency was observed in all three treatments with SWPM than that

of the control group and lower mortality (0.6%) was recorded in 100% fish meal

and 50% silkworm pupae meal than the control group (9.5%).

Nandeesha et al. (1986) reported that the growth of Rohu was found to be

superior on pellets of silkworm fecal based diet, while it was almost equal on

pellets of slaughter house waste based diet and pellets of FM (pellets of fish meal

based diet).

Narayanswamy (1986) reported that by increasing level of inclusion of

SWE in the diets of broiler chicken more or less increased feed consumption, feed

efficiency of broilers at the end of the eight weeks of experimental period and

were unaffected when the 10% level of SWE was included at the expense of 40%

maize and 60% wheat bran. However a non-significant (p<0.05) growth

depression was evident at 15% level with the inclusion of sundried SWE. The

dressed percentage was unaffected even up to the 15% level of inclusion in broiler

ration. Shank pigmentation was brighter in the SWE fed birds even at as low as

5% level. Inclusion level of over dried SWE up to 15% and sun dried SWE up to

10% fetched equal net returns when compared to that of zero level inclusion.

Mathur et al. (1988) reported that silkworm pupae refined protein is

superior to that of fishmeal and beef protein in the diets.

Nandeesha et al. (1989) reported that silkworm fecal matter (pellets)

induced the best growth of silver carp than that of de-oiled silkworm pupae pellets

and fish meal pellets.

Narahari et al. (1990) fed two types of isonitrogeneous diets (23% CP)

containing 10% fish meal (control) or 7.7% silkworm pupae meal (SWPM) with

13

or without or with supplementary lysine and methionine or both to 200 Cornish x

Plymouth Rock chicken for 6 weeks. They reported that feeding of SWPM

reduced (p< 0.01) growth rate regardless of amino acid supplementation. They

observed that mortality was similar among the different groups.

Increased broiler growth performance with increasing level of dietary

silkworm pupae is supported by many previous findings (Rahman, 1990; Begum,

1992; Hossain et al., 1993; Shyma and Keshavanath, 1993; Mahata et al., 1994;

Rahman et al., 1996; Chudhary et al., 1998; Borthakur and Sharma et al., 1998).

Reddy et al. (1991) found that the incorporation of silkworm pupae meal

(SWPM) in broiler diets at 5%, replacing the half of the fish meal, significantly (P

<0.05) depressed growth rate and final body weight at 6 weeks of age. There was

also a poorer feed conversation efficiency. However, supplementation of both

0.25% common salt and additional 1% mineral mixture improved feed

conversation efficiency.

Kumar et al. (1992) fed seventy two, day-old broiler chickens for 8

weeks on starter and finisher diets, both containing 10.0% silkworm moth meal.

They registered no significant (p <0.05) difference in average body weight gain at

8 weeks between groups. They further concluded that the Silkworm moth meal

can successfully be used as an animal protein source in broiler feeds. However,

the feed conversation efficiency was poorer in chicks fed on Silkworm moth diets

than those on control diets.

According to Mishra and Das (1992), the refined protein of silkworm

pupae is superior protein for rat and fish diets over fishmeal. They also concluded

that due to presence of Vitamin B1 and B2, nicotinic acid and folic acid and it as

such formed excellent sources of protein and vitamins for livestock.

Singh et al. (1992) reported that dead Tasar silkworm pupae and moths

can be used as fish feed. Fish fed with Tasar pupa showed significant (p<0.05)

increase in body weight against the control fed with fishmeal.

14

The silkworm wastes (pupae, feces and mulberry leaves) have been used

around the world in fish feeding of Tilapia (Hossain et al., 1992), ornamental fish

(Furukawa et al., 1953) and as organic manure in carp ponds (Nandeesha et al.,

1989), rare studies are known on its use in fish ponds in Egypt (Sayed and

Mahmoud 1999, Kamal et al., 2010).

Rao (1994) reported that the lowered feed intake of birds on pupal diet is

due to bad odor of pupae meal or the presence of pupal hormone (ecdysone).

Sengupta et al. (1995) used Muga silkworm pupae meal (MSWPM) in

broiler diet and observed a highly significant (p <0.05) increase in growth rate

and higher feed conversation efficiency when the fish meal of the diet was totally

replaced by MSWPM.

Deshpande et al. (1996) studied the effect of locally available deoiled,

untreated silkworm pupae meal on layer chicks and reported that there was

reduction of intake and weight gain in diets based on 50-100% silkworm meal.

Gowda (1996) opined that the Silkworm pupae meal (SWPM) has been

proved to be successfully replacement for fish meal partially or completely in

chicks as well as in layer diets. He further reported that the presence of

unidentified growth factor in silkworm pupae lead to improved feed efficiency.

Venkatchalam et al. (1997) fed diets containing 2.5 or 5% de-tanned

Silkworm pupae meal (DTSPM) or de-oiled Silkworm pupae meal (SPM) to 10

groups of day-old broiler chicken for 7 weeks. The control diet consisted of 10%

fish meal. They reported that the live weight gain and feed conversation efficiency

were better in chickens fed on diets containing DTSPM than those on SPM and

control diet.

Khatun et al. (2003) studied the replacement of fish meal by silkworm

pupae in broiler diets and reported that the growth rate, feed conversion, livability,

meat yield and profitability increased almost linearly with increasing level of

silkworm pupae. It was concluded that a waste product of silk industry could be

15

used as a top class unconventional protein and energy feed for Poultry after proper

processing at a reasonable cost.

Sapcota et al. (2003) studied the effect of replacing fish meal with Muga

silkworm pupae meal at 50 and 100% level and reported that the Fishmeal can be

completely replaced with the SWPM of Assam origin.

Rangacharyulu et al. (2003) studied Utilization of fermented silkworm

pupae silage as feed for carps and reported that silkworm pupae has been found as

good and less expensive alternative source of protein in fish diet formulation.

Loselevich et al. (2004) reported that silkworm pupae meal constitute a

high quality replacement for fish meal in poultry with no reduction in final

weight.

Mahanta et al. (2004) studied the effect of dietary muga silkworm pupae

meal substitution at 50 and 100% replacement fishmeal on the breeding

performance of White Leghorn males. It was reported that there was detrimental

effects of muga silkworm meal on certain breeding performance indicators

(ejaculate volume, quantity and quality of spermatozoa) of male birds.

According to Konwar et al. (2008) silkworm meal replaced fish meal

without adverse effects. Enzymes supplementation of silkworm meal improved

growth performance and decreased feed intake. The best performance was

obtained with 50% silkworm pupae meal supplemented with enzymes.

Banday et al. (2009), studied the influence of feeding processed

silkworm pupae meal on the performance of broiler chicken and reported that

there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the body weight of birds fed diets

containing raw SWPM. However the body weight improved significantly

(p<0.05) in the birds fed diets containing processed silkworm pupae. Further they

reported that the production cost per kg live weight of the groups of birds fed

processed SWPM diets was comparable with those fed control diet.

Ijaiya and Eko (2009a) studied the effect of replacing dietary fish meal

16

with silkworm caterpillar (SCM) meal on growth, digestibility and economics of

production of starter broiler chickens and reported that there was increase in feed

conversion ratio with increased dietary SCM up to 50% inclusion. Generally there

were no significant (P>0.05) difference in the efficiency of feed utilization

between the treatment means. Further they reported that a higher economics

returns were observed in broiler bird fed with higher levels of SCM in the diets

and cost of intake as well as total cost per kg gain gradually declined with

increased inclusion level of SCM.

Ijaiya and Eko (2009b) while studying the replacing fish meal at 0%

(control), 25, 50, 75 and 100% inclusion levels with silkworm caterpillar meal and

reported that there was increased growth performance with increasing silkworm

caterpillar meal level in the diet up to 75%. The drop in weight at the 100%

inclusion level showed no significant (p>0.05) difference. The efficiency of feed

utilization of the birds showed no significant (p>0.05) differences by any levels of

SCM inclusion indicating that all the diets furnished adequate nutrient for growth.

Further they reported that analysis of blood parameters like blood sugar, total

protein, cholesterol, globulin, albumin, MCHC, mean corpuscular volume, mean

corpuscular hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cell, red blood cell

hemoglobin apart from blood albumin showed no significant (p>0.05) differences

among the dietary treatment means at all the inclusion levels.

Hossam et al. (2011) studied impact of poultry drops, silkworm wastes

and fresh rumen contents in Nile tilapia culture and concluded that the 60PD/feed

and 60SW/feed treatments participated the high level of the positive effect on the

water quality parameters, which produced a considerable quantity of plankton

biomass 35,230 and 29,205 org/ml of phytoplankton and 75 and 63 org/ml of

zooplankton, respectively. This was reflected with a higher growth performance

(general mean of average daily weight gain 1.22 and 1.05 g/fish/day; final body

weight 148.39 and 127.96 g/fish; general mean of specific growth rate, 4.16 and

4.03%/day and highest survival rate, 94 and 96% for both 60PD/feed and

17

60SW/feed treatment, respectively) with highly significant (P<0.05) difference

than the other treatment.

Dutta et al. (2012) studied growth of poultry chicks fed on formulated

feed containing silkworm pupae meal as protein supplement and commercial diet

and reported that waste silkworm pupae (SWP) generate vast resources of

nutrients for livestock and poultry. In the investigation, three day old chicks of

PIR strain were allocated to five dietary treatments of silkworm pupae meal and

the result showed that the silkworm powder meal (SWPM) was the cheapest and

had potential to replace the costly and contaminated fish meal as the protein

source used in poultry industry. There was no mortality recorded in any group,

early death of a few chicks was recorded due to cold winter weather of Ranchi.

Postmortal investigation did not show any pathological symptoms. This indicated

that SWP is not toxic to birds. This is also supported by the fact that there was no

toxicological effect on broiler chicks and there may be some unidentified growth

factors in SWP which have contributed to the better growth of broilers. Further

they reported that profit was significantly (p<0.05) higher as the level of dietary

SWP was increased.

Jintasataporn (2012) studied the production performance of broiler

chicken fed with silkworm Pupae and reported that 5% SWP from spining

industry and 5% SWP from reeling industry is substitution for 10% FM with little

adverse effect on broiler growth and with out any adverse effect on percentage of

muscle and sensory test. The survival rate was 100% in all the treatments.

However further supplemental silkworm pupa showed reduction in dietary

utilization and carcass muscle.

Zhang et al. (2015) studied the replacement of dietary fishmeal (FM)

protein 50, 60, 70 and 80%) with Silkworm pupae meal in juvenile Jian carp

(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) and concluded that up to 50% fishmeal protein can be

replaced with silkworm pupae meal (SP) with out any adverse effect on final body

weight and specific growth rate of fish.

18

2.3 Carcass characteristics

Horie and Watanabe (1980) studied recent advances in sericulture and

reported that there was no toxicological effect on broiler chicks. They also

reported some unidentified growth factors in silk worm pupae which have

contributed to the better growth of broilers after feeding them with silkworm

pupae (SWP).

Narahari et al. (1990) fed two types of isonitrogeneous diets (23% CP)

containing 10% fish meal (control) or 7.7% silkworm pupae meal (SWPM) with

or without or with supplementary lysine and methionine or both to 200 Cornish ×

Plymouth rock chicken for 6 weeks. A reduced dressing percentage was observed

in silkworm pupae (SWPM) groups than the control. However, the giblet yield

were similar among groups.

Sengupta et al. (1995) reported that the total replacement of fishmeal

with Mugs Silkworm pupae meal resulted in slightly higher edible carcass yield

and dressing percentage. The giblet yield did not differ significantly (p<0.05)

between control and Muga silkworm pupae meal supplemented group.

Sapcota et al. (2003) studied the effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with

Muga silkworm pupae meal (MSWPM) on the performance of broilers. They

revealed that there was no adverse effect on body weight gain. The average feed

efficiency was found to be lowest when fishmeal was completely replaced with

MSWPM.

Sheikh et al. (2005) studied the effect of dietary silkworm pupae meal on

the carcass characteristics of broilers and reported that the replacement of FM

with MSWPM did not exert any influence on the parameters like blood loss and

feather loss. It was revealed that there were no adverse effects on various carcass

qualities when the fish meal was replaced with MSWPM and concluded that the

fish meal in the diet of broilers (5% level) could be completely replaced with the

SWPM of Assam origin (Anthraea assama) with out showing any adverse effects.

19

2.4 Economics of feeding

Saikia et al. (1971) reported that the poultry mash containing silkworm

pupae SWPM was more economical than other mashes.

Sujatha and Rao (1981) replaced fishmeal of the diets on an equal weight,

iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric basis with de-oiled silkworm pupae meal and

reported that there was no significant (p<0.05) difference among treatment groups

in financial returns.

Reddy et al. (1991) observed that incorporation of silkworm pupae meal

in broiler diets at 5% replacing half of the fish meal, resulted in higher cost of

production and lower broiler farm economy index (BFEI). However,

supplementation of 2.5% common salt or additional 1% mineral mixture or both

improved feed efficiency and broiler farm economy index, resulting in 4.36%

savings in feed cost over the control and other treatment groups.

Khutun et al. (2005) also studied the effect of silkworm Pupae on the

growth and egg production performance of Rhode Island Red (RIR) Pure Line and

observed that feed cost/kg was gradually declined with the increasing dietary

levels of silkworm pupae (SWP). The efficiency by the birds receiving SWP was

better when compared to the control. The result of this study demonstrated that

cheaper SWP could be an excellent substitute for costly protein concentrate in

formulating diets for layers leading to increased profitability

Sheikh et al. (2007) studied the economy of feeding Muga silkworm

pupae meal in the diet of broilers. The conventional FM of the broilers diet was

replaced at 550.00 and 100.00% levels. It was revealed that 100% SWPM

supplemented group performed the best in terms of economy followed by 50%

supplementation and concluded that SWPM can safely replace the FM of broilers

diet up to 100% levels for profitable broiler production without any adverse

effects.

20

2.5 Nutrient digestibility

Ijaiya and Eko (2009)a studied the apparent nutrient digestibility of dry

matter (DM), crude protein (CP), either extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), ash and

nitrogen free extract (NFE) of SCM substituted diets compared with the control

diet and attributed a Significant (P < 0.05) differences in the apparent digestibility

of NFE, CF, EE and ash can be attributed to the fact that the digestibility of feed

by chicks is low at high fiber and fat content which is evident in SCM.

Ijaiya and Eko (2009b) studied that the effect of replacing dietary fish

meal with silkworm (Anaphe infracta) caterpillar meal at 25, 50, 75 and 100%

inclusion levels and reported that the crude protein digestibility was highest in

control diet. However, the digestibility of crude protein dry matter and ether

extract analysis showed no significant (p>0.05) differences among the treatment

groups.

Sheikh et al. (2010) studied the effect of feeding silkworm pupae meal on

nutrient and mineral retention in broilers. It was revealed that the nitrogen, and

calcium retention was higher in 100% silkworm pupae meal supplemented groups.

However the ether extract was higher in control group.

2.6 Blood biochemicals

Sheikh et al. (2006) reported that the supplementation of SWP in the

ration of broiler chicks has statistically shown no significant difference in serum

protein, serum cholesterol and SGOT, among the various experimental groups.

However the serum phosphorus and serum SGPT differed significantly (p<0.05)

at 5% inclusion level of SWP.

21

Chapter - 3

MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Collection and processing of material

For the present study the mulberry waste in the form of silkworm pupae

meal was obtained from Himalayan silk reeling and weaving factory Mouchu

Srinagar and silkworm excreta meal was obtained from the Temperate Sericulture

Research Institute and silkworm farmers of village Chinabal, Pattan. The test

materials were processed and stored appropriately for future use.

3.2 Feeding trials

The feeding trials were conducted to study the effect of replacing fish

meal with silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta meal on the performance of

broiler chicken during two different seasons (winter and summer) from 2nd to 6th

weeks of age.

3.3 Formulation of experimental diets

Five experimental diets were formulated as:

Diet-1 was designated as T1 which served as the control diet containing 10%

fishmeal as protein source without any test material

Diet-2 designated as T2 containing 6% fishmeal + 4% silkworm pupae meal

Diet-3 designated as T3 containing 6% fishmeal + 4% silkworm excreta meal

Diet-4 designated as T4 containing 4% fishmeal + 6% silkworm pupae meal

Diet-5 designated as T5 containing 4% fishmeal + 6% silkworm excreta meal

All the diets formulated were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. The

detailed composition of the experimental diets of starter and finisher is shown in

Table 3.1 and Table 3.2.

22

Table 3.1: Composition of experimental diets (starter diet)

S. No. Ingredients (%)

Treatments

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

1 Yellow maize 53.5 54 53 51.1 51

2 Rice polish 5.0 6.0 3.0 10 3.0

3 Soybean meal 28 27 31 26 33

4 Fish meal 10 6.0 6.0 4.0 4.0

5 Silkworm pupae meal - 4.0 - 6.0 -

6 Silkworm excreta meal - - 4.0 - 6.0

7 Vegetable oil 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.90 2.0

8 Trace minerals* 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

9 Vitamin premix** 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Total 100 100 100 100 100

*Trace minerals supplied mg/kg diet:mg300;I,0.4; Fe,56; Mn,55; Cu,4; Zinc, 60 mg.

**vitamin premix supplied per kg diet: vitamin-A,8250I.U; vitamin D-3,1200 ICU; vitamin-K, 1 mg, vitamin-E, 40 I.U; vitamin B-1,2 mg; vitamin B-2,4 mg,vitamin B-12, 10 mg, Niacin 60 mg, Pantothenic acid, 10 mg, Choline, 500 mg

23

Table 3.2: Composition of experimental diets (finisher diet)

S. No. Ingredients (%)

Treatments

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

1 Yellow maize 58 58 56 56 55

2 Rice polish 4.0 6.0 2.0 9 3.0

3 Soybean meal 24 22.5 28 22 28.5

4 Fish meal 10 6.0 6.0 4.0 4.0

5 Silkworm pupae meal - 4.0 - 6.0 -

6 Silkworm excreta meal - - 4.0 - 6.0

7 Vegetable oil 3 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.2

8 Trace minerals* 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

9 Vitamin premix** 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Total 100 100 100 100 100

*Trace minerals supplied mg/kg diet: mg 300; I, 0.4; Fe, 56; Mn, 55; Cu, 4; Zinc,60 mg.

**Vitamin premix supplied per kg diet: vitamin-A, 8250 I.U; vitamin D-3,1200 ICU; vitamin-K, 1 mg, vitamin-E, 40 I.U; vitamin B-1, 2 mg; vitamin B-2,4 mg, vitamin B-12,10 mg, Niacin 60 mg, Pantothenic acid, 10 mg, Choline, 500 mg

24


The percentage crude protein, ether extract, total ash, crude fiber content

of the silkworm pupae, excreta and treatment diets were determined as per

standard procedure of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2005).

Calcium and phosphorus were estimated by Talapatra method (1948). A brief

description of the methods is given below.

3.4.1 Dry matter

Ground samples of known quantity were taken in pre-weighed moisture

cups and kept overnight in a hot air oven at 100±2oC. Dried samples were

weighed and dry matter was calculated as follows:

Dry matter (%) = a × 100

b Where, a = weight of the sample after oven drying

b = fresh weight of the sample

3.4.2 Crude protein

A known quantity of feed sample was weighed and quantitatively

transferred into 500 ml Kjeldahl flask and 50 ml sulphuric acid (commercial

grade) was added to it. Content of flask were digested slowly with moderate

heating in the presence of digestion mixture containing potassium sulphate and

copper sulphate in the ratio of 9:1, respectively. After complete digestion, when

the sample became clear, the flask was allowed to cool and about 50 ml of water

was poured along the neck of the flask. The content was then shaken and

transferred quantitatively into a standard 250 ml volumetric flask by giving

several washing to flask with small amount of water and finally the volume was

made upto 250 ml. Suitable (10 ml) aliquot was taken in micro Kjeldahl

distillation assembly. Sodium hydroxide (40%) was added in excess and the

content was heated. The liberated ammonia was trapped in 2 per cent boric acid

solution containing Tashiro’s indicator (Mixture of 0.1% Methyl red + 0.1%

25

Bromocresol green) and titrated against standard 0.1N sulphuric acid solution.

Besides, a blank was also run. The value of blank was subtracted from the

sample’s reading. The CP content was determined by the following formula :

Crude protein (%) = Vol. of N/10 H2SO4 × 250 × 0.0014 × 6.25

× 100 Aliquot taken × Weight of sample on dry matter basis

3.4.3 Estimation of True protein (trichloroacetic acid perceptible nitrogen) (TCA-N)

True protein was estimated as per the method of Cline et al. (1958). 2 g

of silkworm excreta and pupae were separately mixed with 5 ml of 50% (w/v)

trichloroacetic acid (final concentration of acid was 10%) and the mixture was

allowed to stand for 18-24 hours for precipitation of true protein (TCA-N). Then

the mixture was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was

siphoned off and the precipitate was washed with 10 ml of 10% trichloroacetic

acid solution and again centrifuged as before. Precipitate was transferred to

digestion tube and digested with 10-15 ml of con. H2SO4 in presence of 5-6 g of

digestion mixture. Then the digested sample was dissolved in distilled water and

transferred to 250 ml capacity volumetric flask. The aliquot was distilled and

titrated as per the procedure and formula as described for estimation of total-N.

TCA-N was calculated as follows:

TCA-N (g/100 ml SRL) =

Vol. of H2SO4 × Normality × 0.014 × Total Volume of aliquot × 100

Vol. of aliquot used for distillation × weight of sample used for precipitation

3.4.4 Ether extract

A known quantity of ground sample was taken in the thimble

(Whatman’s filter paper) and extracted for 6-8 hr with petroleum ether (B.P. 40-

60ºC) in Soxhlet extraction apparatus. After the extraction, the thimble was taken

out and the remaining petroleum ether was recovered. The oil flask with extracted

material and thimble were dried at 100±2oC in hot air oven to a constant weight.

26

The ether extract was estimated as the difference in the weight of oil flask with

and without oil and also as the weight loss of sample in the thimble due to

extraction. The average of both these values was taken as ether extract content of

the sample.

Ether extract (%) = Weight of the ether extract

× 100 Weight of the sample on dry matter basis

3.4.5 Crude fiber

A known quantity of fat free sample was transferred to a spoutless beaker

to which 175 ml of distilled water followed by 25 ml of 10 per cent (w/v) H2SO4

were added. This was refluxed for 30 min., filtered through a muslin cloth and

washed repeatedly with hot distilled water. The washed residue was transferred to

a spoutless beaker with the help of a jet of distilled water. To this were added 175

ml of distilled water and 25 ml of 10 per cent (w/v) NaOH solution. This was

refluxed for 30 min. and filtered through a preweighed gooch crucible under

vacuum. The crucibles were dried overnight at 100 oC and weighed. The residue

in gooch crucibles was ashed at 550-600 oC for 3 h. The loss in weight due to

ashing was crude fiber and was expressed on dry matter basis.

Calculation:

Crude fibre (%) = W2 - W3 × 100

W1

Where,

W1 = Weight of sample

W2 = Weight of crucible plus dry residue

W3 = Weight of crucible plus total ash

3.4.6 Total Ash

A known quantity of ground sample was taken in a pre-weighed silica

basin and charred over the heater to make it smoke free. The crucible along with

27

the sample was ignited at 600 oC for 3 hrs in muffle furnace. When muffle furnace

was slightly cooled, the crucible with ash was taken out, kept in desiccator to cool

down, and weighed to a constant weight. The difference between the weights of

silica basin as empty and with ash was the amount of total ash. The per cent ash

was calculated from the following formula. :

Total ash (%) = Weight of ash × 100

Weight of sample on dry matter basis

3.4.7 Calcium

10 ml of hydrochloric acid extract was taken in a 100 ml beaker and 2-3

drops of methyl red indicator was added to it. It was heated to boiling, cooled and

then 10 ml of saturated ammonium oxalate solution was added slowly with

constant stirring until the precipitate was coarsely granular. Again, the contents

were heated until boiling, cooled and ammonium hydroxide (1:4) was added until

the color was faint pink. It was allowed to stand overnight to settle the precipitate.

Then filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 40 and the precipitate were

washed with hot water until it was free from soluble oxalates. The point of the

filter paper was broken with a glass rod and the precipitates were washed into the

beaker in which calcium was precipitated. It was dissolved in about 10ml of dilute

sulphuric acid (1:9). Heated to about 60°C and titrated against N/l0 KMnO4.

Finally, the filter paper was also added and the titration finished. (Faint pink color

persisting for at least 30 seconds indicates that the titration is complete).

Calcium (%) = ml of N/10 KMnO4 × Volume of HCl extract made × 0.00204 × 100 Weight of sample taken for ashing × Aliquot

3.4.8 Phosphorus

Pipette out 25 ml of aliquot (soluble ash solution) in a 250 ml beaker. In a

separate beaker prepare a solution by pouring together 10 ml of 20 per cent

ammonium molybdate and 10 ml of conc. HNO3 at a time. Then quickly mix this

28

solution with the aliquot and stir it by a glass rod. Keep the beaker overnight

under a bell jar for complete yellow precipitation of ammonium

phosphomolybdate. Next day filter the solution through a Whatman filter paper

No. 40 or 42. Wash the precipitate with 3 per cent potassium nitrate till it becomes

acid free. Transfer the filter paper with precipitate to the same beaker, put 1 drop

of phenolphthalein and add measured quantity (10 ml) of N/10 NaOH to dissolve

yellow precipitate which changes into pink colour. Titrate the solution against

N/10 HCL till the solution becomes colourless.

Phosphorus (%) = Vol. of N/10 NaOH × 0.0001347 × Total vol. of aliquot × 100 Vol. of aliquot taken for test × Weight of sample taken (g)

3.5 Experimental birds and management

Two hundred ten, day-old commercial broiler chicks were procured from

a reputed source in summer and winter seasons. Chicks were reared in battery

cages until 7 days of age. During this period all the birds were provided with a

pre-starter mash (23% crude protein and 2900 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy).

Birds had free access to feed and water throughout and were maintained on a

constant 24 hour light schedule. On 8th day, the chicks were individually weighed,

distributed in to five treatment groups of three replicates with fourteen chicks in

each. The body weight of chicks in different treatment groups did not differ

significantly (p<0.05). The treatment groups were as follows :

Treatment-1 : Diet comprised of control diet with 10% fishmeal as protein source without any test material

Treatment-2 : Diet comprised of diet containing 6% fishmeal + 4% SWPM

Treatment-3 : Diet comprised of diet containing 6% fishmeal + 4% SWEM



29

Chicks of each replicate were housed in a battery cages of 5′ × 2.5′

dimension from 8th to 42nd days of their age. Ad-libitum feeding and watering was

practiced during the experimental period. Birds were reared under standard

managemental conditions till the experiments got completed. All chicks were

vaccinated against Ranikhet disease on 5th day with F1 strain vaccine and IBV-95

vaccine against infectious Bursal disease on 15th day. Records of mortality, if any

were kept on daily basis in each treatment groups.

3.6 Observations recorded

The following observation were recorded during the experimental period:

3.6.1 Live body weight

The body weight of the experimental birds was recorded on individual

basis at weekly intervals.

3.6.2 Feed consumption

The feed consumption was recorded on group basis at weekly intervals

3.6.3 Feed conversion ratio

Feed conversion ratios of the experimental birds was worked out at

weekly intervals for the entire experimental period by taking into consideration

weekly feed consumption and the body weight gain by using the formula:

Feed conversion ratio = Feed consumed (kg)

Body weight gain (kg)

3.7 Carcass characteristics

At the end of feeding trial, two birds per replicate were selected at

random and utilised for carcass evaluation study. The birds were kept off fed

overnight and water was withdrawn 3-4 hours prior to slaughter. The birds were

weighed before fasting. The birds were slaughtered by the Halal method and a

bleeding time of 2 minutes was allowed. The shanks were cut off at the hock

30

region and carcass was subjected to scalding process at 60oC for 30 seconds. The

feathers were removed completely by hand picking leaving the skin intact.

Thereafter, the abdominal cavity was opened to expose the visceral organs.

Slaughter characteristics, yield of giblets and cutability characteristics were

calculated by the method used by Salahuddin et al. (2000). The following

parameters were recorded:

a) Live weight

b) De-feathered weight

c) Head weight

d) Dressing percentage

e) Shanks weight

f) Weight of giblets (liver, heart and gizzard)

Dressing percentage = Dressed weight

× 100 Preslaughter live weight

Feather yield (%) = Weight after bleeding-weight after defeathering


Total giblets yield (%) = Weight of total giblets


3.8 Mortality

Daily mortality, if any, was recorded for each treatment groups.

3.9 Performance index

Performance index (PI) was calculated by adopting the following formula

(Pande, 1998) :

P.I. = Average body weight (g) × per cent livability

× 100 Cumulative F.C.R. × No. of days of rearing

Where, F.C.R = Feed conversion ratio

31

3.10 Blood biochemistry

Routine blood biochemical studies were performed at the end of the

experimental period for ascertaining the blood biochemistry associated with the

supplementation of Silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta in broiler chicken.

Blood samples from chicks in different dietary groups were collected for

haematological study. For this purpose six birds per treatment (6×5=30) were

randomly selected for the collection of blood. The blood was collected from wing

vein of the bird in redtop tubes, and was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes.

The serum was pipetted out in small tubes which were stored under deep freeze

(at-20oC) until analysis.

The following parameters were estimated from the serum samples with

the aid of auto analyzer equipment by using respective biochemical kits.

Parameters Reference/Method

Glucose Barham and Trinder (1972)

Total protein Anino (1976)

Cholesterol Wybenga and Pileggi (1970)

SGPT Reitman and Frankel (1957)

SGOT Reitman and Frankel (1957)

Calcium Gitelman (1967)

Phosphorus Morin and Prox (1973)

3.11 Nutrient utilization

The effect of supplementation of silkworm pupae meal and silkworm

excreta meal in the diets of broiler chicken on nutrient utilization was examined in

a balance study carried out in 6-week old male broiler chicks. Six birds from each

32

of the five experimental groups were randomly selected and housed individually

in cages suitable for metabolic study. The birds were offered the same diet as were

being fed previously during feeding trial. The study lasted for seven days

including the period of collection of samples during the last three days when the

feed consumed by each bird in the respective treatment groups was recorded and

dropping voided over the same period collected quantitatively. The droppings

collected daily were free of any contamination such as down feathers and feed

particles. The collected samples were transferred the subsequent collections to

respective polybags which were stored in the deep freeze at 25oC. Excreta

samples were subsequently dried in an oven at 100oC, weighed and ground

through a 0.5 mm sieve. The samples were stored in an airtight plastic containers

until analysis. Samples of the experimental diets together with the droppings were

chemically estimated as per AOAC (2005a) for the contents of :

� Crude protein

� Ether extract

� Crude fibre

� Calcium

� Phosphorus

From the knowledge of the various ingested and exerted constituents by

each of the experimental chick, balances or retention data were derived and the

values expressed on a per cent basis either as apparent digestibility (AD) or

apparent retention (AR) of a particular constituent were calculated by the

following formula :

AD or AR = Intake (g/chick)- Outgo (g/chick)

× 100 Intake (g/chick)

33


The average cost of feed per kg live weight was calculated by taking into

consideration the market prices of feed ingredients at the time of purchase, feed

consumed and body weight gain.

The average cost of production per kg live weight in various

experimental groups were calculated by adopting the formula described by

Narahari (1996).

A. Chick cost factor (Rs) = 0.6 x cost of a day-old chick

B. Feed cost factor (Rs ) = FCR X cost of 1 kg feed

C. Miscellaneous expenditure (Rs) = Add 15% of A+B+C

D. Production cost per kg live broiler (Rs) =A+B+C

The economics of feeding SWPM and SWEM were found out by

comparing the cost of production per kg live weight of different experimental

groups with the control.

3.13 Statistical analysis

The data obtained was statistically analyzed as per Snedecor and Cochran

(1980) and was presented as Mean±S.E. The statistical tests were referenced for

p-values and any p-value less than 0.05 i.e. (p<0.05) were taken as statistically

significant. The significant differences of treatments was obtained by using

Duncan’s Multiple range test (DMRT) (Ducan, 1955). The analysis of the data

was performed by one-way ANOVA using statistical software package SPSS

version15.0 (Chicago, U.S.A) for windows.

34

Chapter - 4

EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS

4.1 Proximate analysis of silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta

The proximate composition of silkworm rearing wastes under study

silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta is given in Table 4.1. Moisture content of

silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta was 8.67 and 11.34 per cent respectively.

The crude protein content of silkworm pupae was 61.25 per cent while for

silkworm excreta it was 18.95 per cent. Ether extractable fat content of silkworm

pupae and silkworm excreta was 18.66 and 2.5 per cent respectively. The crude

fibre content of silkworm pupae was 2.5 per cent while as silkworm excreta

contained 12.5 per cent. Silkworm excreta contains higher ash contents 23.33 per

cent while it was lowest in silkworm pupae 3.33 per cent. The calcium and

phosphorus content of silkworm pupae was 0.63 and 0.83 per cent respectively.

Silkworm excreta contained calcium content of 0.56 per cent while phosphorus

content was 0.23 per cent. The true protein content of silkworm pupae was 8.05

per cent while for silkworm excreta it was 3.2 per cent.

4.2 Proximate analysis of the experimental diets

The proximate composition of experimental diets (starter and finisher) is

given in Table 4.2 and Table 4.2.1. The analysis of the feed samples revealed that

experimental diets (starter) containing 10 per cent fish meal as protein source with

out any test material were rich in crude protein, ether extract, calcium and

phosphorus while for the experimental diets (finisher) containing 4 per cent

Silkworm pupae meal were rich in crude protein, ether extract and calcium.

35

Plate-1 : Dried silkworm pupae

Plate-2 : Dried silkworm excreta

35

Table-4.1 : Proximate composition of silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta

S. No. Attributes Silkworm pupae Silkworm excreta

1 Dry matter (%) 91.33 88.66

2 Crude protein (%) 61.25 18.15

3 Ether extract (%) 18.66 2.5

4 Crude fibre (%) 2.5 12.5

5 Total ash (%) 3.33 23.33

6 Calcium (%) 0.63 0.56

7 Phosphorus (%) 0.83 0.23

8 True protein 8.05 3.20

Values represent mean of triplicate determination

36

Table-4.2 : Proximate composition of experimental diets (starter diets)

S. No.

Parameter

Treatments

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

1 Dry matter (%) 92.69 92.25 93.0 92.90 93.30

2 Crude protein (%) 22.3 21.85 21.95 22.1 21.98

3 Ether extract (%) 3.86 3.24 3.35 3.0 2.55

4 Crude fibre (%) 4.88 4.01 4.41 5.0 3.38

5 Nitrogen free extract (%)

56.65 57.41 57.4 57.8 59.39

6 Total ash (%) 5.0 5.75 5.89 5.0 6.0

7 Calcium (%) 1.22 1.04 0.80 0.99 0.87

8 Phosphorus (%) 0.91 0.49 0.30 0.42 0.35

9. Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)*

2858.37 2822.62 2833.74 2825.91 2840.99

* Calculated value


37

Table-4.2.1 : Proximate composition of experimental diets (finisher diets)

S. No.

Parameter

Treatments

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

1 Dry matter (%) 95.30 94.90 96.0 94.0 95.61

2 Crude protein (%) 20.98 21.35 20.80 21.11 20.85

3 Ether extract (%) 2.97 3.0 2.63 2.99 2.24

4 Crude fibre (%) 5.0 4.95 5.50 4.33 5.10

5 Nitrogen free extract (%)

61.45 60.6 61.93 60.57 62.42

6 Total ash (%) 4.90 5.0 5.14 5.0 5.10

7 Calcium (%) 1.0 1.12 0.98 1.0 1.09

8 Phosphorus (%) 0.46 0.45 0.41 0.45 0.45

9. Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)*

2907.38 2893.46 2891.73 2883.82 2880.61

* Calculated value


38

4.3 Body weight

The results of weekly live body weight along with their standard errors

for broiler chicken of different dietary treatments in trial-1 conducted during

summer season have been summarized in Table 4.3 and depicted in Fig. 1 and

those of Trial-2 conducted during winter season have been presented in Table-

4.3.1 and depicted in Fig. 2.

The average body weight of broilers at 6 weeks of aged in different treatment

groups i.e., T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were found to be 1427.40g±2.35, 1446.26g±3.11,

1086.83g± 4.73, 1458.38g ± 5.44, 1080.80g±2.74 in trial-1 conducted during summer

season and 1382.81g±1.83, 1395.33g±1.19, 1060.46g±1.01, 1407.00g±0.74,

1035.48g±0.53 in trial-2 conducted during summer season.

Initially there was no significant (p<0.05) difference in the body weight

of chicks during both the seasons.

During summer season at the end of 2nd week the average body weight of

broiler chicken fed diet supplemented with 10% fish meal control diet (T1) showed a

significantly (p<0.05) higher body weight compared to the group of birds fed diets

supplemented with either silkworm pupae meal or silkworm excreta meal.

At the end of 3rd week the group of birds fed diet T4 (containing 6%

silkworm pupae meal) and diet T2 (diet containing 4% silkworm pupae meal)

showed the tendency of achieving higher body weight when compared with all

other treatment groups. From 3rd week onwards, all through out the experimental

period the group of birds fed T4 diet (containing 6% silkworm pupae meal)

showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in weekly body weight gain when

compared with the group of birds fed control diet (containing 10% fish meal), T3

diet (containing 4% silkworm excreta meal) and T5 diet (containing 6% silkworm

excreta meal). However, no significant difference were observed between T2 (diet

containing 4% silkworm pupae meal) and T4 (diet containing 6% silkworm pupae

meal). The average weekly body weight in the group of birds fed T3 and T5 diets

did not differ significantly from each other from 2nd week onwards, all throughout

the experimental period.

39

Table 4.3: Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Weeks

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

1 119.55±0.19 119.49±0.06 119.49±0.15 119.73±0.19 119.45±0.08

2 277.10±0.52a 272.91±0.57b 268.11±0.59c 272.88±0.14b 261.81±2.18d

3 500.00±3.28a 500.69±3.18a 453.17±1.90 b 502.78±3.53a 453.81±0.98b

4 788.77±0.72b 794.02±1.98ba 656.38±2.99c 797.71±1.82a 654.81±2.63c

5 1098.66±4.33b 1111.00±3.21a 870.35±3.81c 1117.68±2.54a 865.52±2.31c

6 1427.40±2.35c 1446.26±3.11b 1086.83±4.73d 1458.38±5.44a 1080.80±2.74d

The data is presented as mean ± S.E

Means with different superscripts on same row are significantly different (p<0.05)

35

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

T1 (Control) T2 (4%SWPM) T3 (4%SWEM) T4 (6%SWPM) T5 (6%SWEM)

Ave

rag

e b

od

y w

eig

ht (

g)

Treatments

1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5 week 6 week

Fig. 1 : Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

40

Table-4.3.1: Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in Trial-2 (winter season)

Weeks

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

1 115.35±0.09 115.33±0.06 115.31±0.05 115.42±0.03 115.32±0.02

2 265.22±0.16a 265.81±0.13b 258.03±0.04c 266.08±0.22b 257.11±0.11d

3 482.81±0.71b 484.25±0.40b 451.11±0.48c 492.00±1.04a 439.70±2.18d

4 747.83±0.41b 753.33±0.56a 640.81±1.40c 757.34±1.84a 634.48±1.62d

5 1050.46±1.90c 1061.43±1.87b 850.27±1.82d 1071.80±1.20a 845.13±0.76e

6 1382.81±1.83c 1395.33±1.19b 1060.46±1.01d 1407.00±0.74a 1035.48±0.53e

The data is presented as Mean ± S.E


40

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600


Ave

rag

e b

od

y w

eig

ht (

g)

Treatments

1 week 2 week 3 week 4 week 5 week 6 week

Fig. 2 : Average weekly body weight (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

41

The group of birds fed diet supplemented with 10% fish meal control diet (T1) showed a

significantly (p<0.05) higher body weight compared with the group of birds fed diets T3

and T5, all throughout the experimental periods.

At the end of 6th week significantly (p<0.05) higher live body weight was

recorded in the group of birds fed diet T4 followed by group of birds fed diets T2 and T1

and the lower live body weight was recorded in the group of birds fed diet T3 followed by

the group of birds fed diet T5, Similar results were observed in winter season. However,

the live body weight of broiler chicken in winter season was comparatively lower in all

treatment groups, which might be due to seasonal effect.

4.4 Body weight gain

In trial-1 conducted during summer season the results of average weekly body

weight gain as well as the total gain in body weight along with their standard errors of

broiler chicken fed diets supplemented with silkworm pupae meal and Silkworm excreta

meal have been summarized in Table 4.4 and depicted in Fig. 3 and those of trial-2

conducted during winter season are presented in Table-4.4.1 and depicted in Fig. 4.

The total gain in body weight during the experimental period conducted during

summer season were found to be 1307.85g±2.53, 1326.76g±3.16, 967.34g±4.87,

1339.65g±5.28, 961.35g± 2.72 and those of conducted during winter season were

1267.46g±1.88, 1279.100g±1.22, 945.15g±1.03, 1291.58g±0.71, 920.13g±0.54 in the

different treatment groups i.e., T1,T2,T3,T4 and T5 respectively.

During summer season initially a significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight

gain was observed in the group of chicks fed diet supplemented with 10% fish meal

control diet (T1) when compared to the group of chicks fed diets supplemented with

silkworm pupae meal or silkworm excreta meal. During the 3rd, 4th and 5th week the

group of birds fed T4 diet(containing 6% silkworm pupae meal) and T2 diet (containing

4% silkworm pupae meal) showed the tendency of achieving higher body weight gain

than all other treatment groups but differed significantly (p<0.05) from the group of

birds fed T3 diet(containing 4% silkworm excreta meal) and T5 diet(containing 6%

silkworm excreta meal).

42

Table-4.4: Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1(summer season)

Weeks

Treatment Groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4% SWPM) T3

(4% SWPM) T4

(6% SWPM) T5

(6% SWPM)

1-2 157.55±0.50d 153.42±0.63c 148.62±0.69b 153.15±0.28c 142.36±2.20a

2-3 222.90±3.79c 227.77±3.60c 185.06±2.22a 229.91±3.40c 192.00±2.79a

3-4 288.75±3.00c 293.33±1.39c 203.20±1.46a 294.93±1.71c 201.00±3.07a

4-5 309.90±4.23b 316.98±5.13b 213.98±2.43a 319.97±4.36b 210.71±1.72a

5-6 328.74±4.43b 335.26±0.49bc 216.48±2.29a 341.69±2.90c 215.28±0.67a

1-6 1307.85±2.53b 1326.76±3.16c 967.34±4.87a 1339.65±5.28d 961.35±2.72a



41

Fig. 3 : Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Bo

dy

wei

gh

t g

ain

(g

)

Treatments

1-2 week 2-3 week 3-4 week 4-5 week 5-6 week 1-7 week1-6 week

43

Table-4.4.1: Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Weeks

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4% SWPM) T3

(4% SWEM) T4

(6% SWPM) T5

(6% SWEM)

1-2 149.88±0.07b 150.47±0.13a 142.72±0.03c 150.66±0.10a 141.77±0.11d

2-3 217.59±0.55b 218.45±0.47b 193.08±0.48c 225.92±1.24a 182.58±2.16d

3-4 265.01±0.71a 269.08±0.23a 189.70±0.95c 265.34±2.71a 194.78±0.56b

4-5 302.63±1.48b 308.10±2.41b 209.45±0.44c 314.46±3.00a 210.64±0.90c

5-6 332.35±0.74a 333.90±0.73a 210.19±0.82b 335.20±1.88a 190.36±0.33c

1-6 1267.46±1.88c 1279.100±1.22b 945.15±1.03d 1291.58±0.71a 920.13±0.54e



43

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Bo

dy

wei

gh

t g

ain

(g

)

Treatments

1-2 week 2-3 week 3-4 week 4-5 week 5-6 week 1-7 week

Fig. 4 : Body weight gain (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

1-6 week

44

A significantly (p<0.05) highest body weight gain was observed in the group of

birds fed the diet (T4) supplemented with silkworm pupae meal when compared

with the group of birds fed the diets T1, T2,T3 and T5 at the end of 6th week.

The results of the total gain in body weight showed significantly (p<0.05)

higher among the group of birds fed diets supplemented with silkworm pupae

meal when compared to the group of birds fed diets supplemented with silkworm

excreta meal and 10% fish meal control diet. The treatment groups fed diets

supplemented with silkworm excreta meals i.e.,T3 and T5 showed significantly

(p<0.05) lower body weight gain when compared to all other treatment groups.

Similar results were observed in winter season. However, the live body weight

gain of broiler chicken in winter season was comparatively lower in all treatment

groups.

4.5 Feed consumption

The results of average weekly feed consumption and overall feed

consumption along with their standard errors of broiler chicken of different

dietary treatments in trial-1 (summer season) have been summarized in Table 4.5

and depicted in Fig. 5 and those of trial-2 (winter season) in Table-4.5.1 and

depicted in Fig. 6.

The average feed consumption in the group of birds fed diets T1, T2, T3,

T4 and T5 were 2454.61g±15.78, 2388.80g±10.02, 2405.10g±11.39,

2380.30g±14.61 and 2428.57g± 15.46 in trial-1 undertaken during summer season

and 2391.45g±6.51, 2338.53g±8.44, 2397.38g±18.21, 2337.89g±10.75 and

2422.52g±6.43 in trial-2 undertaken during winter respectively.

No significant (p<0.05) difference in overall fed consumption among all

the experimental groups was observed during summer season. However there was

significant (p<0.05) decrease in feed consumption in T3 group of birds fed (diet

containing 4% silkworm excreta meal) when compared all other experimental

groups on 3rd week.

45

Table-4.5: Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Weeks

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4% SWPM) T3

(4% SWEM) T4

(6% SWPM) T5

(6% SWEM)

1-2 259.22±1.38 250.60±1.57 251.19±1.19 250.47±1.33 253.57±3.57

2-3 375.22±5.24a 375.42±6.60a 349.52±5.16b 374.52±6.34a 363.10±4.28ab

3-4 504.37±8.62 497.95±8.75 502.14±7.15 496.22±9.11 500.72±9.34

4-5 587.05±14.35 571.38±8.29 584.52±11.72 568.57±7.64 587.38±12.12

5-6 728.56±6.84 693.45±24.40 717.73±3.63 689.52±23.34 723.80±6.30

1-6 2454.61±15.78 2388.80±10.02 2405.10±11.39 2380.30±14.61 2428.57±15.46



44

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500


Fee

d c

on

sum

ptio

n (g

)

Treatments


Fig. 5 : Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

1-6 week

46

Table-4.5.1: Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Weeks

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4% SWPM) T3

(4% SWEM) T4

(6% SWPM) T5

(6% SWEM)

1-2 251.12±1.90b 245.24±1.65c 245.44±0.68c 252.47±1.26ba 256.20±1.14a

2-3 368.50±0.76b 369.70±1.75b 348.64±1.33d 385.85±4.63a 356.62±1.35c

3-4 470.75±1.86b 462.27±2.08bc 504.73±5.30a 455.90±4.03c 495.55±2.68a

4-5 562.42±5.57b 564.07±2.69b 579.82±2.78a 561.25±3.54b 588.50±2.36a

5-6 738.67±2.85a 697.27±1.59c 718.75±10.39b 682.42±1.28c 725.65±1.23ba

1-6 2391.45±6.51a 2338.53±8.44b 2397.38±18.21a 2337.89±10.75b 2422.52±6.43a



46

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500


Fee

d c

on

sum

ptio

n (g

)

Treatments


Fig. 6 : Feed consumption (g) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

1-6 week

47

The feed consumption was higher in T1 control diet (containing 10% fish

meal) followed by T5 diet (containing 6% silkworm excreta meal) and T3 diet

(containing 4% silkworm excreta meal) and was lower in T4 diet (containing 6%

silkworm pupae meal) followed by T2 diet (containing 4% silkworm pupae meal)

throughout the experimental period.

A significant effect (p<0.05) on feed intake was observed between the

experimental groups throughout the experimental period during winter season.

However,the group of birds fed diets supplemented with silkworm excreta do no

differ significantly (p<0.05) when compared with the control group.

In both the trials, the groups of birds fed diets supplemented with 4%

and 6% Silkworm pupae meal showed the lower feed consumption when

compared to all other treatment groups.

4.6 Feed conversion ratio

The results of average weekly feed conversion ratio and overall feed

conversion ratio (FCR) along with their standard errors in broiler chicken fed

different dietary treatments in trial 1 (summer season)have been summarized in

Table 4.6 and depicted in Fig. 7 and those of trial-2 (winter season) in Table-


The average feed conversion ratio observed in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5

group was 1.88±0.01, 1.80±0.01, 2.49±0.02, 1.78±0.01, 2.53±0.01, in trial-

1conducted during summer season and 1.89±0.00, 1.83±0.00, 2.54±0.02,

1.81±0.01, and 2.63±0.01 in trial -2 conducted during winter season respectively.

The group of birds fed T3 and T5 diet (containing 4% and 6%

Silkworm excreta meal respectively) showed significantly (p<0.05) lower feed

conversation ratio almost throughout the experimental period in both the trials

when compared with control and other experimental groups.

In trial-1 conducted during summer season the group of birds fed diet T2

(containing 4% silkworm pupae meal) and T4 diet (containing 6% silkworm pupae

48

meal) do not differ significantly (p<0.05) when compared with T1 control

diet(containing 10% fish meal). However, the group of birds fed T4 diet

(containing 6% silkworm pupae meal) differed significantly (p<0.05) almost

through out the experimental period when compared with control group of birds

during winter season. The group of birds fed T2 diet(containing 4% silkworm

pupae meal) also differed significantly (p<0.05) at 4th and 6th week of age when

compared with the group of birds fed control diet. In both the trials the group of

broilers T4 (diet containing 6% silkworm pupae meal) showed better feed

conversation efficiency followed by T2 (diet containing 4% silkworm pupae meal)

and T1 (control diet containing 10% fish meal) and the lowest feed conversion

ratio was recorded in T5 (diet containing 6% silkworm Excreta meal) followed by

T3 (diet containing 4% silkworm excreta meal) respectively.

In both the trials the group of birds fed T4 diet (containing 6% silkworm

pupae meal) showed better feed conversation efficiency followed by T2 diet

(containing 4% silkworm pupae meal) and T1 control diet (containing 10% fish

meal) and the poorest feed conversion ratio was recorded in the group of birds T5

diet (containing 6% silkworm excreta meal) followed by T3 diet (containing 4%

silkworm excreta meal) respectively.

49

Table-4.6: Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Weeks

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

1-2 1.64±0.00ab 1.63±0.01a 1.69±0.00b 1.63±0.01a 1.78±0.03c

2-3 1.68±0.01a 1.65±0.01a 1.89±0.03b 1.63±0.02a 1.89±0.04b

3-4 1.75±0.01a 1.70±0.02a 2.47±0.05b 1.68±0.02a 2.49±0.03b

4-5 1.89±0.02a 1.80±0.00a 2.73±0.08b 1.78±0.00a 2.79±0.06b

5-6 2.21±0.02b 2.06±0.07ab 3.32±0.02c 2.01±0.08a 3.36±0.04c

1-7 1.88±0.01a 1.80±0.01a 2.49±0.02b 1.78±0.01a 2.53±0.01b


Means within different superscripts on same row are significantly different (p<0.05)

47

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5


Fee

d c

on

sum

ptio

n r

atio

(F

CR

)

Treatments


Fig. 7 : Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

1-6 week

50

Table-4.6.1: Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Weeks

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

1-2 1.67±0.01a 1.63±0.01a 1.72±0.00b 1.67±0.01a 1.81±0.01c

2-3 1.70±0.00a 1.69±0.01a 1.80±0.00b 1.71±0.02a 1.95±0.02c

3-4 1.78±0.01b 1.72±0.01a 2.66±0.02c 1.72±0.02a 2.54±0.02c

4-5 1.86±0.01b 1.83±0.01b 2.77±0.01c 1.78±0.01a 2.79±0.02c

5-6 2.22±0.00b 2.09±0.01a 3.42±0.06c 2.03±0.01a 3.81±0.01c

1-7 1.89±0.00b 1.83±0.00a 2.54±0.02c 1.81±0.01a 2.63±0.01d



50

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4


Fee

d c

on

sum

ptio

n r

atio

(F

CR

)

Treatments


Fig. 8 : Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

1-6 week

51

4.7 Mortality

There was no mortality during the experimental periods in any of the

treatments.

4.8 Performance index

The performance index (PI) of Broiler chicken under different

experimental groups in both the trials conducted during summer season and

winter season have been presented in Table 4.7 and depicted in Fig. 9.

The performance index were found to be 180.77, 191.30, 103.92, 195.07,

101.71 and 174.20, 181.54, 99.40, 185.08, 93.74 for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 in trial-1

(summer season) and trial-2 (winter season) respectively.

In both the trials conducted during summer and winter season, the

performance index of T4 group of birds fed diet supplemented with 6% silkworm

pupae meal was apparently highest followed by T2 group of birds than all other

treatment groups.

Table 4.7: Performance index (PI) of broilers under different experimental groups

Treatments Trial-1 (summer season) Trial-2 (winter season)

Performance Index Performance Index

T1 180.77 174.20

T2 191.30 181.54

T3 103.92 99.40

T4 195.07 185.08

T5 101.71 93.74

51

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Per

form

ance

ind

ex

T1 (Control) T2 (4% SWPM) T3 (4% SWEM) T4 (6% SWPM) T5 (6% SWEM)

Treatments

Trial-1 (summer season) Trial-2 (winter season)

Fig. 9 : Performance index (PI) of broilers under different experimental groups

52

4.9 Blood biochemical studies

The results pertaining to serum protein g/dl, calcium mg/dl, glucose

mg/dl, cholesterol mg/dl, SGOT U/L, SGPT U/L in broiler chicken along with

their standard errors fed different dietary treatments in trial-1 (summer season)

have been summarized in Table 4.8 and depicted in Fig.10 and those of in trial-2

(winter season) in Table-4.8.1 and depicted in Fig.11.

4.9.1 Protein

The serum protein level among different treatment groups were

4.42±0.10, 4.64±0.04, 3.90±0.1, 4.25±0.04, 3.55±0.14 and 4.33±0.13 mg/dl;

4.56±0.12, 3.94±0.16, 4.36±0.10, 3.60±0.14 mg/dl in trial-1 (summer season) and

trial-2 (winter season) respectively.

The mean value of protein was found to be significantly (p<0.05)

reduced in the group of birds fed T3 diet (containing 4% silkworm excreta meal)

and T5 diet (containing 6% silkworm excreta meal) when compared to all other

experimental groups. However, there was no significant difference among the

group of birds fed T2 diet (containing 4% silkworm pupae meal) and T4 diet

(containing 6% silkworm pupae meal) when compared with T1 control diet

(containing 10% fish meal) in trial-1 (summer season). Similar results were

recorded in trial-2 (winter season) also except the group of birds fed T3 diet

(containing 4% silkworm excreta meal) and T1 control diet (containing 10% fish

meal) which do not differed significant (p<0.05) each other.

4.9.2 Glucose

The serum glucose levels in different treatment groups were

106.17±3.73, 106.17±4.19, 97.00±0.44, 100.00±2.17, 98.83±2.44 and 106.17±

3.73 mg/dl; 106.17±4.19, 97.00±0.44, 100.00±2.17, 98.83±2.44 mg/dl in trial-1


In trial-1 (summer season) the serum glucose was significantly (p<0.05)

reduced in dietary treatment group T3and T5 containing silkworm excreta meal

53

when compared with T1 control group of birds. However T3 and T5 do not differ

(p<0.05) significantly from each other and also with the group of birds fed diets

T2 (containing 4% silkworm pupae meal) and T4 (containing 6% silkworm pupae

meal). The serum glucose level for the dietary treatment T2 and T4 do not differ

(p<0.05) significantly from the group of birds fed diet T1 control group

(containing 10% fishmeal). However, in trial-2 (winter season) the serum glucose

level of all the treatment groups did not differed significantly (p<0.05) each other.

4.9.3 Cholesterol

Values for the serum cholesterol levels in different treatment groups were

269.67±10.75, 282.67±13.21, 253.17±10.06, 286.83±18.32, 260.83±9.52 and

268.50±11.53 mg/dl; 279.00±9.75, 257.50±8.87, 285.83±17.76, 263.83±8.54

mg/dl in trial-1 (summer season) and trial-2 (winter season) respectively.

In both trial-1 (summer season) and trial-2 (winter seasons) statistical

analysis showed no significant (p<0.05) difference among the various treatment

groups in the serum cholesterol levels.

4.9.4 Calcium

The serum calcium level in different treatment groups were 9.15±0.19,

9.15±0.26, 8.70±0.08, 9.10±0.16, 8.43±0.08 mg/dl and 9.07±0.17, 9.10±0.16,

8.62±0.14, 8.95±0.13, 8.32±0.13 mg/dl in trial-1 (summer season) and trial-2

(winter season) respectively.

In both the trials, conducted during summer and winter season the mean

value of calcium significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the group of bird fed T5 diet

which was supplemented with 6% silkworm excreta meal when compared to

T1,T2 and T4 group of birds. However, the group of birds fed T5 diet did not differ

(p<0.05) significantly with the group of birds fed T3 diet. There was no

significant (p<0.05) difference among the group of birds fed diets T1,T2 and T4.

54

Table- 4.8 : Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial 1 (summer season)

Parameters

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

Protein (mg/dl)

4.42±0.10ab 4.64±0.04a 3.90±0.10c 4.25±0.04b 3.55±0.14d

Glucose (mg/dl)

105.83±3.00a 104.00±3.78ab 97.00±0.73b 101.17±1.60ab 97.00±2.74b

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

269.67±10.75 282.67±13.21 253.17±10.06 286.83±18.32 260.83±9.52

Calcium (mg/dl)

9.15±0.19a 9.15±0.26a 8.70±0.08ab 9.10±0.16a 8.43±0.08b

Phosphorus (mg/dl)

6.32±0.21a 6.60±0.15a 4.95±0.35b 6.34±0.30a 5.84±0.49ab

SGOT (U/L) 17.94±0.94bc 17.25±0.93c 22.29±1.50a 18.36±1.01bc 20.51±0.54a

SGPT (U/L) 11.77±1.19b 17.91±2.83a 16.34±0.90ab 17.60±1.52a 17.92±0.52a



52

0

50

100

150

200

250

300S

erum

const

ituen

ts


Treatments

Protein (mg/dl) Glucose (mg/dl) Cholesterol (mg/dl) Calcium (mg/dl)

Phosphorus (mg/dl) SGOT (U/L) SGPT (U/L)

Fig. 10 : Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer

season)

55

Table-4.8.1: Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Parameters

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

Protein (mg/dl)

4.33±0.13ab 4.56±0.12a 3.94±0.16bc 4.36±0.10a 3.60±0.14c

Glucose (mg/dl)

106.17±3.73 106.17±4.19 97.00±0.44 100.00±2.17 98.83±2.44

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

268.50±11.53 279.00±9.75 257.50±8.87 285.83±17.76 263.83±8.54

Calcium (mg/dl)

9.07±0.17a 9.10±0.16a 8.62±0.14bc 8.95±0.13ab 8.32±0.13c

Phosphorus (mg/dl)

6.33±0.20a 6.70±0.15a 5.09±0.32b 6.41±0.33a 5.79±0.50ab

SGOT (U/L) 17.91±0.95b 17.25±0.91b 22.36±1.57a 18.11±0.98b 20.38±0.50ab

SGPT (U/L) 11.73±1.18b 17.86±2.80a 16.07±0.100ab 17.68±1.48a 17.90±0.52a



55

0

50

100

150

200

250

300S

eru

m c

on

stit

uen

ts


Treatments

Protein (mg/dl) Glucose (mg/dl) Cholesterol (mg/dl) Calcium (mg/dl)

Phosphorus (mg/dl) SGOT (U/L) SGPT (U/L)

Fig. 11 : Average level of some serum constituents of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter

season

56

4.9.5 Phosphorus

The serum phosphorus level were 6.32±0.21, 6.60±0.15, 4.95±0.35,

6.34±0.30, 5.84±0.49 mg/dl and 6.33±0.20, 6.70±0.15, 5.09±0.32, 6.41±0.33,

5.79±0.50 mg/dl in trial-1(summer season) and trial-2 (winter season)

respectively.

In both the trials, conducted during summer and winter season the mean

value of phosphorus was found to be significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the group

of birds fed diet T3 (supplemented with 4% Silkworm excreta meal) when

compared to the group of birds fed T1, T2 and T4 diets. However, the group of

birds fed T3 diet do not differ (p<0.05) significantly with the group of birds fed T5

diet. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference among the T1, T2, T4 and T5

treatment groups of birds.

4.9.6 SGOT

The average serum SGOT level for various experimental groups were

found to be 17.94±0.94, 17.25±0.93, 22.29±1.50, 18.36±1.01, 20.51±0.5 U/L and

17.91±0.95, 17.25±0.91, 22.36±1.57, 18.11±0.98, 20.38±0.50 U/L in trial-

1(summer season) and trial-2 (winter season)respectively.

The serum SGOT level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in dietary

treatment groups fed T3 and T5 diets containing Silkworm excreta meal when

compared to all other treatment group. The serum SGOT level in the group of

birds fed T2, and T4 diets did not differ (p<0.05) significantly from T1 control

group of birds in trial-1 (summer season). Similar results were also recorded in

trial-2 (winter season).

4.9.7 SGPT

The average serum SGPT level for various experimental groups were

found to be11.73±1.18, 17.86±2.80, 16.07±0.100, 17.68±1.48, 17.90±0.52 U/L

and 11.77±1.19, 17.91±2.83, 16.34±0.90, 17.60±1.52, 17.92±0.52 U/L in trial-1


57

During both the seasons i.e. (summer and winter) the mean values of

serum SGPT were found to be significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the T1 (control

diet containing 10% fish meal) when compared to the group of birds fed 4% and

6% silkworm pupae meal and 6% silkworm excreta meal. However the groups of

birds fed T3 diet (containing silkworm excreta meal) do not differ from T1 control

group of birds (containing 10% fishmeal) in both trial-1 (summer season) and

trial-2 (winter season).

4.10 Carcass and slaughter characters

The results of slaughter and yield characteristics along with their standard

errors in trial-1(summer season) have been summarized in Table 4.9 and depicted

in Fig. 12. Similarly the results of slaughter and yield characteristics along with

their standard errors in trial-2 (winter season) have been summarized in Table


4.10.1 Dressing percentage

The dressing percentage of broiler chicken in various experimental

groups ranged between 68.91±0.73 and 73.48±0.86 in trial-1 (summer season) and

between 68.89±0.94 and 74.11±0.93 in trial-2 (winter season). In both the trials

(summer and winter) no significant difference was observed in the dressing

percentage of broiler chicken fed diets supplemented with silkworm pupae meal

or silkworm excreta meal when compared to the group of birds fed T1 control

diet(containing 10% fishmeal). However, the group of birds fed T2 diet

(containing 4% silkworm pupae meal) differ significantly(p<0.05) with the group

of birds fed diets supplemented with silkworm excreta meal.

4.10.2 Yield characteristics

The percentage of blood in the group of birds fed the diets T1, T2, T3, T4

and T5 were found to be 4.46±0.07, 4.71±0.05, 3.56±0.07, 4.87±0.05, 3.75±0.04

and 3.75±0.04, 4.69±0.03, 3.66±0.08, 4.79±0.06, 3.81±0.05 in trial-1(summer

season) and trial-2 (winter season) respectively. The blood percentage of group of

58

Table-4.9: Slaughter and yield characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Parameter

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4% SWPM) T3

(4% SWEM) T4

(6% SWPM) T5

(6% SWEM)

Dressing (%) 70.73±1.14ab 73.48±0.86a 69.03±0.53b 71.32±1.89ab 68.91±0.73b

Blood yield (%) 4.46±0.07b 4.71±0.05a 3.56±0.07d 4.87±0.05a 3.75±0.04c

Feather (%) 4.16±0.12 4.29±0.22 4.23±0.10 4.35±0.13 4.24±0.23

Head yield (%) 3.11±0.08b 3.21±0.17b 3.83±0.17a 3.33±0.10b 4.08±0.07a

Shanks yield (%)

4.22±0.07ab 4.41±0.10a 4.06±0.07b 4.45±0.09a 4.10±0.14b

Giblet yield (%) 5.66±0.06 5.94±0.12 5.71±0.02 5.97±0.15 5.63±0.22

Gib

let

yiel

d (%

) Heart 0.38±0.01 0.40±0.02 0.36±0.01 0.39±0.03 0.35±0.03

Liver 3.16±0.02 3.21±0.04 3.17±0.03 3.20±0.06 3.09±0.17

Gizzard 2.13±0.02b 2.32±0.09ab 2.18±0.03ab 2.38±0.10a 2.18±0.05ab



56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Yie

ld c

har

acte

rist

ics


Treatments

Dressing (%) Blood yield (%) Feather (%) Head yield (%) Shanks yield (%) Giblet yield (%)

Fig. 12 : Slaughter and yield characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer

season)

59

Table-4.9.1: Slaughter and yield characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Parameter

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

Dressing (%) 70.64±0.78ab 74.11±0.93a 69.26±0.53b 71.27±2.01ab 68.89±0.94b

Blood yield (%) 4.41±0.06b 4.69±0.03a 3.66±0.08c 4.79±0.06a 3.81±0.05c

Feather (%) 4.15±0.13 4.29±0.22 4.27±0.19 4.29±0.09 4.25±0.26

Head yield (%) 3.10±0.07b 3.16±0.17b 3.81±0.18a 3.30±0.08b 4.10±0.08a

Shanks yield (%)

3.34±0.59b 4.41±0.11a 4.02±0.05ab 4.37±0.12a 4.03±0.11ab

Giblet yield (%) 5.73±0.05 5.93±0.12 5.80±0.04 4.93±0.14 5.60±0.22

Gib

let

yiel

d (%

)

Heart 0.37±0.02 0.40±0.03 0.37±0.02 0.38±0.03 033±0.02

Liver 3.16±0.02 3.21±0.04 3.17±0.02 3.20±0.06 3.09±0.17

Gizzard 2.20±0.06 2.32±0.09 2.27±0.04 2.344±0.08 2.18±0.05



59

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Yie

ld c

har

acte

rist

ics


Treatments

Dressing (%) Blood yield (%) Feather (%) Head yield (%) Shanks yield (%) Giblet yield (%)

Fig. 13 : Slaughter and yield characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter

season)

60

birds feed either 4 and 6% silkworm pupae or silkworm excreta meal differed

(p<0.05) significantly from T1 (control diet containing 10% Fish meal). In both

the trials conducted during summer and winter season. The SWP supplemented

group of birds showed significantly (p<0.05) higher blood yield and the SWE

supplemented groups showed significantly (p<0.05) lower blood yield.

The percentage of feather ranged between 4.16±0.12 and 4.35±0.13 in

trial-1 (summer season) and between 4.15±0.13 and 4.29±0.22 in trial-2 (winter

season). However this difference in feather percentage was non-significant among

the treatment groups.

In trial-1(summer season) there was no significant difference on head and

shanks yield percentage among T1 (control), T2 and T4 group of birds. However

T3 and T4 group of birds differ significantly when compared to control.

In trial-2 (winter season) the T2 (diet containing 4% silkworm pupae

meal) andT4 (diet containing 6% silkworm pupae meal) differ significantly from

T1 (control). However T3 (diet containing 4% silkworm excreta meal and T5 (diet

containing 6% silkworm excreta meal) do no differ significantly when compared

with T1 (control diet containing 10% fish meal).

The giblet (liver, gizzard and heart) yields percentage were found to be

5.66g±0.06, 5.94g±0.12, 5.71g±0.02, 5.97g±0.15, and 5.63g±0.22 in trial-

1conducted during summer season and 5.73g±0.05, 5.93g±0.12, 5.80g±0.04,

4.93g±0.14 and 5.60g±0.22 in trial-2 conducted during winter season

respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant (p<0.05) difference in

giblet yield or in any of the component of giblets among different treatment

groups of birds in trial-2 (winter season). Similar results have been recorded in

trial-1 (summer season) except in gizzard yield percentage of T4 group of birds

which was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher when compared to the control

group T1. However the Silkworm pupae meal supplemented groups were found to

have comparatively higher giblet yields than the control counter part.

4.10.3 Cut ability characteristics

The results of cut ability characteristics with their standard errors of

61

broiler chicken of different dietary treatments in trial-1 (summer season) have

been summarized in Table 4.10 and depicted in Fig. 14 and those of trial-2 (winter

season) in Table-4.10.1 and depicted in Fig.15.

4.10.3.1 Wings

The percentage of wings in the group of birds fed the diets T1,T2,T3,T4

and T5 were found to be 8.31±0.25, 8.71±0.15, 7.65±0.06, 8.39±0.27, 7.64±0.10

and 8.32±0.25, 8.72±0.15, 7.66±0.07, 8.27±0.25,7.65±0.11 in trial-1 (summer

season) and trial-2 (winter season) respectively.

The mean value of wings founds to be significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the

group of birds in which diets was supplemented with 4% and 6% silkworm excreta

meal, when compared with group of birds fed control diet. However, there was no

significant difference among the treatment groups T2 (diet containing 4% silkworm

pupae meal) and T4 (diet containing 6% silkworm pupae meal) when compared with

control group T1 (control diet containing 10% fish meal) in both the trials.

4.10.3.2 Breast

There was no significant effect in the per cent breast among different

treatment groups when compared with control group. However the apparent

higher breast per cent was observed in the groups supplemented with silkworm

pupae meal in both the trials.

4.10.3.3 Thighs, drumsticks, back and neck

The trials the data on per cent cut ability characteristics of (thighs,

drumsticks, back and neck) of chicken fed diets supplemented with silkworm

pupae meal and silkworm excreta meal revealed no significant effect among

different treatment groups and control group in both the trials, except in

drumsticks of trial-1 (summer season) in which the group of birds fed the T2 diet

differed (p<0.05) significantly from the groups supplemented with silkworm

excreta meal. However, the silkworm pupae meal supplemented groups was found

to have comparatively higher (thighs, drumsticks, back and neck) yield than the

other experimental groups.

62

Table-4.10: Cut ability characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Parameter

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

Wings yield (%) 8.31±0.25a 8.71±0.15a 7.65±0.06b 8.39±0.27a 7.64±0.10b

Breast yield (%) 20.46±0.31ab 20.77±0.32ab 20.32±0.14ab 20.95±0.33a 20.04±0.14b

Thighs yield (%) 10.46±0.18 10.57±0.27 10.7±0.9 10.51±0.17 10.05±0.05

Drumsticks yield (%) 10.05±0.17ab 10.43±0.21a 9.76±0.10b 10.08±0.33ab 9.76±0.15b

Back yield (%) 11.88±0.38a 12.06±0.15a 10.91±0.08a 11.50±0.29ab 10.82±0.26b

Neck yield (%) 4.86±0.16 4.97±0.07 4.57±0.15 4.87±0.13 4.85±0.20



60

0

5

10

15

20

25

Cu

t abi

lity

char

acte

rist

ics


Treatments

Wings yield (%) Breast yield (%) Thighs yield (%) Drumsticks yield (%) Back yield (%) Neck yield (%)

Fig. 14 : Cut ability characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

63

Table-4.10.1: Cut ability characteristics percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Parameter

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

Wings yield (%) 8.32±0.25a 8.72±0.15a 7.66±0.07b 8.27±0.25a 7.65±0.11b

Breast yield (%) 20.47±0.31ab 21.06±0.21a 20.41±0.15ab 20.94±0.37a 20.07±0.15b

Thighs yield (%)

10.32±0.15 10.55±0.28 10.04±0.12 10.52±0.16 10.14±0.10

Drumsticks yield (%)

10.02±0.17 10.43±0.21 9.85±0.08 10.08±0.32 9.78±0.20

Back yield (%) 10.47±1.81 12.07±0.17 10.91±0.08 11.52±0.25 9.33±1.49

Neck yield (%) 4.86±0.20 4.95±0.11 4.60±0.17 4.86±0.11 4.83±0.29



63

0

5

10

15

20

25

Cu

t abi

lity

char

acte

rist

ics


Treatments

Wings yield (%) Breast yield (%) Thighs yield (%) Drumsticks yield (%) Back yield (%) Neck yield (%)

Fig. 15 : Cut ability characteristics (%) in broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

64

4.11 Nutrient utilization of crude protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre

The results of nutrient utilization along with their standard errors in

trial-1 conducted during summer season of broiler chicken of different

experimental diets have been summarized in Table-4.11 and depicted in Fig. 16

and those of trial-2 conducted during winter season in Table 4.11.1 and depicted

in Fig. 17.

4.11.1 Crude protein

The average apparent digestibility of crude protein in the group of birds

fed the diets T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were found to be 78.26±1.02, 78.74±1.14,

73.79±1.34, 80.60±1.05 and 72.15±1.73 in trial-1 (summer season) and

77.96±0.92, 77.97±0.97, 73.49±1.51, 80.17±0.88 and 72.41±1.94 in trial-2 (winter

season) respectively.

4.11.2 Ether extract

The average apparent digestibility of ether extract of various groups

fed different experimental diets were found to be 82.39±0.34, 80.30±1.17,


82.36±0.32, 80.14±1.11, 71.33±1.61, 79.25±1.45, and 66.21±3.54 in trial-2

(winter season) respectively.

4.11.3 Calcium

The average apparent digestibility of calcium in the group of birds fed

the diets T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were found to be 80.77±0.70, 77.60±1.21,

82.04±0.69 and 77.80±1.42 In trial-1 (summer season) and 80.82±0.52,

79.93±0.64, 76.49±1.42, 81.81±0.86 and 76.91±1.25 in trial-2 (winter season)

respectively.

4.11.4 Phosphorus

The average apparent digestibility of phosphorus in different

experimental groups fed different diets were found to be 76.44±0.58, 73.52±1.04,

65

67.58±2.34, 79.17±1.04 and 67.27±2.16 in trial-1(summer season) and

76.18±0.89, 73.08±2.08, 68.15±1.87, 78.91±1.05, and 67.49±1.100 in trial-2

(winter season) respectively

4.11.5 Crude fibre

The average apparent digestibility of crude fibre in the group of birds fed

the diets T1,T2,T3,T4 and T5 were found to be 52.98±0.92, 49.04±1.97,


52.22±0.89, 48.89±1.81, 39.73±3.15, 49.68±2.81 and 40.14±3.29 in trial-2 (winter

season) respectively.

66

Table-4.11: Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Parameter

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4%SWPM) T3

(4%SWEM) T4

(6%SWPM) T5

(6%SWEM)

Crude protein 78.26±1.02a 78.74±1.14a 73.79±1.34b 80.60±1.05a 72.15±1.73b

Either extract 82.39±0.34a 80.30±1.17a 72.07±1.42b 79.15±1.05a 66.33±2.64c

Crude Fibre 52.98±0.92a 49.04±1.97a 38.07±3.19b 51.41±2.53a 38.74±3.81b

Calcium 81.57±0.40a 80.77±0.70a 77.60±1.21b 82.04±0.69a 77.80±1.42b

Phosphorus 76.44±0.58ab 73.52±1.04b 67.58±2.34c 79.17±1.04a 67.27±2.16c



64

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90N

utr

ien

t dig

esta

bili

ty (%

)


Treatments

Crude protein Either extract Calcium Phosphorus Crude fibre

Fig. 16 : Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

67

Table-4.11.1: Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter)

Parameter

Treatment groups

T1

(Control) T2

(4% SWPM) T3

(4% SWEM) T4

(6% SWPM) T5

(6% SWEM)

Crude protein 77.96±0.92a 77.97±0.97a 73.49±1.51b 80.17±0.88a 72.41±1.94b

Either extract 82.36±0.32a 80.14±1.11a 71.33±1.61b 79.25±1.45a 66.21±3.54b

Crude Fibre 52.22±0.89a 48.89±1.81a 39.73±3.15b 49.68±2.81a 40.14±3.29b

Calcium 80.82±0.52a 79.93±0.64a 76.49±1.42b 81.81±0.86a 76.91±1.25b

Phosphorus 76.18±0.89ab 73.08±2.08bc 68.15±1.87d 78.91±1.05a 67.49±1.100d



67

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90N

utr

ien

t dig

esta

bili

ty (%

)


Treatments

Crude protein Either extract Calcium Phosphorus Crude fibre

Fig. 17 : Nutrient digestibility percentage of broiler chicken fed different experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

68

In both the trials the per cent apparent digestibility of (crude protein, ether extract,

calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre) was found to be significantly (p<0.05)

reduced in the group of birds fed T3 diet (containing 4% silkworm excreta meal)

and T5 diet (containing 6% silkworm excreta meal) when compared with all other

treatment groups. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference in the group of

birds fed T2 diet (containing 4% silkworm pupae meal) and T4 diet(containing 6%

silkworm pupae meal) when compared with the control group T1. However, the

apparent digestibility of crude protein and calcium were found to be

comparatively higher in the group of birds fed T4 diet.


An exercise was undertaken to find out the cost of various experimental

diets as a part of the objectives of this study to help in assessing the profitability

of replacing fish meal with silkworm pupae meal and silkworm excreta meal at

different levels in the diets. Comparative cost of feed formulation of different

experimental diets of starter and finisher have been set out in Table 4.12 and

4.12.1 respectively.

The cost of feed per kg, feed conversation ratio, cost of feed to produce

one kg live weight and difference in the feed cost per kg live weight gain between

various experimental groups have been set out in Table- 4.12.2 and depicted in

Fig. 18 of trial-1 (summer season) and trial-2 (winter season) have been set out in

Table-4.12.3 and depicted in Fig. 19.

The average feed cost per kg for the treatment groupT1 T2 T3 T4 and T5

groups was Rs. 28.52, 25.83, 26.27, 24.31 and 24.75 respectively. The average

feed cost per kg live weight gain in T1,T2,T3,T4 and T5 groups was Rs. 53.61,

46.49, 65.41, 43.27 and 62.62 respectively in trial-1 (summer season) and 53.90,

47.27, 66.72, 44.00 and 65.09 in trial-2 (winter season) respectively. From these

observations, it is clear that the cost of feed to produce one kg live weight

decreased when 40% of fish meal was replaced with Silkworm pupae meal. The

69

feed cost per kg live weight gain was further decreased when 60% Fish meal was

replaced with silkworm pupae meal. However, the replacement of fishmeal with

40 or 60% silkworm excreta meal increased the cost of feed to produce one kg

live weight to such an extent that it was uneconomical. The feed conversation

ratio and the cost of feed to produce one kg live weight were lower in summer

season when compared with winter season.

The average cost of production per kg live weight has been presented in

Table 4.12.4 and depicted in Fig. 20 of trial-1 (summer season) and trial-2 (winter

season) have been presented in Table 4.12.5 and depicted in Fig. 21 respectively.

The average cost of production per kg live weight in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5

were calculated out to be Rs. 76.83, Rs. 68.64, Rs. 90.4, Rs. 64.94, Rs. 87.18 in

trial-1 conducted during summer season and Rs. 77.16, Rs. 69.54, Rs. 91.79, Rs.

65.78, Rs. 90.03 in trial-2 conducted during winter season respectively.

The cost of production per kg live weight of both the SWPM

supplemented groups were found to be lower when compared with all other

treatment groups. In both the trials conducted during summer and winter season. It

can be seen that T4 group (6% SWPM) performed best among all the treatment

groups.

70

Table 4.12: Comparative cost of feed formulation of different experimental diets (starter)

Ingredients Rate/kg

(Rs.)

Diet-1 Diet-2 Diet-3 Diet-4 Diet-5

kg Cost kg Cost kg Cost kg Cost kg Cost

Yellow maize 17 53.5 909.5 54 918 53 901 51.1 868.7 51 867

Rice polish 8 5.0 40 6.0 48 3.0 24 10 80 3 24

Soybean meal 28 28 784 27 756 31 868 26 728 33 924

Fish meal 70 10 700 6.0 420 6.0 420 4.0 280 4.0 280

Silkworm pupae meal 20 - - 4.0 80 - - 6.0 120 - -

Silkworm excreta meal 5 - - - - 4.0 20 - - 6.0 30

Vegetable oil 100 2.5 250 2.0 200 2.0 200 1.90 190 2.0 200

Mineral mixture 165 1.0 165 1.0 165 1.0 165 1.0 165 1.0 165

Cost/100 kg (Rs.) 2848.5 2587 2598 2431.7 2490

Cost/kg (Rs.) 28.485 25.87 25.98 24.317 24.9

71

Table 4.12.1: Comparative cost of feed formulation of different experimental diets (finisher)

Ingredients Rate/kg

(Rs.)

Diet-1 Diet-2 Diet-3 Diet-4 Diet-5

kg Cost kg Cost kg Cost kg Cost kg Cost

Yellow maize 17 58 986 58 986 56 952 56 952 55 867

Rice polish 8 4.0 32 6.0 48 2.0 16 9.0 72 3 24

Soybean meal 28 24 672 22.5 630 28 784 22 616 28.8 924

Fish meal 70 10 700 6.0 420 6.0 420 4.4 280 4.0 280

Silkworm pupae meal 20 - - 4.0 80 - - 6.0 120 - -

Silkworm excreta meal 5 - - - - 4.0 20 - - 6.0 30

Vegetable oil 100 3.0 300 2.5 250 3.0 300 2.0 200 2.2 200

Mineral mixture 165 1.0 165 1.0 165 1.0 165 1.0 165 1.0 165

Cost/100 kg (Rs.) 2855 2579 2657 2431.7 2460

Cost/kg (Rs.) 28.55 25.79 26.57 24.317 24.60

72

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Co

st o

f fee

d/k

g li

ve w

eig

ht


Treatments

Fig. 18: Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

72

Table-4.12.2: Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Parameters

Treatment groups

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Feed conversion ratio 1.88 1.80 2.49 1.78 2.53

Feed cost/kg 28.52 25.83 26.27 24.31 24.75

Cost of feed/kg live weight 53.61 46.66 65.41 43.27 62.62

Difference in feed cost/kg live weight gain compared to control

- 7.12 -11.8 10.34 -9.01

73

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Co

st o

f fee

d/k

g li

ve w

eig

ht


Treatments

Fig. 19 : Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

73

Table-4.12.3: Cost of feed per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Parameters

Treatment groups

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Feed conversion ratio 1.89 1.83 2.54 1.81 2.63

Feed cost/kg 28.52 25.83 26.27 24.31 24.75

Cost of feed/kg live weight 53.90 47.27 66.72 44.00 65.09

Difference in feed cost/kg live weight gain compared to control

- 6.63 -12.82 9.9 -11.19

74

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Pro

du

ct c

ost


Treatments

Fig. 20: Cost of production (Rs.) per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

74

Table 4.12.4: Cost of production per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-1 (summer season)

Parameters

Treatments

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Chick cost (Rs.) 22 22 22 22 22

Chick cost factor (A) = 0.6 × cost of a day-old chick

13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2

Feed cost per kg 28.52 25.83 26.27 24.31 24.75

Feed cost factor (B) = FCR × cost of 1 kg feed

53.61 46.49 65.41 43.27 62.61

Miscellaneous expenditure (C) = Add 15% of A+B

10.02 8.95 11.79 8.47 11.37

Production cost per kg live weight (Rs.) =A+B+C

76.83 68.64 90.4 64.94 87.18

75

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Pro

du

ct c

ost


Treatments

Fig. 21: Cost of production (Rs.) per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

75

Table 4.12.5: Cost of production per kg live weight of various experimental diets in trial-2 (winter season)

Parameters

Treatments

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Chick cost (Rs.) 22 22 22 22 22

Chick cost factor (A) = 0.6 × cost of a day-old chick

13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2

Feed cost per kg 28.52 25.83 26.27 24.31 24.75

Feed cost factor (B) = FCR × cost of 1 kg feed

53.90 47.27 66.62 44.0 65.09

Miscellaneous expenditure (C) = Add 15% of A+B

10.06 9.07 11.97 8.58 11.74

Production cost per kg live weight (Rs) =A+B+C

77.16 69.54 91.79 65.78 90.03

76

Chapter - 5

DISCUSSION

In this study the experiments were conducted involving broiler chicken to

evaluate the effects of replacement of conventional fishmeal in the diets of

commercial broilers with silkworm pupae meal and silkworm excreta meal 4%

and 6% levels. The results obtained were recorded on group of broilers fed with

ration containing fish meal at a concentration of 10% (T1 group) and 4% of Fish

meal with silkworm pupae meal (T2 group), 6% of fish meal by silkworm pupae

meal (t4 group), 4% of fish meal with silkworm excreta meal (t3 group) and 6%

replacement of fish meal with silkworm excreta meal (t5 group) which are

discussed as under:


The moisture content of silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta was found

to be 8.67 and 11.34 per cent, respectively. The crude protein content of Silkworm

pupae was 61.25 percent and that of silkworm excreta was 18.15 per cent. Ether

extractable fat of silkworm pupae and silkworm excreta was 18.66 and 2.5 per

cent respectively. The crude fibre content of silkworm pupae was 2.5% and while

silkworm excreta contained 12.5 per cent. The ash content of silkworm excreta

was at a higher level i.e., 18.33 per cent while as it was lowest in silkworm pupae

(3.33%). The content of calcium and phosphorus in silkworm pupae was 0.63 and

0.83 per cent, respectively. The true crude protein content of Silkworm pupae was

8.05 and while silkworm excreta contained 3.20 per cent.

The results of crude protein, crude fibre, moisture contents of silkworm

pupae are in harmony with the results of Ahamad et al. (2000) who reported that

Silkworm pupae contains 9.8% of moisture, 62.2% of crude protein, 7.6% of

crude lipid, 1.3% of crude fibre, 1.9% of digestible carbohydrate 17.2% ash.

The results of ether extract are harmony in with the results of Choudry et

al. (1990), who estimated the biochemical composition of silkworm pupae and

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found that per cent moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, total ash, calcium,

phosphorus and ether extract as 6.13, 58.40, 4.76, 4.62, 0.10, 0.46 and 21.88

respectively. The results with regards to calcium percentage are in agreement

with the findings of Sheikh et al. (2005), who reported that the silkworm pupae

contains about 12.82 of moisture, 43.16% of crude protein, 12.37% of total ash,

4.14% of acid insoluble ash, 0.70% of calcium, 0.23% of phosphorus and 25.41%

of ether extract. The results of phosphorus are corroborating with the results of

Bora and Sharma (1965). They reported that calcium and phosphorous contents in

silkworm pupae (Assam muga silkworm) as 0.26 and 0.80 per cent respectively.

The results of crude protein, crude fat, Moisture contents of Silkworm

excreta are harmony with the results of Chen Yaowang (2003) who reported that

the nutrient composition of silkworm excreta was 12.2 per cent moisture, 15.4 per

cent crude protein 2.6 per cent crude fat, 19.6 per cent crude fiber, 36.2 per cent

non-nitrogen extracts and 4.5 per cent minerals. The results of crude fibre and

Phosphorus are harmony with the results of Narayanaswamy (1986) who

estimated the proximate composition of silkworm excreta and reported that Sun

dried, dry matter 91.63, crude protein 14.46, crude fiber 12.08, ether extract 1.86,

nitrogen free extract 54.65, total ash 16.95, acid insoluble ash 6.03, calcium 2.62,

and phosphorus 0.25 and oven dried, dry matter as 92.08, crude protein 13.51,

crude fiber 13.51, ether extract 1.63, nitrogen free extract 54.65, total ash 15.65,

acid insoluble ash 5.82, calcium 2.76, and phosphorus 0.21.

Singh and Panda (1987) also reported that calcium and phosphorous

content in pupae was 0.29 and 0.58 per cent, respectively. Wijayasinghe and

Rajaguru (1977) reported that the proximate composition of silkworm pupae

contains moisture 8.50%, crude protein 63.30%, crude fibre 3.10, ash 4.50%,

nitrogen free extract 1.13%, P2O5 2.03, CaCO3 0.545. However, According to

Panda (1968) The Silkworm Pupae contain 55 per cent crude protein, 25 per cent

ether-extract and three per cent crude fiber. Majaonkar and Bjambure (1987)

reported that silkworm pupae contain 48.12 per cent protein, 34.20 per cent ether

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extract, 1.84 per cent crude fiber, 11.40 per cent nitrogen free extract and 4.44 per

cent total ash on dry matter basis. Hossam et al. (2011) reported that the chemical

analysis of silkworm excreta as 6.08 per cent moisture, 93.92 per cent dry matter,

24.67 per cent ash, 1.9 per cent either extract,18.74 per cent crude protein and

13.84 per cent crude fiber. The variation in the chemical composition of silkworm

pupae and silkworm excreta may be due to the race variation of silkworm

(Bombyx mori), the leaf of different mulberry verities used during rearing of

silkworms and also due to the difference in collection, season and methodology of

processing adopted in preparing silkworm pupae and excreta meal.

5.2 Body weight and body weight gain

The results related to the chickens fed the diets supplemented with

Silkworm pupae meal revealed that the birds attained significantly (p<0.05)

higher live body weight and body weight gain when compared with the control

group in both the trials.

The results revealed that the supplementation of Silkworm pupae meal

are in harmony with the earlier workers Wijayasinghe and Rajaguru (1977),

Venkatchalam et al. (1997), Borthakur and Sharma et al. (1998), Sujatha and Rao

(1981), Rahman (1990), Begum (1992), Singh et al. (1992), Hossain et al. (1993),

Shyma and Keshavanath (1993), Mahata et al. (1994), Sengupta et al. (1995)

Rahman et al. (1996), Chudhary et al. (1998), Sapcota et al. (2003), Khatun et al.

(2003), Loselevich et al. (2004), Dutta et al. (2012) who reported that

supplementation of Silkworm pupae in the diets of broiler chicken significantly

(p≤0.05) improved body weight and body weight gain. However, Tas (1987),

Reddy et al. (1991), Joshi et al. (1979), reported that the supplementation of

fishmeal in diets of broiler chicken significantly (p≤0.05) decreased body weight

and body weight body weight gain when compared to control group.

The improvement in live body weight and body weight gain of the

treatment groups supplemented with silkworm pupae might be due to presence of

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substantial amount of critical amino acids like lysine (5.5%) and Methionine

(3.3%) for growth in silkworm pupae meal that contributed to better growth of

broilers, due to higher retention of nitrogen (Sengupta et al., 1995). The

improvement in live body weight gain of the treatment groups supplemented with

silkworm pupae might be also due to presence of some un identified growth

factors which might accelerate the growth rate of broilers as has been reported by

Wijayasinghe and Rajaguru (1977), Horie and Watanabe (1980), Gowda (1996).

The growth stimulating effect in growing chicks might be correlated with

ecdysteroid activity (a hormone involved in metamorphosis of the pupae as has

been reported by Fagoone (1983). The improvement might also be attributed to

the composition of silkworm pupae which have high portion of protein

(approximately 60-70%). Pupae meal also contains vitamins like pyridoxal,

riboflavin, thiamine, ascorbic acid folic acid and minerals like calcium, iron and

phosphorus that makes silkworm pupae more nutritive (Koundinya et al., 2005).

The results of live body weight and body weight gain related to the

chickens fed the diets supplemented with silkworm excreta meal were

significantly (p<0.05) lower in both the trials when compared with the control

group. Similar results regarding decreased performance of broiler chicken fed

diets supplemented with silkworm excreta meal have been observed earlier by

Narayanswamy (1986). The data pertaining to the effects of silkworm excreta in

diets of broiler chicken are limited or is not published. The decreased body weight

and gain in body weight of chicken fed diets supplemented with silkworm excreta

may be due to many factors viz. low portion of protein and ether extract (18%

and 2.50) respectively as found in the present study, poor quality of protein and

deficiency in certain essential amino acids and this consequently affected protein

synthesis and hence growth rate as observed in the present study. Another reason

for decrease body weight could be due to that the silkworm excreta may be either

completely or partially deficient in vitamin-B12. The vitamin-B12 is involved in

the synthesis of red blood cells, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Methionine as

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well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism Cobs (1992). Consequently, lack of this

vitamin in silkworm excreta supplemented diets could have been a contributory

factor to the reduced growth rate of the birds fed on this diet. The decreased

growth rate may also be due to the presence of uric acid in silkworm excreta. The

mechanism of enteric utilization of uric acid is not known. However, Bare et al.

(1963) reported that uric acid is an insoluble waste product and as it attained high

levels in the intestinal tract, when ingested by the chicks, may have acted as an

irritant and interfered with the normal digesta kinetics and might have also altered

the gut activity.

5.3 Feed consumption

The cumulative feed consumption do not differ significantly in the group

of birds fed with silkworm pupae in trial-1 summer when compared with the

group of birds fed control diet. This indicated that the palatability of the control

diet containing usual level of protein are similar with that of the diets

supplemented with silkworm pupae meal. Similar findings related to the use of

silkworm pupae meal in the diets of broiler chicken were made by Joshi et al.

(1980) and Sujatha and Rao (1981), Sapcota et al. (2003), Khatun et al (2003),

Banday et al. (2009). However, Rao (1994) reported lower feed intake in ration

containing Silkworm pupae meal which might be due to presence of off Smell of

Silkworm pupae meal or pupal hormone ecdyosne. In the present study there was

decrease in feed intake but the differences were non significant. However, in trial-

2 (winter season) the difference was significant but the feed intake was lower in

treatment groups fed with Silkworm pupae meal as recorded in trial-1 (summer

season). In the present study the feed intake decreased and efficiency of feed

conversation increased. Similar findings have been recorded earlier by Dutta et al.

(2012) and Khatun et al. (2013).

In both the trials the cumulative feed consumption did not differ

significantly in the treatment diets fed with silkworm excreta meal when

compared with the group of chicks fed control diet. However the feed

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consumption was more in trial-2 (winter season). These results are in agreement

with the results of Narayanswamy (1986) who reported that increased level of

silkworm excreta in the diet increases feed consumption in broilers. The equal or

higher feed consumption in the diets supplemented with Silkworm pupae might be

also due to the grain size of the silkworm excreta suitable for broiler feeding.

5.4 Feed conversation ratio

The overall feed conversation ratio did not differ significantly in the

treatment group diets fed with silkworm pupae meal when compared with the

group of chicks fed control diet in trial-1 (summer season) but in trial-2 (winter

season) the feed Conversation ratio was significantly (p<0.05) improved in the

diets fed with silkworm pupae meal when compared with the group of chicks fed

control diet. However, in both the trials the feed conversion ratio was better in the

diets supplemented with silkworm pupae meal. It is evident from the result that

there is no adverse effect of silkworm pupae meal up to the inclusion level of 6%.

Improvement in feed conversation of broilers fed diets with silkworm pupae meal

in the current study coincide with the findings of Reddy et al. (1991), Hossain et

al. (1993), Choudhury et al. (1998) and Venkatchalam et al. (1997). However,

Joshi et al. (1979), Virk et al. (1980), Tas et al. (1985) and Reddy et al. (1991)

observed inferior feed conversation efficiency in broilers when ration contained

SWPM. This might be due to the quality of chicks utilized by them and due to

environmental variations.

The feed conversation ratio was significantly (p<0.05) inferior in the

group of birds fed diets with silkworm excreta meal when compared with the all

other treatment groups during both the seasons. Similar findings were observed by

Narayanswamy (1986) who reported that increasing level of inclusion of SWE in

the diets of broiler chicken increased the feed consumption with concomitant

reduction in body weight. The low FCR in dietary treatment supplemented with

Silkworm pupae meal could be attributed to the presence of some anti-nutritional

factors like uric acid etc, as this substance attains high levels in the intestinal tract

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which may have acted as an irritant and interfered with the passage of nutrients

through the gut wall Bare et al. (1963) and also due to amount of the various

nutrients required for proper growth, particularly amino-acids like Lysine and

Methionine.

5.5 Mortality

In the present study no mortality recorded in any group during the

experimental periods and zero per cent mortality is supported by earlier findings

of Jintasatapora (2012) who reported that survival rate of birds was 100% in all

the treatment groups supplemented with SWPM at, 25, 50, 75 and 100% inclusion

level. Saikia et al. (1971) also reported lowest mortality in chicks in SWPM

supplemented groups than control. Sengupta et al. (1995) and Das and Saikia

(1972) also reported that mortality did no increase with SWP. It is evident from

the present study that silkworm pupae or excreta are not toxic to birds. Absence of

any kind of toxicity due to inclusion of silkworm by products is also supported by

normal blood biochemical levels in all treatment groups. This is also supported by

the fact that there was no toxicological effect on broiler chicks and there may be

some unidentified growth factors in SWP have contributed to the better health and

growth of broilers (Horie and Watanabe, 1980). Authentic data in this regard is

not available in case of silkworm excreta meal. However, Hossam et al. (2011)

reported 96% survival in Nile tilapia culture when ponds supplemented with

silkworm excreta meal at the rate of 50 g/m3/ week.

5.6 Blood biochemical studies

Non-significant effect on serum protein, calcium, phosphorus, glucose,

cholesterol and SGOT levels in the group of chicks fed diets supplemented with

silkworm pupae meal when compared with the group of chicks fed control diet

was observed in both the trials conducted during summer and winter season.

These results corroborate well with the earlier reports of Sheikh (2006)

who found no significant difference in serum protein, calcium, phosphorus,

83

glucose, cholesterol, and SGOT of broilers fed varying levels of silkworm pupae

meal. However, he reported that the supplementation of fishmeal in diets of

broiler chicken significantly (p<0.05) decreased the phosphorus level at 10%

inclusion level when compared to control group.

These results also coincided with the results of Ijaiya and Eko (2009b)

who reported blood sugar, total protein, cholesterol, globullin, albumin, MCHC,

Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, packed cell volume,

white blood cell, red blood cell haemoglobin apart form blood albumin showed no

significant differences among the dietary treatment means when fish meal was

replaced with silkworm caterpillar meal at 25, 50, 75 and 100% inclusion levels.

The SGPT activity were observed to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than T1

control group which might be due to some presence of some unknown substance

in the silkworm pupae that have exerted some harmful effect on liver parenchyma.

However, there was no significant difference between the groups on liver weight

and also the levels are with the normal physiological range.

In both the trials the diets supplemented with Silkworm excreta meal had

significant (p≤0.05) lower in serum protein, calcium, phosphorus, and glucose

when compared with the group of chicks fed control diet. The lower levels of

these parameters may might be due to the inadequate amount of the various

nutrients in the ration, or due to more excretion from the body. However, in trial-2

(winter season) the glucose level did not differ significantly which could be

attributed to the environmental conditions. The serum cholesterol had no

significant (p>0.05) effect when compared with group of birds fed control diet in

both the trials.

The SGOT and SGPT activity were found to be significantly (p<0.05)

higher in the group of birds supplemented with silkworm excreta meal, which

might be due to some deleterious effects of silkworm excreta on the liver.

However there was no significant difference between the groups on liver weight.

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5.7 Slaughter and yield characteristics

The results of dressing percentage were found to be apparently higher in

silkworm pupae supplemented groups. However, non-significant difference

among various treatments supplemented with silkworm pupae meal when

compared with control group of birds in both the trials was revealed. These

findings are in agreement with the earlier results of Sengupta et al. (1995), Sheikh

et al. (2005), who found no significant (p<0.05) difference in the slaughter

characteristics and yield in the chicks fed silkworm pupae meal based diets.

However, contrary to the findings of the present study, Khatun et al. (2003)

reported more dressing percentage on increasing dietary levels of silkworm pupae.

Narahari et al. (1990) recorded a reduced dressing yield in broilers when fed diets

containing 7.7% silkworm pupae meal.

The results of blood yield percentage were found to be significant

(p>0.05) higher in silkworm pupae supplemented groups. These findings are in

agreement with the earlier results of Khatun et al. (2003) who found significant

(p<0.05) increase in blood yield percentage in chicks fed silkworm pupae meal

based diet.

There was no significant effect of dietary supplementation of silkworm

pupae meal on the feather, head, shanks and Giblet yield percentage in trial-1

(summer season). These findings are in harmony with the earlier results of Sheikh

et al. (2005), who reported that replacement of 5% level of fish meal with

silkworm pupae meal did not exert any influence on feather, head, shanks and

Giblet yield percentage. However in trial-2 (winter season) there was a significant

(p<0.05) increase in the blood and shanks yield which may be due to the influence

of environment.

The results of dressing, feather and giblet percentage revealed no

significant difference among various treatments supplemented with silkworm

excreta meal when compared with control group of birds in both the trials. It is

85

suggested that the replacement of silkworm excreta meal has no adverse effect on

Dressing, feather and giblet percentage.

There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the blood and shanks yield

percentage and that of head was higher in the treatment groups supplemented with

silkworm excreta meal in both the trial except shanks yield that was higher in

trial-2 (winter season). The decrease in per cent yield of blood in the groups

supplemented with silkworm excreta meal might be due to the deficiency of

vitamin B12 which is involved in the synthesis of red blood cells. The increase in

the per cent yield of head might be due to decreased body weight of birds as

proportion of head is more in smaller birds. However the higher shanks yield

percentage in trial-2 (winter season) might be due to some environmental effect.

5.8 Cut ability characteristics

In both the trials the per cent cut ability characteristics of various parts

viz. wings, breast, thighs, drumsticks, back and neck were found to be apparently

higher in silkworm pupae supplemented groups. However, the values obtained in

the present study statistically did not differ significantly. These results corroborate

well with the earlier reports of Sheikh et al. (2005) who found no significant

(p<0.05) difference in cut up parts of broilers when fishmeal was replaced with

Muga silkworm pupae meal.

In both the trials the wings percentage showed significantly (P<0.05)

lower yield in the group of birds supplemented with silkworm excreta meal.

However, in both the trials the per cent cut ability characteristics of various parts

viz. breast, thighs, drumsticks, back and neck were found to be apparently lower

in silkworm excreta supplemented groups. However, statistically they did not

differ significantly except back in T5 diet (6%SWEM) in trial-1 (summer season)

showed significantly (p<0.05) lower yield percentage. The results suggest that the

silkworm excreta meal had deleterious effects on some of the cut-up parts.

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5.9 Nutrient utilization

In both the trials there was a non-significant difference in the apparent

digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre in

the groups of birds fed diets supplemented with silkworm pupae meal when

compared to the control group. However, the apparent digestibility percentage of

crude protein, calcium and phosphorus were found to be higher in the group of birds

fed T4 diet (6%SWPM). Similar results were observed by Sheikh and Sapocta

(2010). These results are also in harmony with the reports of Ijaya and Eko (2009b)

who observed that replacement of Fishmeal in broiler diets at various levels with

silkworm caterpillar meal showed a non-significant difference in apparent

digestibility of various nutrients among the treatment means. The apparently higher

retention of crude protein also support with observations of Sengupta et al. (1995)

The higher retention might be due to better digestion, absorption, and assimilation

of dietary protein. The efficiency of utilization of protein in feed increased with

increase in silkworm pupae meal inclusions levels indicating better utilization of

protein and availability of essential amino-acids in the silkworm pupae meal. The

apparent higher digestion of calcium and phosphorus might be due to better

blending effect and optimum ratio of these elements.

In both the trials the apparent digestibility of crude protein, ether extract,

calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre in the groups fed diets supplemented with

Silkworm excreta meal was significant (p<0.05) lower when compared to the

control group The poor nutrient utilization of these elements could be attributed to

the presence of uric acid and other ingredient which might have exerted negative

effect on digestion, absorption and assimilation of these nutrients. The

mechanism of the lower digestibility is not known. However, Bare et al. (1963),

reported that uric acid is an insoluble waste product and might have attained high

levels in the intestinal tract, when ingested by the chicks. This substance may have

acted, besides altering gut pH as an irritant and interfered with the passage of

nutrients through the gut wall.

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One of the objectives for undertaking the study had been to economize on

feeding cost of broiler chicken through proper utilization of Silkworm pupae and

excreta meal.

The average feed cost per kg in the treatment group T1 (control), T2 (4%

Silkworm pupae meal), T3 (4% silkworm excreta meal), T4 (6% silkworm pupae

meal) and T5 (6% silkworm excreta meal) was Rs. 28.52, 25.92, 26.27, 24.31 and

24.75 respectively. The feed cost per kg live weight gain in the dietary treatment

groups T1,T2,T3,T4 and T5 groups was Rs. 53.61, 46.66, 65.41, 43.27 and 62.62

respectively in trial-1(summer season) and 53.90, 47.43, 66.72, 44.00 and 65.09 in

trial-2 (winter season) respectively.

The cost of production per kg live weight gain was Rs 76.83,

68.64,90.4, 64.94, 87.18 and Rs 77.16, 69.54, 91.79, 65.78, 90.03 in trial-

1(summer season and trial-2 (winter season) respectively.

In both the trials there was a reduction in the feed cost/cost of production

per kg live weight in the treatment groups fed diets supplemented with either 4%

or 6% silkworm pupae meal when compared with all other treatment groups. In

the treatment groups supplemented with silkworm pupae meal the reduction in the

feed cost/cost of production per kg live weight was lesser in T4 (diet containing

6% silkworm pupae meal) when compared to T2 group of birds in both the trials.

The lower cost of production was evident from the lower cost per kg of diet and

comparatively better feed conversation ratio shown by silkworm pupae meal

supplemented groups. These results are in agreement with the findings of Saikia et

al. (1971), Reddy et al. (1991), Khatun et al. (2005), Sheikh et al. (2006), and

Dutta et al. (2012), who reported that the addition of silkworm pupae meal in the

diets of broiler chicken resulted in less cost per kg live weight gain and high profit

when compared with control group.

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These findings also coincide with the findings of Chakrabarty et al.

(1971), Reddy et al. (1985), Narang and Lal (1985), Rehman et al. (1996),

Nandeesh et al. (1989) and Habib et al. (1995). Choudhary et al. (1998) and

Timur (1992). They reported that silkworm pupae was useful to economize

feeding and reduced the production cost when FM was replaced by silkworm

pupae meal. However the Sujatha and Rao (1981) and Banday et al. (2009)

reported that the production cost per kg live weight of the groups of birds fed

processed SWPM diets was comparable with those fed control diet.

The cost of feed/cost of production per kg live weight gain was found to

be higher in the silkworm excreta supplemented groups when compared with the

control and silkworm pupae supplemented groups. Though the cost of diets

supplemented with silkworm excreta meal was slightly cheaper because of the low

cost of Silkworm excreta, but in spite of this the cost of production per kg lives

weight was higher due to poor performance of birds in terms of body weight gain

and feed conversation ratio. The performance was so poor that it was not

economical at all. The cost of feed to produce one kg live weight was lower in

summer season than in winter season in all the treatment groups which might be

due to favorable environmental conditions during summer seasons.

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Chapter - 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish

meal with silkworm pupae meal and silkworm excreta meal on the performance,

blood biochemistry, carcass characteristics, nutrient utilization and economics of

broiler chicken.

To achieve the envisaged objectives, the feeding trials were conducted

during two different seasons (summer and winter) from 2 to 6 weeks of age. Two

hundred ten, day-old commercial broiler chicks were procured from a reputed

source and reared together until 7 days of age. On 8th day, the chicks were

individually weighed, distributed in to five treatment groups of three replicates

with fourteen chicks in each. The treatment groups were as follows:

Treatment-1 : Diet comprised of control diet with 10% fishmeal as protein source without any test material





Chicks in each replicate were housed in a battery cages of 5′ x 2.5′

dimension from 8th to 42nd days of their age. Ad-libitum feeding and watering was

practiced during the experimental period. Birds were reared under standard

managemental conditions till the experiments got completed. All chicks were

vaccinated against Ranikhet disease on 5th day with F1 strain vaccine and IBV-95

vaccine against infectious bursal disease on 15th day. Records of mortality, if any

were kept on daily basis in each treatment groups. The body weight, feed

conversion and FCR were recorded at weekly intervals. At the end of

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experimental period, blood biochemistry, carcass characteristics and nutrient

utilization were recorded.

The results revealed that the chickens fed the diets supplemented with

silkworm pupae meal attained significantly (p<0.05) higher live body weight and

body weight gain when compared with the control group. However, the

performance was adversely effected significantly (p<0.05) when chickens fed the

diets supplemented with Silkworm excreta meal when compared to T1 (control),

T4 (4% silkworm pupae meal) and T5 (6% silkworm pupae meal).

The cumulative feed consumption did not differ (p<0.05) significantly

in the treatment diets fed with silkworm pupae meal or silkworm excreta meal

when compared with the group of chicks fed control diet. However, in winter

season the difference was significant but the feed intake was lower in treatment

groups fed with silkworm pupae meal as in summer.

The overall feed conversion ratio did not differ (p<0.05) significantly in

the treatment diets fed with silkworm pupae meal when compared with the group

of chicks fed control diet in summer season, but in winter season the feed

conversion ratio was significantly (p<0.05) improved in the diets fed with

silkworm pupae meal. The feed conversion ratio significantly decreased in the

diets fed with silkworm excreta meal when compared with all other treatment

groups. The highest FCR of 2.63 at the end of the 6th week was obtained in the

group of birds fed T5 diet supplemented with 6% silkworm excreta meal and the

lowest FCR of 1.78 at the end of the 6th week was obtained in the group of birds

fed T4 diet supplemented with 6% silkworm pupae meal. There was no mortality

recorded in any group during the experimental periods.

No significant differences were noticed in the diets supplemented with

silkworm pupae meal on serum protein, calcium, phosphorus, glucose,

cholesterol, and SGOT when compared with the group of chicks fed control diet,

but the SGPT activity were observed to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than T1

91

control. However, the diets supplemented with Silkworm excreta meal had

significant (p≤0.05) lower in serum protein, calcium, phosphorus, and glucose

when compared with the group of chicks fed control diet, but SGOT and SGPT

activity were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in the group of birds

supplemented with silkworm excreta meal.

There was no significant (p>0.05) effect in dressing percentage in

silkworm pupae or excreta supplemented groups when compared with control

group of birds. No significant effect of dietary supplementation of silkworm

pupae meal on the blood, feather, head, shanks and Giblet yield percentage in

summer season however, in winter season significant (p<0.05) increase in the

blood and shanks yield was observed when compared with T1 (control). There was

also no significant (p>0.05) difference in feather and giblet percentage among

various treatments supplemented with Silkworm excreta meal when compared

with control group of birds. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the blood

and percent shanks yield and that of head was higher in the treatment groups

supplemented with silkworm excreta meal. The per cent yield of various cut up

parts was not significantly different between various treatments. However the

percentage of wings showed significantly (p<0.05) lower yield in the group of

birds supplemented with silkworm excreta meal, similarly the percentage of

back during summer season. However, per cent cut ability characteristics of

various parts viz. wings, breast, thighs, drumsticks, back and neck were found to

be apparently higher in silkworm pupae supplemented groups.

No significant effect was observed on digestibility of crude protein, ether

extract, calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre in the groups of birds fed diets

supplemented with Silkworm pupae meal when compared with the control group.

However, the digestibility percentage of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus

were found to be apparently higher in the group of birds fed T4 diet (6%SWPM).

But the digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus and crude

92

fibre in the group of birds fed diets supplemented with Silkworm excreta meal

was significant (p<0.05) lower when compared to the control group.

There was a reduction in feed cost/cost of production per kg live weight

gain in the treatment groups fed diets supplemented with either 4 or 6% silkworm

pupae meal when compared with all other treatment groups. However, the feed

cost was lesser in T4 (6% silkworm pupae meal) when compared to T2 group and

The cost of production per kg live weight gain was higher in the silkworm excreta

supplemented groups when compared with the control and silkworm pupae

supplemented groups. The feed cost/cost of production per kg live weight was

also lower in summer season than winter season irrespective of the treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

• Diets supplemented with silkworm pupae meal resulted in to an

improvement in the body weight and feed conversation ratio in the broiler

chicken.

• Replacement of fishmeal with silkworm excreta meal had adverse effects

on body weight and feed conversation ration in broiler chicken.

• The serum protein, calcium, phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, and SGOT

levels remained almost same with the replacement of 4 or 6% Fishmeal

with silkworm pupae meal.

• The SGPT level was higher with out any effect on the liver weight and its

normal physiological range by replacement of 4 or 6% Fishmeal with

silkworm pupae meal.

• The serum levels of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and glucose decreases

when fishmeal was replaced with silkworm excreta meal at different

levels.

• The serum SGOT and SGPT activity was higher when Fishmeal was

replaced with silkworm excreta meal at different levels which resulted in

93

some deleterious effects on the liver due to inclusion of silkworm excreta

in the diet.

• There was no significant effect on dressing, blood, feather, head, shanks

and Giblet yield percentage when fishmeal was replaced with silkworm

pupae meal at different levels or silkworm excreta.

• The per cent yield of various cut up parts did not differ when Fishmeal

was replaced either by silkworm pupae or silkworm excreta meal at

different levels except that shank yield was lower and head yield increased

when compared with other groups.

• There was no significant effect on digestibility of crude protein, ether

extract, calcium, phosphorus and crude fibre when fishmeal was replaced

with silkworm pupae meal at different levels, but crude protein, calcium

and phosphorus remained apparently higher in dietary treatment T4 (6%

SWPM), however, per cent apparent digestibility of these nutrients

decreased with increased levels of inclusion.

• The digestibility percentage of crude protein, ether extract, calcium,

phosphorus and crude fibre decreased when fishmeal was replaced with

silkworm excreta meal at different levels.

• The cost of feed/cost of production to produce one kg live weight decreased

when 40% of Fishmeal was replaced with silkworm pupae meal and it

decreased further when replaced with 60% silkworm pupae meal, but it

increased when 4% of fishmeal was replaced with silkworm excreta meal

and it decreased further when replaced with 6% silkworm excreta meal.

On the basis of above findings, it is concluded that up to 60% fishmeal

can be replaced in the broiler diets with silkworm pupae meal for more

profitability and better feed conversation efficiency, thereby reducing the

dependence on fishmeal. The replacement of fishmeal at 40 or 60% with silkworm

excreta meal is not economical at all.

94

29

Reeling

industry

Poultry feed

processing industry

Hence Model

Mulberry plantSilkworm rearing Silkworm

cocoons

Silkworm pupae

Grainage

Dead

pupae

Sericulture based farming system will help silkworm rearers, reelers and poultry farmers by adopting integration of mulberry-silkworm-poultry

i

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xiv


Temperate Sericulture Research Institute, Mirgund, Baramulla -::o::-

CERTIFICATE

Certified that all the corrections/amendments as suggested by

External Examiner – Dr. F.A. Matoo, Former Associate Director

Research (Animal Science), SKUAST-Kashmir during viva voce

examination held on August 10, 2015 have been incorporated in the

manuscript entitled “Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta

and pupae meal in the diets of Broiler chicken” submitted by Mr.

Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (Regd. No. 2012-432-D).

( Dr. M.A. Malik) Chairman

Advisory Committee

Documents

Studies on the utilization of silkworm excreta and pupae ......Mr. Syed Farhat Iqbal Qadri (Regd. No. 2012-432-D), a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sericulture