Strophanthus Almond, Castor

8/13/2019 Strophanthus Almond, Castor

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Lecture 4Lecture 4


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Classification of the seeds according to theirClassification of the seeds according to their activeactive

constituentsconstituents ::

1.1. Seeds containingSeeds containing MucilageMucilage e.g.e.g. Linseed, Fenugreek &Linseed, Fenugreek &

PsylliumPsyllium..

2.2. Seeds containingSeeds containing Derived volatile oilDerived volatile oil e.g.e.g. BlackBlack

mustard.mustard.

3.3.

Seeds containingSeeds containing

AlkaloidsAlkaloids

e.g.e.g.

NuxNux

vomicavomica

&&

Colchicum.Colchicum.

4.4. Seeds containingSeeds containing Volatile oilVolatile oil e.g.e.g. Cardamom, Nutmeg.Cardamom, Nutmeg.

5.5. Seeds containingSeeds containing Cardiac glycosidesCardiac glycosides e.g.e.g. StrophanthusStrophanthus..

6.6. Seeds containingSeeds containing Fixed oilFixed oil e.g.e.g.Almond seed & CastorAlmond seed & Castor

seedseed..


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CardiacCardiacSeeds containingSeeds containingGlycosideGlycoside

StrophanthusStrophanthus


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Syn.:Strophanthus Seed; Arrow

poison seed.

Origin:Dried ripe seeds of

Strophanthus kombe & other

species deprived of their

awn, Fam. Apocynaceae.

Semen Strophanthi


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Strophanthus kombe:

Shape: flattened, lanceolate to ovate lanceolate

with broken point after removal of awn, coveredwith hair.

Type of Ovule: anatropous.

Type of Seed:Albuminous.

Type of embryo: Straight.Odor: slight unpleasant odor.

Taste: bitter.

Histology: epidermal cells are trihomes but with

one lignified rib.

AwnAwn

SeedSeed

Strophanthus


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Remember what is cardiac glycosides?Remember what is cardiac glycosides?

Composed ofComposed of aglyconeaglycone + sugar part.+ sugar part.

AglyconeAglycone = steroidal nucleus += steroidal nucleus + lactonelactone ring.ring.

TheThe lactonelactone ring is either 5ring is either 5 memberedmembered lactonelactone ringring

((cardenolidecardenolide) & 6) & 6 memberedmembered lactonelactone ringring

((bufadienolidebufadienolide).).

Sugar part should containSugar part should contain deoxydeoxy sugar e.g.sugar e.g.

cymarosecymarose oror digitoxosedigitoxose..


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Strophanthus

Active Constituents:

1. Cardiac glycoside (K-strophanthin or K-strophanthoside or Strophanthin or

strophoside) is a mixture of cymarin, K-

strophanthoside B, K- strophanthoside A]

2. Fixed oils (30%).

3. Alkaloids: choline & trigonelline.

4.

Resin.


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KK--strophanthosidestrophanthoside

AlphaAlpha glucosidaseglucosidase

KK--strophanthinstrophanthin B + alpha glucoseB + alpha glucose

StrophanthobiaseStrophanthobiase

CymarinCymarin + beta glucose+ beta glucose

Acid hydrolysisAcid hydrolysisStrophanthidinStrophanthidin ++ cymarosecymarose ++

beta glucose + alpha glucosebeta glucose + alpha glucose

Enzymatic & Acid Hydrolysis of KEnzymatic & Acid Hydrolysis of K--strophanthosidestrophanthoside

Acid hydrolysisAcid hydrolysis


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O

O

OH

CH 2OH

OH

CH 3

O

Cymarose

Cymarol

O

O

OH

CHO

OH

CH 3

O

Cymarose

O glucose O glucose

Cym ar i n

K -strophan thoside

K -stropha ntho side a


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PreparePrepare chloroformicchloroformic extract of the powderextract of the powder::

1 g. powder + 10 ml 70%1 g. powder + 10 ml 70% alcalc..

filter

FilterateFilterate + lead acetate+ lead acetatefilter FilterateFilterate

E.T.D.

ResidueResidue

Extract withCHCL3Chloroform ResidueChloroform Residue

KellerKeller KillianiKilliani testtest

for 2for 2--deoxy sugardeoxy sugarKeddeKeddess test fortest for

55--memberedmembered lactonelactone

ringring

E.T.D.

Chemical test:Chemical test:****************

Gl. Acetic acid+2 dps.

Fecl3

c. H2SO4 on wall

Brown layer atBrown layer at

junction & upperjunction & upper

layer is bluish greenlayer is bluish greenViolet colorViolet color

BaljetBaljet ss test for 5test for 5--

memberedmembered

lactonelactone ringring

Orange colorOrange color


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Test of Identity: [KTest of Identity: [K--strophanthinstrophanthin]]

When the section or powder of seeds is treated withWhen the section or powder of seeds is treated with sulphuricsulphuric

(80%), the endosperm acquires(80%), the endosperm acquires an emerald green coloran emerald green colorwhilewhile

the embryo acquires athe embryo acquires a green colorgreen color..

Action & Uses :Action & Uses :

1.1. Cardiac stimulant &Cardiac stimulant & cardiotoniccardiotonic. It is used in congestive heart. It is used in congestive heart

failure {c.f. digitalis}.failure {c.f. digitalis}.

2.2. It is mild diuretic by improving blood flow in the kidneys.It is mild diuretic by improving blood flow in the kidneys.

3.3. It is lessIt is less cummulativecummulative & less gastrointestinal irritant than& less gastrointestinal irritant than

digitalis (advantage).digitalis (advantage).

Strophanthus


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FixedFixed

Seeds containingSeeds containingOilOil

Almond seed.Almond seed.

Castor seedCastor seed


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ALMOND SEEDSyn.:

Sweet & bitter almond.

Origin:

Dried ripe seed of Prunus

communins var. dulcis

(sweet) and Prunus

communis var. amara(bitter). Fam. Rosaceae.


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Bitter almond:

A cyanogentic glycoside,amygdalin (2.5-4%).

Fixed oil, obtained by

pressing.

Protein.

Enzyme emulsin.

Sweet almond:

No amygdalin.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Fixed oil (40 - 50 %).

Protein.

Enzyme emulsin.


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What happens upon crushing &What happens upon crushing & triturationtrituration ofof

bitter & sweet almond seeds with water ?bitter & sweet almond seeds with water ?

Bitter almondBitter almond yields an emulsion having ayields an emulsion having acharacteristiccharacteristic odor of HCNodor of HCN && benzaldehydebenzaldehyde

(bitter almond odor).(bitter almond odor).

Sweet almondSweet almond on the contrary yields anon the contrary yields an

emulsion ofemulsion of

no marked odorno marked odor

& a nutty& a nutty

taste.taste.


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Action & Uses:

Bitter almond

Sedative & flavoring but with care due toHCN.

Sweet almond

- Expensive base for ointments in cosmetics.

- Demulcent & nutritive.

- Source of fixed oil.


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Official Oils:Official Oils:

1.1. OleumOleum amygdalaamygdala: (E.P): (E.P)

It is the fixed oil of almond produced by expression, used inIt is the fixed oil of almond produced by expression, used incosmetics and soap preparation.cosmetics and soap preparation.

2.2. Bitter almond Oil: (official in N.F.)Bitter almond Oil: (off icial in N.F.) [derived volatile oil[derived volatile oil !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ]]

It is obtained from theIt is obtained from the cakecake left after removal of fixed oi l.left after removal of fixed oi l. Seeds are crushed, mixed with water.Seeds are crushed, mixed with water.

Mixture is thenMixture is then steam disti lledsteam disti lled whereby HCN &whereby HCN & benzaldehydebenzaldehyde areare

obtained in the water distillate.obtained in the water distil late.

AmygdalinAmygdalin PrunasinPrunasin + Glucose.+ Glucose.

PrunasinPrunasin BenzaldehydeBenzaldehyde + HCN + Glucose.+ HCN + Glucose.

HCN is then removed by shaking the oil with Ca (OH)2 , then addHCN is then removed by shaking the oil with Ca (OH)2 , then addingingFeSOFeSO44 to give calciumto give calcium ferrocyanideferrocyanide {Fixation of HCN}.{Fixation of HCN}.

The mixture is thenThe mixture is then steam distil ledsteam disti lled to obtain the purified oil of bitterto obtain the purified oil of bitter

almond (95%almond (95% benzaldehydebenzaldehyde) .) .

AmygdalaseAmygdalase HH22OO

PrunasePrunase HH22OO


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Castor SeedCastor Seed

Origin:Origin:

The dried ripe seed ofThe dried ripe seed of

RicinusRicinus communiscommunis

FamFam.. EuphorbiaceeaeEuphorbiaceeae..

Outgrowth:Outgrowth:CaruncleCaruncle..


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Fixed oil (50 %). Protein.

Alkaloid ricinine.

Ricin (toxic protein or lectin). Lipase enzyme.

Tocopherols (vit. E)

Uses:

Castor oil is most valuable

laxative for children & agedpeople & before any X-ray

(due to ricinoleic acid).


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Preparation of Castor Oil:Preparation of Castor Oil:

The seeds areThe seeds are cold expressedcold expressed, filtered., fi ltered.

ThenThen steamedsteamed at 80at 80--100100C (to coagulateC (to coagulate

proteins especiallyproteins especially ricinricin & lipase).& lipase).

FilterFilterto give the oil.to give the oil.

Castor seed oil isCastor seed oil is triglyceride oftriglyceride of ricinoleicricinoleic ,,isoricinoleicisoricinoleic,, stearicstearic andand dihydroxystearicdihydroxystearic

acids.acids.


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Bark (Cortex)


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What is meant byWhat is meant by BarkBark??Bark is defined asBark is defined as All tissues outside cambium ofAll tissues outside cambium of

woody plants.woody plants.

PlzPlz answer the following questions:answer the following questions:

1.1. Do u remember the layers of the stem?Do u remember the layers of the stem?2.2. What is cambium (1What is cambium (1 ryry & 2& 2 ryry)?)?

3.3. What is secondary thickenings?What is secondary thickenings?


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1. Epidermis1. Epidermis

2. Primary cortex2. Primary cortex

3. Pericycle3. Pericycle

4. 14. 1ryry phloemphloem

5. Cambium5. Cambium6. 16. 1ryry xylemxylem

7. Pith7. Pith

Activation of the corkActivation of the cork

cambium to protect thecambium to protect the

internal tissuesinternal tissues

Activation of the cambium toActivation of the cambium to

give secondary thickeninggive secondary thickening

Appears first.Appears first.

Layers of Young stem:


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1. RhytidomaRhytidoma (dead col lapsed tissues)(dead collapsed tissues)

2.2. PeridermPeriderm::

a.Corka.Cork ((PhellemPhellem))

b.b. Cork cambium (Cork cambium (phellogenphellogen).).

c.c. 22ryry

cortex (cortex (phellodermphelloderm).).3. Primary cortex.3. Primary cortex.

4. Pericycle.4. Pericycle.

5. 15. 1ryry phloem.phloem.

6. 26. 2ryry phloem (Bast).phloem (Bast).

7.7. Cambium.Cambium.

Outer or shell barkOuter or shell bark

Middle barkMiddle bark

Inner barkInner bark

8. 28. 2ryry

xylemxylem9. 19. 1ryry xylemxylem

10. Pith10. PithWoodWood


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Remember!!!!!!

1.1. The cork cambium may start in the bark &The cork cambium may start in the bark &

Wherever it is activated, it produces cork to theWherever it is activated, it produces cork to theoutside & secondary cortex to the inside.outside & secondary cortex to the inside.

2.2. If all layers of the bark are present, it is termedIf all layers of the bark are present, it is termed

complete barkcomplete bark..

3.3. If any layer of the tissue of the bark is removed, itIf any layer of the tissue of the bark is removed, it

is termedis termed incomplete barkincomplete bark..


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Decortication of Bark:

Removal of cork, secondary cortex or whole

tissues outside the 2ry

phloem.

Why?Why?

1. It contains low % of or no active constituents.

2. It contains higher % of undesirable

compounds e.g. tannins & coloring matter.


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Shape

1. Flat.

2. Curved.

3. Channeled

4. Quill (Single quill).

5. Double Quill.6. Compound Quill.


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Definition: Behavior of the barks when broken across

transversely & the appearance of the exposed surface.

1. Short: breaks quickly & straight across the fracturedsurface.

2. Fibrous: resists during breaking & shows fibrous

projection.3. Splintery: breaks irregularly showing jagged

projecting points.

4. Granular: broken surface shows grain.

5. Laminated: breaks into tangentially arranged layers.

6. Flexible: breaks only by tearing or twisting.

Fracture


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In theIn the pericyclepericycle**********Any whereAny where

Position ofPosition of

corkcork

cambiumcambium

ThinnerThinnerThickerThickerShapeShape

1.Both inner & outer1.Both inner & outer

surfaces have the samesurfaces have the same

color; Lighter.color; Lighter.2.No epiphytes.2.No epiphytes.

3.No lenticels.3.No lenticels.

1. Darker than inner1. Darker than inner

surface.surface.

2. Shows2. Shows epiphytes.epiphytes.

3. Presence of3. Presence of lenticelslenticels..

OuterOutersurfacesurface

Root barkRoot barkStem barkStem barkItemItem

How to Differentiate between Stem & Root Bark ?


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Histology of the Bark:Histology of the Bark:

1.1. RhytidomaRhytidoma (dead tissue).(dead tissue).

2.2. CorkCork ((PhellemPhellem).).

3.3. PhellogenPhellogen (cork cambium).(cork cambium).

4.4. PhellodermPhelloderm (secondary cortex).(secondary cortex).

5.5. Primary Cortex.Primary Cortex.

6.6. Pericycle.Pericycle.

7.7. Primary Phloem.Primary Phloem.

8.8. Secondary phloem.Secondary phloem.


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CallosesCalloses::

InIn autumn,autumn, Sieve tube is blocked on either side by aSieve tube is blocked on either side by a

highly refractive pad calledhighly refractive pad called calluscallus oror callus platecallus plate mademadeofof polysaccharide calledpolysaccharide called callosecallose which is stainedwhich is stained redred

withwith corallincorallin soda reagentsoda reagent andand redissolvedredissolved in springin spring

thus they may function again.thus they may function again.

KeratenchymaKeratenchyma::

These callus platesThese callus plates permanentlypermanently close the tubes thusclose the tubes thus

due to the internal pressure, the tubes get collapseddue to the internal pressure, the tubes get collapsedand may form aand may form a compact irregular hyaline masscompact irregular hyaline mass..

Define Calloses & Keratenchyma:


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Barks containing:Barks containing:

1.1.Alkaloids e.g.Alkaloids e.g. Cinchona &Cinchona & pomengranatepomengranate..

2.2. Volatile oils e.g.Volati le oils e.g. Cinnamon & Cassia.Cinnamon & Cassia.

3.3.AnthraquinoneAnthraquinone glycosides e.g.glycosides e.g. Cascara &Cascara &

FrangulaFrangula..

4.4. SaponinSaponin glycosides e.g.glycosides e.g. QuillaiaQuillaia..

Remember in each case:Remember in each case:

Nature of A.C.Nature of A.C.

General test for detection.General test for detection.

Presence of these A.C. in other organs (nature & name)????Presence of these A.C. in other organs (nature & name)????

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Strophanthus Almond, Castor