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Stress and Police PersonnelStress and Police Personnel
Chapter 13
Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor
Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior
(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
What is Stress?
• Biological stress and General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)– Way of describing stress through progressive
stages
Exhaustion
Exhaustion
Resistance
ResistanceAlarmAlarm
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Stress and Personality Type
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Type A Personality
• Qualities underlying Type A characteristics– Constant state of being “on guard”– Hyper masculinity– Constantly working against time– Ignorance of one’s own psychological needs
• Physiological implications– Seven times as likely to develop heart disease– Higher cholesterol– Clotting elements have greater tendency to form– Excess accumulation of insulin in blood
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Type B Personality
• Less competitive and less rushed
• More easygoing
• More able to separate work from play
• Relatively free of a sense of time urgency
• Ambitions kept in perspective
• Generally philosophical about life
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Workaholic
• Typical workaholics– Readily buck the system; often bucked by the
bureaucracy– Display well-organized hostility toward the system’s
imperfections– Obsessed with perfection in their work– Fear of failure; will “play to win” at all games– Prefer labor to leisure– Constantly juggle two or more tasks
• May result in:– Gastrointestinal problems, cardiovascular disease,
divorce
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Stress In Law Enforcement
• Police work is very stressful– Constant exposure to violence, cruelty, and
aggression
• Many stressors– Most potent: Killing someone in the line of duty– Empathy for victims also a higher stressor– Two categories of police stress
• Organizational/administrative• Inherent to the job
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Post-Shooting Reaction
Rationalize &
Accept
Rationalize &
Accept
Recoil, Remorse, Nausea
Recoil, Remorse, Nausea
Exhilaration
Exhilaration
Actual Experienc
e
Actual Experienc
e
Concern over
PullingTrigger
Concern over
PullingTrigger
Five Basic Phases
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Suicide By Cop
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Alcoholism and Police Officers
• Absenteeism
• Insubordination
• Misconduct
• Intoxication
• Traffic accidents
• Overall performance
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Issues faced by administrators
Drug Use by Police Officers
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Anabolic Steroids
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Police Suicide
• Access to firearms
• Interpersonal problems
• Alcohol abuse
• Fear of separation from police subculture
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Sources of Work Satisfaction as a Stress Reducer
Providing assistance to citizensProviding assistance to citizens
Exercising interpersonal skillsExercising interpersonal skills
Getting feedbackGetting feedback
Receiving peer-group supportReceiving peer-group support
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Police and Domestic Violence
• Number of acts committed by officers is unknown– Given the nature of the work, it is not surprising that
sometimes some officers have trouble keeping work separate from their home lives
• Early warning and intervention– Pre-employment screening and investigation– Post conditional offer of employment– Zero tolerance policy
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Responsibilities
Police Domestic Violence
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Incident Response Protocols
• A department must take the following critical steps– Communications officer/dispatcher documentation– Patrol response– On-scene supervisor response– Crime scene documentation– Arrest decisions– Weapon removal– Department follow up
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Responding to Stress
• Exercise for 20-30 minutes at least three times per week
• Maintain a proper diet
• Get adequate rest
• Develop leisure interests and hobbies
• Meditate and pray
• Avoid maladaptive responses
• Establish support groups
• Develop a network of friends
• Use relaxation techniques
• Make sure career and other expectations are consistent with actual situation
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)
• Employee benefits– Help in response to
one’s “cry for help”– Stigma reduction– Feeling cared for as a
person– Affordable access to
help