stockholm syndrome; the world is your oyster

8/9/2019 stockholm syndrome; the world is your oyster.

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[ibc | 9

Z`c nuojimcotie nigt t`it t`c cxpcrlcotlie spigc dn t`c lojlvljuie od edobcr gdlogljcs wlt` oitldoie spigc, fut ls fclob suftey ietcrcj fy t`c

dpcolob td gdsmdpdeltiolsitldo s`duej odt jcgclvc ioydoc lotd fcelcvlob wc irc iee bdlob td fcgdmc gdsmdpdeltios. Serlg`Fcgh

t`c wdrej ls ydur dystcr1lmibloc t`crcs od gduotry.

stdgh`dem syojrdmc.do t`c inrlgio ljcotlty,gdsmdpdeltiolsm ioj t`c bedfie vleeibc.do t`c leeusldo dn gduotry ioj pdstgdedolie iutdfldbrip`lgiewrltlob8 lmibloiry`dmceiojs ioj t`c scirg` ndr scen ioj ljcotlty.

immi flribdGdsmdpdeltiolsm,ig`lcvlob Stdpli8

t`c ocw lojlbcodus ioj

t`c giee td mdurolob.

I spcglnlgieey Inrlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt dn i Curdpcio bizc, mciolob t`it dutsljc t`c nrimc dn cstcro Curdpcio gdedolzitldo dn

Inrlgi, lt ls lmpdsslfec td irrlvc it t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty. Hwimc Iot`doy Ippli`

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i spcglnlgieey Inrlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt dn i Curdpcio bizc,mciolob tìt dutsljc t`c nrimc dn cstcro Curdpcio gdedolzitldo dn Inrlgi, lt ls

lmpdsslfec td irrlvc it t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty.

Hwimc Iot`doy Ippli`

Zd edsc docs gueturc ls t`crcndrc el!c edslob mcmdry. Z`ls ls t`c sltuitldo, w`lg` mdst Inrlgios nlojt`cmscevcs tdjiy. . . t`c Inrlgio tdjiy ls giub`t fctwcco i pist s"`c gioodt rcgiee, i prcscot s"`c ls

lee#c$ulppcj td uojcrstioj ioj i nuturc, s"`c gioodt gdotcmpeitc.

G`ls Dhcgùhwu Srd`

irtì !ussfium %&cgdmlob i gltlzco dn t`c wdrej ls dntco i edocey fuslocss. 't ls, lo cnncgt, i !loj dn cxlec nrdm

t`c gdmndrt dn edgie trut`s, nrdm t`c wirm ocstelob nccelobs dn pitrldtlsm, nrdm t`c ifsdrflob prljc lo docscen ioj

docs dwo. . . . (dsmdpdeltiolsm dnncrs od sug` rcnubc) lt dnncrs doey rcisdo ioj t`c edvc dn ùmiolty.*

%Z`c jcslrc dn t`c gdedolzcr ndr t`c gdedoy ls triospircot codub`,

fut `dw mug` mdrc jlnnlguet lt ls td iggduot ndr t`c lovcrsc edoblob dn t`c gdedolzcj.

+dw, is cmml $ucrlcs, gduej t`c gdedolzcj jcoy `lmscen sd gruceey - +dw gduej `c ìtct`c gdedolzcrs ioj yct ijmlrc t`cm sd pissldoitcey

/o Z`c (dedolie";dst#(dedolie 9uf6cgt.

;dstgdedolie ljcotlty lo i bedfielzlob 'ojli"iobcct Humirdo Iefcrt cmml

Do Is`ls !iojy#s Stdpli. I$$cgtlvc Gdsmdpdeltiolsm

Z`c rcvlvie dn gdsmdpdeltiolsm td w`lg` irtì 7ussfium, imdob dt`crs, is mijc slbolnlgiot gdotrlfutldos iesdrcnecgts io urbc td bd fcydoj t`c pdstmdjcro ioj muetlgueturie lmprlsdomcot lo jlnncrcogc ioj rcielzc dur gdmmdo

ùmiolty. &ut t`c pdlotcr td dur gdmmdo ùmiolty fy t`c prcviecot jlsgdurscs jdcs odt sunnlglcotey cmfdjy t`cpilo ioj sunncrlob dn grylob umiolty is lt is fcco ioj ls fclob suf6cgtcj td i scrlcs dn vldeitldos ioj gdedolie

vldecogc.

Gdsmdpdeltiolsm ioj Fcydoj% &dwirjs i uetlvcrsc d$ &rios$drmitldos

Ioioti Humir 'lrl


(rimdj H. !iyir:Zùs, od utdpli gio fc wlt`dut io lmpelglt dr cxpelglt t`cdry dn sunncrlob. Z`ls ls cspcglieey sd lo t`c pcrlp`crlcs dn

t`c wdrej, cup`cmlstlgieey gieecj t`c t`lrj wdrej 3>20. 7iojy bdcs do td siy tìt :td ìvc i mciolobnue elnc lo t`c

mlojs dn mco, sug` i utdpli must stirt wlt` t`c lssuc dn mio#mijc sunncrlob, w`lg` ìs blvco t`c t`lrj wdrej fdt`

lts oimc ioj uol$ucocss: 3Zrijltldos >20.



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[ibc | :



uoc$ulvdgieey< is i mittcr dn prigtlgie ocgcsslty, wc ivc od g`dlgc fut lo t`c jlrcgtldo dn cstcro gueturc ioj

glvlelzitldo* 3>2G0.

;&`c &riumi d$ i 9lmlols`cj /6lstcogc7% G`loui Ig`cfc *cvlsltcj

Iobcei :imis *djrlbucs

;dst#gdedolie Inrlgi, tdjiy, ls gdonrdotcj wlt` i jlnnlguet fut vcry lmpdrtiot $ucst< wìt lrcju giees pdst#gdedolie

sdue#scirg`lob 3>JJ?, p. 20 dr wìt &iiz giees t`c prcdggupitldo wlt`, ioj prcjlecgtldo ndr, %trijltldo* ioj

%iut`cotlglty* 3>JJ2, p. G0. Z`ls scirg` ls sltuitcj wlt`lo t`c gdotcxt dn t`c jlnnlguety lo gdogcptuielzlob wìt ls

igtuieey mciot w`co t`c wdrj Inrlgio ls mcotldocj, cspcglieey lo rceitldo td gueturie lssucs sug` is ljcotlty, muslg,rcelbldo, irts, mdrielty, ioj glocmitdbrip`y. Fdr cximpec, wìt mi!cs i nlem dr muslg io Inrlgio nlem dr muslg

lt`lo t`ls purvlcw, lt ls t`co pdsslfec td is!, wìt ls mciot fy t`c ippceeitldo Inrlgio ljcotlty (io ljcotlty fc

gdotcxtuielzcj ìt gdotcxt cxpeilos Inrlgio ljcotlty ìt ls rcieey Inrlgio lo ioy ljcotlty 's t`c wdrj Inrlgiltscen suf6cgt td gdogcptuielzitldo 'o wìt jd wc sltuitc Inrlgio ljcotlty 's Inrlgio ljcotlty iewiys t`c simc,

gìoblob dr fcgdmlob Zd w`dm ls t`c gdogcptuielzitldo dn Inrlgio ljcotlty lmpdrtiot ioj slbolnlgiot 's lt td t`c

Inrlgio dr odo#Inrlgio &ut t`co, w`y wduej i gdogcptuielzitldo dn t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty fc lmpdrtiot tdt`c Inrlgio `lmscen dr td t`dsc w`d irc odt ìt ls t`c sdurgc dn t`c lmpdrtiogc ioj t`c $ucst ndr Inrlgio ljcotlty

Z`csc $ucstldos ioj mioy mdrc prdvljc t`c p`ledsdp`lgie, gueturie ioj lotceecgtuie sltuitldos irduoj w`lg` t`c$ucst ndr Inrlgio ljcotlty lo t`c pdst#gdedolie cri must fc uojcrstddj. &ut t`co, t`c pdst#gdedolie cri ls odt iee tìt

t`crc ls lo t`ls $ucst ndr t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty.

Iggdrjlob td .I. Ippli` 32==>, p. N20, i spcglnlgieey Inrlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt dn i Curdpcio bizc,

mciolob tìt dutsljc t`c nrimc dn cstcro Curdpcio gdedolzitldo dn Inrlgi, lt ls lmpdsslfec td irrlvc it t`c oiturc dn

Inrlgio ljcotlty. Z`c trut` dn t`ls prdpdsltldo gio fc iggcptcj, ' suppdsc, doey lo t`c prcscogc dn i $uielnlcr.Z`ls ls lt< t`c lotceecgtuie peitndrm do w`lg` td ipprilsc Inrlgio ljcotlty lo t`c cri dn gdedolielsm ls mciolobecss ln

tìt w`lg` prcgcjcs lt, l.c., t`c prc#gdedolie, ls 6cttlsdocj. Bondrtuoitcey, is wc sìee sddo jcmdostritc, t`c prc#

gdedolie ls iewiys pdrtriycj lo t`c eiobuibc dn myt`lgie mciolobecssocss. &ut t`co, lt stlee fc`dvcs us td gdotcoj

tìt t`c lotceecgtuie cxtcosldo dn t`c fig!brduoj dn pdstgdedolie Inrlgio ljcotlty td t`c cri dn gdedolielsm ioj prc#gdedolielsm prdvljcs t`c t`rcc gdotcxts lo w`lg` t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty ls td fc cxpedrcj.

Inrlgio ljcotlty. 't pdslts tìt ln t`c gdogcpt dn ljcotlty ls ltscen prdfecmitlg ioj trioslcot, ioj t`c $uielnlcr Inrlgio lsgìoblob ioj selppcry, lt cobuens t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty lo io cobiblob prdgcss dn rc#lovcotldo< Inrlgio

ljcotlty ls od mdrc tìo i pdtcotlielty, odt io igtuielty.

Is ' `dpc t`ls jlsgussldo wlee s`dw, jcspltc `ls geilms, Ig cfc ls stlee vcry mug` lmprlsdocj lo t`c grdssrdijs dntwd gueturcs, odt sd mug` is i vlgtlm dn t`c gdedolie ioj pdst#gdedolie prcjlgimcot, fut is i rcprcscotitlvc dn wìt

wimc Ippli` ìs gieecj i %gdmprijdr lotceelbcotsli,* tìt ls, %i rceitlvcey smiee, cstcro#styec, cstcro#

trilocj brdup dn wrltcrs ioj t`lo!crs, w`d mcjlitc t`c trijc lo gueturie gdmmdjltlcs dn wdrej gipltielsm it t`c

pcrlp`cry*< %lo t`c cst t`cy irc !odwo t rdub` t`c Inrlgi t`cy dnncr, t`clr gdmpitrldts !odw t`cm fdt` t`rdub`t`c cst t`cy prcscot td Inrlgi ioj t`rdub` io Inrlgi t`cy ìvc lovcotcj ndr t`c wdrej, ndr cig` dt`cr, ioj ndr

Inrlgi*. ;&`c &riumi d$ i 9lmlols`cj /6lstcogc7% G`loui Ig`cfc *cvlsltcj


% 'mpurlty ls t`c drjcr dn t`c jiy.

Z`c wc iojydu, logeujc iesd t`c `c ioj t`cs`c dn iee elobulstlg brdups, dn iee oitldoieltlcs,dn iee t`c scxcs. c irc dn iee t`c gueturcs. Cig` pcrsdo ls i mdsilg.*

'uy "girpctti, :#lmpurlt3

Gueturc, uetl)gueturc dr &rios)gueturc.



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[ibc | 3



Gdsmdpdeltio ittltujcs t`rdub` triosoitldoie sdglie prigtlgcs>

"tc$$co iu, 2io cwcs ioj Ioo 0lmmcrmioo

drc gdogrctcey, gdmmuolgitldoioj lotcrigtldo tìt triosgcoj oitldoie fdrjcrs irc el!cey td gdotrlfutc td i

gìobc dn pcdpecs nrimc dn mloj. Zùs, wc jd odt t`lo! tìt gdsmdpdeltio ittltujcs

irc doey sìpcj fy stiylob ifrdij dr trivceelob fut iesd fy ìvlob rcbueir gdotigts

ioj rceitldos wlt` pcdpec elvlob lo dt`cr gduotrlcs.

/n gdursc, tdjiys mdflelty ls odt doey rcstrlgtcj td p`yslgie, fdjley trivce. drcdvcr, lt gio fc issumcj tìt dt`cr

!lojs dn trivceelob irc iesd slbolnlgiot lo grcitlob t`c gdojltldos ndr i gdsmdpdeltio mdjc dn fclob#lo#t`c#wdrej< -

lmibloitlvc trivce, td fc triospdrtcj cescw`crc t`rdub` t`c lmibcs dn peigcs ioj pcdpecs cogduotcrcj lo t`c mcjli)ioj vlrtuie trivce, triosgcojlob bcdbrip`lgie ioj dntco sdglie jlstiogcs t`rdub` londrmitldo ioj gdmmuolgitldos

tcgòdedby 39zcrszyos!l ioj Brry >JJ@< 22G nn.0.



'edfiel


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gdsmdpdeltiolsm ls, lo ljcotlty tcrms, fctwlxt ioj fctwcco

wlt`dut fclob elmloie. 't ls s`lntlob, pirtlglpitlob lo mioy wdrejs

wlt`dut fcgdmlob pirt dn t`cm - t`c gdsmdpdeltio ls uoiut`cotlg

ioj $ulotcsscotlieey mdjcro-2doitìo 1rlcjmio.Gueturie Ljcotlty ioj Bedfie rdgcss



/n gdursc, tdjiys mdflelty ls odt doey rcstrlgtcj td p`yslgie, fdjley trivce. drcdvcr, lt gio fc issumcj tìt dt`cr

!lojs dn trivceelob irc iesd slbolnlgiot lo grcitlob t`c gdojltldos ndr i gdsmdpdeltio mdjc dn fclob#lo#t`c#wdrej< -

lmibloitlvc trivce, td fc triospdrtcj cescw`crc t`rdub` t`c lmibcs dn peigcs ioj pcdpecs cogduotcrcj lo t`c mcjli)

ioj vlrtuie trivce, triosgcojlob bcdbrip`lgie ioj dntco sdglie jlstiogcs t`rdub` londrmitldo ioj gdmmuolgitldostcgòdedby 39zcrszyos!l ioj Brry >JJ@< 22G nn.0.

:Z`c wdrej ls is lt wcrc t`c gdmmdo `dmc

dn t`c bdjs ioj ùmios, t`c glty tìt fcedobs td fdt`.:

&`c "tdlg Fiuefus.

Z`c rcvlvie dn gdsmdpdeltiolsm td w`lg` irtì 7ussfium, imdob dt`crs, is mijc slbolnlgiot gdotrlfutldos iesd

rcnecgts io urbc td bd fcydoj t`c pdstmdjcro ioj muetlgueturie lmprlsdomcot lo jlnncrcogc ioj rcielzc dur gdmmdo

ùmiolty. &ut t`c pdlotcr td dur gdmmdo ùmiolty fy t`c prcviecot jlsgdurscs jdcs odt sunnlglcotey cmfdjy t`c

pilo ioj sunncrlob dn grylob umiolty is lt is fcco ioj ls fclob suf6cgtcj td i scrlcs dn vldeitldos ioj gdedolievldecogc.

Gdsmdpdeltiolsm ioj Fcydoj% &dwirjs i uetlvcrsc d$ &rios$drmitldos

Ioioti Humir 'lrl

Do Is`ls !iojy#s Stdpli. I$$cgtlvc Gdsmdpdeltiolsm(rimdj H. !iyir

:Zùs, od utdpli gio fc wlt`dut io lmpelglt dr cxpelglt t`cdry dn sunncrlob. Z`ls ls cspcglieey sd lo t`c pcrlp`crlcs dn

t`c wdrej, cup`cmlstlgieey gieecj t`c t`lrj wdrej 3>20. 7iojy bdcs do td siy tìt :td ìvc i mciolobnue elnc lo t`c

mlojs dn mco, sug` i utdpli must stirt wlt` t`c lssuc dn mio#mijc sunncrlob, w`lg` ìs blvco t`c t`lrj wdrej fdt`lts oimc ioj uol$ucocss: 3Zrijltldos >20.

ìt ls drlbloieey 'rcch ls

t`c gdogcpt d$ pdeltlgie $rccjdm.

1rccjdm ls ocvcr ifdut purlty ) ctòlg dr dt`crwlsc )

fut ifdut gdotigts, gdotimloitldos, ioj fdrjcr grdsslobs.

Z`c lstdry dn nrccjdm ls wìt Iot`doy wimc Ippli` giees %t`c gisc ndr gdotimloitldo.* - Frccjdm ls ocvcrifdut purlty# ctòlg dr dt`crwlsc # fut ifdut gdotigts, gdotimloitldos, ioj fdrjcr grdsslobs. Ioj sd ls wìt ' wduej

giee %nisgloitlob uonrccjdm,* w`lg` ti!cs jlnncrcot sìpcs fut sìrcs io crds dn pdwcr ioj piriodlg iotlmdjcro dr

pdst#pdstmdjcro ljcdedby.



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[ibc | 2



Iodt`cr 1rccjdm. &`c Ietcroitlvc lstdry d$ io +jci.

"vcteioi Fdym

- trylob td fc gdsmdpdeltio prcglpltitcs i ocxus dn sielcot cxpcrlcotlie tcosldos ioj gdonelgts tìt irc ocbdtlitcj

t`rdub` t`clr gdosumptldo ioj eclsurc prigtlgcs.+det 32==A0 ceifdritcs do t`c gdsmdpdeltio gdostrugt lo ls rcndrmueitldo dn ;lcrrc &durjlcus 32=A?0 t`cdry dn

gueturie gipltie. 'o tcrms dn t`ls sdgldedblgie nrimcwdr!, gdsmdpdeltiolsm ls t`cdrlzcj is i styec dn gdosumptldo tìt

grcitcs ioj milotilos stitus jlstlogtldos fctwcco lb`#gueturie#gipltie gdosumcrs ioj edw#gueturie#gipltiegdosumcrs. Z`c ndrmcr brdup ls silj td pdsscss i gdsmdpdeltio ìfltus tìt ls, i ocxus dn lotcroielzcj ioj

oiturielzcj prdgelvltlcs ioj prcjlspdsltldos tdwirj gdsmdpdeltio gdosumptldo prigtlgcs tìt rcnecgt i lstdry dn

geiss#fiscj sdglielzitldo.&rylob td Fc Gdsmdpdeltio

Iut`dr5s=% Grilb 2. &`dmpsdo ioj "ldh Huio &imfyi`

(dsmdpdeltiolsm ls i gdogcptldo dn muetlgueturielsm is mixlmum nrccjdm, ndr mlodrlty is wcee is mi6drltylojlvljuies, td mlx wlt`, fdrrdw ioj eciro nrdm iee 3w`ct`cr t`cy irc dn ydur brdup dr odt0 sd lojlvljuie ljcotltlcs

irc pcrsdoie imiebims dn flts nrdm virldus brdups ioj `crltibcs ioj t`crc ls od doc jdmloiot sdglie ljcotlty td

w`lg` iee must gdondrm. Z`c rcsuet wlee fc i sdglcty gdmpdscj dn i fecoj dn gueturcs, i muetlgueturc.&`c "triobc !do)9cit` d$ uetlgueturielsm

&irl? djddj

/o t`c gdotriry, &ìfì irbucs tìt iee sdglie gdeecgtlvcs, oitldo stitcs, gueturcs dr smiee#sgiec ctòlg brdups, ircgiub`t lo i gdotloudus prdgcss dn `yfrljlty. Z`cy iee ìvc jcvcedpcj lo rceitldo td i eirbcr gdotcxt ioj t`crcndrc

gdoslst dn cecmcots dn jlnncrcot drlblos w`lg` t`cy td virylob cxtcot ìvc lo gdmmdo. Z`c prdgcss dn `yfrljlty tùs

mi!cs t`c ljci dn gueturcs ioj ctòlg gdeecgtlvcs is dmdbcocdus cotltlcs logdogclvifec, dr lo 4iyitrl 9plvi!s

wdrjs, ceuslvc.&`lrj spigc cogduotcrs% yfrljlty, mlmlgry ioj lotcrstltlie prigtlgc.

1rcjrlh 1ièiojcr

:cwls um$drj. Stdpli, &`c Glty ioj &`c ig`loc

- 'o rcturo, cvcry mcmfcr dn t`c gdmmuolty wis dfelbcj td pcrndrm sigrlnlgcs

ioj td jcvdtc it ecist pirt dn t`c ycir td eifdrlob ndr t`c glty8s bdj. &y sufstltutlob gdosgrlptldoioj gdmmuolsm ndr t`c eitcr lostltutldos dn t`c mir!ct, wibc eifdr,

prlvitc prdpcrty, ioj mdocy, -

Z`c rcgdboltldo tìt mdjcro sdglctlcs irc od edobcr mdodelt`lg, t`c lmibloiry sdglie spigc ìs mus`rddmcj lotd i

muetltujc dn ljcotltlcs is prdpceecj us lotd i rcielzitldo tìt wc irc lo io cri w`crc lotcrgueturielty, triosgueturielsmioj t`c cvcotuie prdspcgt dn ljcotlnylob i gdsmdpdeltio gltlzcos`lp gio fcgdmc i rcielty.

Muetlgueturielsm dr Zriosgueturielsm1 Zdwirjs iGdsmdpdeltio Gltlzcos`lp.

Jdoiej Guggldectti [`.J.

gltlecss, dmcecss, jcprlvcj d$ i $it`creioj

w`co `c wis ishcj w`crc ydu gdmc $rdm>



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+ im i gltl


9/60

[ibc | J ?ucrlcs /eei "`dìt,

J!dtcs do t`c (dst)Gdedolie, "dglie &c6t

-. t`crc ls i Z`lrj drej scoslflelty ioj mdjc dn pcrgcptldo tìt is fcgdmc logrcislobey vlslfec lo gueturie

jlsgussldos dvcr t`c eist jcgijc. ' myscen sìrc lo t`c gdogcros 3ioj cvco sdmc dn t`c vlcwpdlots0 dn pdstgdedolie

lotceecgtuies, t`dub` nrdm i sdmcwìt jlnncrcot pcrspcgtlvc tìo t`dsc w`d jcsgrlfc t`cmscevcs is sug`.

- fcgiusc t`c pdpueirlty tìt t`c tcrm pdstgdedolie ìs ig`lcvcj lo t`c eist ncw ycirs ìs ecss td jd wlt` lts

rlbdrdusocss is i gdogcpt dr wlt` t`c ocw vlstis lt ìs dpcocj up ndr grltlgie lo$ulry tìo lt jdcs wlt` t`c logrciscj

vlslflelty dn igijcmlg lotceecgtuies dn Z`lrj drej drlblo is pigcscttcrs lo gueturie grltlglsm. ' wiot td subbcst tìtmdst dn t`c grltlgie t`cmcs tìt pdstgdedolie grltlglsm geilms is lts nduotilo`cij prcjitcj t`c ippciriogc, dr it ecist

t`c pdpueir gurrcogy, dn pdstgdedolie. `ct`cr t`crc wis i pdstgdedolie gdosgldusocss 3fcndrc lt wis sd tcrmcj0 tìt

mlb`t ìvc peiycj i pirt lo t`c prdjugtldo dn t`dsc t`cmcs ls i $ucstldo td w`lg` ' wlee rcturo fcedw. Is nir is lt ls

pdsslfec td tcee nrdm t`c eltcriturc, `dwcvcr, lt wis doey nrdm t`c mlj#2=AJs tìt t`c eifce pdstgdedolie wis ittig`cjtd t`dsc t`cmcs wlt` logrcislob nrc$ucogy, ioj tìt lo gdo6uogtldo wlt` t`c usc dn t`c eifce td jcsgrlfc igijcmlg

lotceecgtuies dn Z`lrj drej drlblo.

9`dìt8s $ucstldo ifdvc rcncrs td t`ls bedfie gdojltldo) yct, blvco t`c imflbulty lmfcjjcj lo t`c tcrm pdstgdedolie,

lt sccms 6ustlnlifec td rcjlrcgt `cr $ucstldo td t`c cmcrbcogc dn pdstgdedolie lotceecgtuies lo drjcr td put t`c `drscfig! lo nrdot dn t`c girt. Z`ls rcjlrcgtldo ls iesd lotcojcj td uojcreloc t`c Flrst drej drlblos 3ioj sltuitldo0 dn t`c

tcrm.

- tcrms tìt ivc jlsdrbiolzcj cirelcr gdogcptuielzitldos dn bedfie rceitldos, cspcglieey rceitldos gdmprc`cojcj

cirelcr fy sug` floirlcs is gdedolzcr"gdedolzcj, Flrst drej"Z`lrj drej, ioj t`c :cst ioj t`c Kcst,: lo iee dn w`lg`t`c oitldo#stitc wis ti!co ndr briotcj is t`c bedfie uolt dn pdeltlgie drbiolzitldo. 't ls od rcnecgtldo do t`c ifleltlcs dn

pdstgdedolie grltlgs td subbcst tìt t`cy ioj t`c grltlgie drlcotitldos t it t`cy rcprcscot ìvc ig$ulrcj i rcspcgtiflelty

jcpcojcot do t`c gdogcptuie occjs dn t`c sdglie, pdeltlgie, ioj gueturie prdfecms t`rdwo up fy t`ls ocw wdrej

sltuitldo.

%'o t`c lstdrlgie gdotcxt dn prcscot Inrlgio jcvcedpmcot, wc miy odw is!, Ielcoitldo ndr wìt, ioj lo wìt

jlrcgtldo ' wlee ioswcr tìt $ucstldo uoc$ulvdgieey< is i mittcr dn prigtlgie ocgcsslty, wc ìvc od g`dlgc fut lo t`c

jlrcgtldo dn cstcro gueturc ioj glvlelzitldo* 3>2G0. Ifldei 'rcec, 'o ;rilsc dn Ielcoitldo.

c ìvc od g`dlgc fut lo t`c jlrcgtldo dn cstcro gueturc ioj glvlelzitldo. Ifldei

+rcec, +o (rilsc d$ Ielcoitldo.

'-o Drbuo do uh`crcc ioj *us`jlc lo &`rdub` &rivceecj /ycs

Z`c odrmie rdec ndr t`c mdjcm grcitlvc wrltcr ls td fc io cxlec... 1crigloitldo ìs fcgdmc iemdst i prcrc$ulsltc dn

lotceecgtuie jlstlogtldo8 3p. 250. - 8 ioj subbcstcj tìt t`c trlpec uprddtlob nrdm `dmc, eiobuibc ioj gueturc rcsuetcjlo t`c lmmlbriots ioj t`c lmmlbriot wrltcrs ìvlob 8mdjcrolsm ndrgcj updo8 t`cm.8

Z`c ocwey gdonljcot vdlgc dn 'ojlio wrltlob lo Cobels` slboieecj fy t`c prcstlbldus peigc tìt jlispdri wrltlobdgguplcs intcr ljolb`t8s (`lejrco fcelcs t`c vcry rcie scosc dn ocrvdusocss ifdut iut`drlty tìt ls lmpelcj fy sug`

gdonelgtlob tcrms dn scen#pdsltldolob, ioj rcpcitcjey gdostltutcs t`c suftcxt dn t`c wdr!s stujlcj lo t`ls t`csls.

9ug` ocrvdusocss lo, nigt, ls nrc$ucotey ijvcrtlscj is io lotcbrie pirt dn t`c stiogc dn t`c pdstgdedolie grltlg ioj

iut`dr iel!c. Z`c lotrdjugtldo td t`ls t`csls ittcmpts td jlsguss t`c gdmpelgitldos dn pdstgdedolie scen#pdsltldolob fyI spcglnlgieey Inrlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt dn i Curdpcio bizc, mciolob tìt dutsljc t`c nrimc dn cstcro Curdpcio gdedolzitldo dn


99


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[ibc | 96



edd!lob it t`c stritcblcs tìt Cjwirj 9ilj cmpedys td edgitc `ls vdlgc, ioj t`c rcigtldos tìt t`csc lovltc. 9ilj

s`dwgiscs t`c s`lntlob brduoj `c nuogtldos do fy suftec mcios, ` lbèlb`tlob t`c jlnnlguet ocbdtlitldo tìt io cxlec ls

dfelbcj td dej fctwcco dmcecssocss ioj wdrejelocss, oitldoielsm ioj gdsmdpdeltiolsm.'-o Drbuo do uh`crcc ioj *us`jlc lo &`rdub` &rivceecj /ycs

Ifldei 'rcecs nimdus %'o ;rilsc dn Ielcoitldo,* ... 'o `ls vlcw, Inrlgios irc prdnduojey imflviecot lo rceitldo td

Curdpc, fclob slmuetiocdusey rcscotnue dn t`c ielcoitldo giuscj fy gdedolielsmioj t`crcndrc wleelob td rcgdvcr iedst Inrlgio ljcotltyioj logurifey inncgtcj fy Curdpcio mdjcrolty ioj fy wìt ls usuieey gieecj %cstcro*

gueturc.

Fdr 'rcec, lt ls gruglie tìt Inrlgios dvcrgdmc t`ls imflviecogc fy rcpeiglob tìt pit`dedblgie ielcoitldo wlt` i

pdsltlvc doc. 'o dt`cr wdrjs, t c ocbitlvc ielcoitldo prdvd!cj fy gdedolielsm s`duej fc triosgcojcj odt t`rdub` ircturo td trijltldo, fut t`rdub` i tdtie gipltueitldo td Curdpcio mdjcrolty< %'o t`c `lstdrlgie gdotcxt dn prcscot

Inrlgio jcvcedpmcot, wc miy odw is!, Ielcoitldo ndr wìt, ioj lo wìt jlrcgtldo ' wlee ioswcr tìt $ucstldo


glvlelzitldo* 3>2G0.;&`c &riumi d$ i 9lmlols`cj /6lstcogc7% G`loui Ig`cfc *cvlsltcj


;c 7itldos dn Curdpc, ' t`dub`t, w`d jd odt ncir td neddjelb`t dur dwo lomdst mcgìolsms, irc `crc turolob t`c

feizlob elb`ts dn dur glvlelzitldo lotd jir! cycs, csscotlieey jlnncrcot td durs. 'n ndr i edob codub` tlmc wc gdotlouc lo

t`ls wiy td jizzec ioj feloj t`c Inrlgios, wc miy lo t`c coj frlob updo t`cm i edoblob ndr jir!ocss, w`lg` wleejrlvc t`cm lotd t`c bdrbcs dn t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mduotilos ioj t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mlojs.*

+sih 9locsco. Dut d$ I$rlgi.

Inrlgi ls prlmltlvc fcgiusc lt ls t`c eioj dn bcouloc fclobs, uospdlecj, drlbloie, uoijuetcritcj ioj

gedsc td elnc. &ut t`c dt`cr ispcgt dn t`c mciolob dn prlmltlvlsm ls jcmciolob ioj scen jcncitlob< t`dsc `cej td fcbcouloc irc sd fcgiusc t`cy irc stir!ey uojcrjcvcedpcj.

(dst)Gdedolielsm, cmdry ioj t`c *cmihlob d$ I$rlgio +jcotlty

+jdwu leelim


t`c odrmie rdec ndr t`c mdjcm grcitlvc wrltcr ls td fc io cxlec... 1crigloitldo ìs fcgdmc iemdst i prcrc$ulsltc dnlotceecgtuie jlstlogtldo8 3p. 250. - 8 ioj subbcstcj tìt t`c trlpec uprddtlob nrdm `dmc, eiobuibc ioj gueturc rcsuetcj

lo t`c lmmlbriots ioj t`c lmmlbriot wrltcrs ìvlob 8mdjcrolsm ndrgcj updo8 t`cm.8

Gdsmds% ihlob Sp drejs

I ìsty rcvlcw dn gdsmdpdeltiolsm mlb`t fcblo wlt` 1ldbcocs dn 9lodpc8s mlsiot`rdpy 3ndr io lo#jcpt` stujy dn

gdsmdpdeltiolsm tìt ndguscs do t`c Coelb`tcomcot, fut iesd tdug`cs do t`c Ioglcot 4rcc!s, scc 9gècrct`0. Llvloblo i firrce do t`c strccts ioj lo cxlec, t`ls iotlgdovcotldolielst rcspdojcj td Iecxiojcr 4rcit8s lo$ulry lotd `ls drlblos

wlt` t`c ndeedwlob< !dsmdpdeltcs.

Kdfflos8s cxpeioitldo dn gdsmdpdeltiolsm rcsts do `ls rcvcrsldo td t`c :drlbloie: mciolob dn gdsmds,tìt ls :drjcr: dr :ijdromcot: is lo :gdsmctlgs: 3:9cgueir: 2AA0. +c t`co issdglitcs t`c gdsmds lo gdsmdpdeltiolsm

wlt` t`c igt dn mi!lob up t`c wdrej rit`cr tìo t`c wdrej ltscen gdogclvcj is i tdtielty. Z`c mi!lob#up stritcby tùs

loslsts do t`c virldus pirts is mug` is lt jdcs do t`c tdtielty.



96


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[ibc | 97





wlt`dut fcgdmlob pirt dn t`cm - t`c gdsmdpdeltio ls uoiut`cotlg

ioj $ulotcsscotlieey mdjcro-2doit`io 1rlcjmio.Gueturie Ljcotlty ioj Bedfie rdgcss

;&`c jcslrc d$ t`c gdedol


14/60

[ibc | 9:



jlnncr slbolnlgiotey. Inrlgi ls cmfcjjcj lo jccp rcelbldus jcvdtldos, nccelobs ioj scotlmcots. Z`c icst`ctlg ncrvdur

ioj r`yt`mlg rltuie pcrndrmiogc tìt iggdmpiolcs sug` nccelobs gio fc jcsgrlfcj is scgdoj td odoc. Z`c ifdvc

gitcbdrlzitldo prcscots odt doey io lotcrcstlob spcgtigec fut mi!cs t`c tie! dn io Inrlgio ljcotlty odt doey

gdotrdvcrslie fut iesd, do t`c w`dec, lotcrcstlob ioj wdrt`y dn igijcmlg pursult.

Fdr mioy Inrlgios, i vcry bddj wiy dn edd!lob it t`c ljci dn Inrlgio ljcotlty geustcrs irduoj t`c rcijlocss td

jcncoj wleelobey Inrlgio vieucs ioj Inrlgio gueturc lo i wdrej tìt ls rccelob uojcr t`c loneucogc dn bedfielzitldo

ioj mdjcrolzitldo.

Z`c ifdvc tieelcs wlt` t`c loodgudus fut jiobcrdus jcsgrlptldo dn Inrlgitìt w`lg` gipturcs t`c csscogc dn

prlmltlvlsm. /o i grltlgie odtc, prlmltlvlsm ìs i pcguelir jdufec mciolob. Z`c gdogcptldo dn prlmltlvlsm lo doc

scosc ls loodgcot< Inrlgi ls prlmltlvc fcgiusc lt ls t`c eioj dn bcouloc fclobs, uospdlecj, drlbloie, uoijuetcritcj iojgedsc td elnc. &ut t`c dt`cr ispcgt dn t`c mciolob dn prlmltlvlsm ls jcmciolob ioj scen jcncitlob< t`dsc `cej td fc

bcouloc irc sd fcgiusc t`cy irc stir!ey uojcrjcvcedpcj, ioj iggdrjlob td ietcr Kdjocy 32=N>0, t`c

uojcrjcvcedpmcot dn Inrlgi wis t`c dt`cr ioj ocgcssiry sljc dn wcstcro jcvcedpmcot lotd lojustrlie ioj mdjcro

sdglcty. ;iemcrbs gdogeusldo do t`ls lssuc sduojs pdctlg ioj jcscrvcs ittcotldo< td cr, t`csc twd ittltujcs gio fcgieecj, doc t`c doc ìoj, t`c `lcrirg`lgie ioj gdojcmolob ittltujc, ioj do t`c dt`cr, t`c rdmiotlglslob ioj ljdelslob

ittltujc. 'o t`c ndrmcr gisc, Inrlgi ls jcpedrcj ndr wìt lt jdcs odt ìvc, lo t`c eittcr gisc lt ls ijmlrcj ndr wìt lt

ìs 3>JJ2, p. >J>0. 'o ioy gisc, i jlecmmi ls stlee lovdevcj lo t`ls rcvcrcj dploldo w`lg` rcojcrs, lo dfnusgitlobtcrms, tìt rc$ulrcs cvcry mdjlgum dn geirlty wc gio mustcr.

(dst)Gdedolielsm, cmdry ioj t`c *cmihlob d$ I$rlgio +jcotlty+jdwu leelim

:cwls um$drj. Stdpli, &`c Glty ioj &`c ig`loc

- 'o rcturo, cvcry mcmfcr dn t`c gdmmuolty wis dfelbcj td pcrndrm sigrlnlgcsioj td jcvdtc it ecist pirt dn t`c ycir td eifdrlob ndr t`c glty8s bdj. &y sufstltutlob gdosgrlptldo

ioj gdmmuolsm ndr t`c eitcr lostltutldos dn t`c mir!ct, wibc eifdr,



Jdoiej Guggldectti [`.J.Z`csc uogìoblob rcieltlcs dn dur mdjcro wdrej, gdupecj fy t`c nigt tìt tlmc iojsigc irc od edobcr

losurmduotifec firrlcrs ivc nuceecj io urbcogy, cspcglieey wlt`lo t`c eist nlnty ycirs dn t`c >Jt` gcotury, lo

prdvljlob i mdjce ndr gueturie irmdolzitldo dr it t`c vcry ecist gueturie uojcrstiojlob, lo t c prdgcss dn ùmio

lotcrigtldo ndr dur ocw gcotury.uetlgueturielsm% &`c :dss d$ Gueturc

*. (. Fco 9cjch

Z`c rcgdboltldo tìt mdjcro sdglctlcs irc od edobcr mdodelt`lg, tìt t`c lmibloiry sdglie spigc ìs mus`rddmcjlotd i muetltujc dn ljcotltlcs ìs prdpceecj us lotd i rcielzitldo tìt wc irc lo io cri w`crc lotcrgueturielty,

triosgueturielsm ioj t`c cvcotuie prdspcgt dn ljcotlnylob i gdsmdpdeltio gltlzcos`lp gio fcgdmc i rcielty.



Gdsmdpdeltiolsmls t`c ljcdedby tìt iee ùmio ctòlg brdups fcedob td i slobec gdmmuolty fiscj do i sìrcj

mdrielty. (dsmdpdeltiolsm miy cotile sdmc sdrt dn wdrej bdvcromcot dr lt miy slmpey rcncr td mdrc logeuslvcmdrie, cgdodmlg, ioj"dr pdeltlgie rceitldos`lps fctwcco oitldos dr lojlvljuies dn jlnncrcot oitldos. I pcrsdo w`d

ij`crcs td t`c ljci dn gdsmdpdeltiolsm lo ioy dn lts ndrms ls gieecj i gdsmdpdeltiodr gdsmdpdeltc.M2O

Gdsmdpdeltiolsm. lhlpcjli.



9:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism#cite_note-1


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[ibc | 93



Z`c gdsmdpdeltio 3dsmdpdelt0 dfcys iee t`c eiws dn t`c stitc lo w`lg` `c elvcs, td w`dsc wlsjdm, ecbltlmigy ioj

gdmmdo utlelty `c ij`crcs lo `ls rdec is i gltlzco dn t`c wdrej 3cetfzllb$cl80, ioj `c sufmlts td t`c rcst lo t`c rciem

dn ocgcsslty. +c ls gcrtiloey lo ibrccmcot wlt` `ls dwo oitldo, fut `c ls c$uieey sd wlt` iee dt`crs is wcee, ioj ls

t`crcndrc odt prcpircj td nduoj t`c wceeDfclob, bedry ioj brcitocss dn `ls `dmceioj do lotcotldoie ìrmlob drdpprcssldo dn dt`cr stitcs. 3lceioj, 2A5J< >2N # 2A0

9iolcec Irg lfubl. +mmiouce Hiot, Gdsmdpdeltio :iw ioj (cigc


(rimdj H. !iyir

:Zùs, od utdpli gio fc wlt`dut io lmpelglt dr cxpelglt t`cdry dn sunncrlob. Z`ls ls cspcglieey sd lo t`c pcrlp`crlcs dn

t`c wdrej, cup`cmlstlgieey gieecj t`c t`lrj wdrej 3>20. 7iojy bdcs do td siy tìt :td ìvc i mciolobnue elnc lo t`cmlojs dn mco, sug` i utdpli must stirt wlt` t`c lssuc dn mio#mijc sunncrlob, w`lg` ìs blvco t`c t`lrj wdrej fdt`

lts oimc ioj uol$ucocss: 3Zrijltldos >20.

C +otrdjuglob 9idlsm. Gdsmds, 'djs, ioj 'dvcroiogc. :lvli Hdò

(rcitlob drjcr lo t`c uolvcrsc iggdrjlobey mciot mitg`lob t`c gdsmlg pìscs ioj piglnylob t`c virldus bdjs ioj

jcmdos, ielbolob scen ioj sdglcty lo i eirbcr gdotcxt tìt logeujcj cvcryt`lob nrdm t`c stirs t`rdub` t`c bdjs td t`c

edwey grciturcs dn Cirt`. Z`c vlsldo dn uetlmitc ìrmdoy, t`co, wis jcsgrlfcj lo tcrms dn 4rcit ;cigc, i stitc dngdmpectc dpcoocss ioj pcrvisldo dn iee.


+ im i gltl



93


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+ im i gltl


17/60

[ibc | 92




gedsc td elnc. &ut t`c dt`cr ispcgt dn t`c mciolob dn prlmltlvlsm ls jcmciolob ioj scen jcncitlob< t`dsc `cej td fc

bcouloc irc sd fcgiusc t`cy irc stir!ey uojcrjcvcedpcj.(dst)Gdedolielsm, cmdry ioj t`c *cmihlob d$ I$rlgio +jcotlty

+jdwu leelim



t`ls wiy td jizzec ioj feloj t`c Inrlgios, wc miy lo t`c coj frlob updo t`cm i edoblob ndr jir!ocss, w`lg` wleejrlvc t`cm lotd t`c bdrbcs dn t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mduotilos ioj t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mlojs.*


@i spcgl$lgieey I$rlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt d$ i /urdpcio bi


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[ibc | 90



&`c (dstgdedolie Iuri% &`lrj drej Grltlglsm lo t`c Ibc d$ 'edfie Gipltielsm.

Irl$ 9lrelh

+t sccms c?uieey irbuifec, `dwcvcr, t it mlbritldo ioj jcrigloitldo wduej ìvc t`c dppdsltc c$$cgt fy

pcrmiocoteyjcstrdylob i gecir scosc dn ljcotlty, ioj mi!lob ioy 8cxigt8 dr 8prcglsc8 jcsgrlptldo dn `dmcprdfecmitlg is i rcsuet dn t c pdeltlgieey imflbudus mdvc iwiy nrdm tìt dmc td t`c mctrdpdels.


C ;pdst)gdedolie ljcotlty ls prdpcrey gdogclvcj is prdgcss

rit`cr tìo irrlvie,7 `lotlob it t`c odtldo tìt muetlgueturielsm ltsce$ ls do i ?ucst

$dr sce$)iut`cotlglty, gdotlouieey gìoblob ioj ijiptlob is sdglcty rc?ulrcs.

1dmlolg +cij. 'o I 9cirg` ndr Iut`cotlglty< Bojcrstiojlob [ijlc 9mlt`8s `ltc Zcct`.

Celzifct` +dweioj

'n ndr i edob codub` tlmc wc gdotlouc lo t`ls wiy td jizzec

ioj feloj t`c Inrlgios, wc miy lo t`c coj frlob updo t`cm i edoblob ndr jir!ocss,

w`lg` wlee jrlvc t`cm lotd t`c bdrbcs dn t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mduotilos ioj t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mlojs.*+sih 9locsco. Dut d$ I$rlgi.



19/60

[ibc | 92G0.





20/60

[ibc | 6;



1lsgdotloulty wlt` i gdedolie pist ls lmpdsslfec, mdst sd lo t`c psyg`lg ioj inncgtlvc rciem w`crc lrdolgieey, lts

crisurc ls iesd mdst sdub`t. 'ts rcsljucs elobcr lo t`c uogdosgldus mcmdry, w`lg` ls t`c %gdostltutlvc fcjrdg! dngdosgldus cxlstcogc* 3=0. 't lonecgts t`c cvcryjiy muojioc cxlstcogc wlt`dut ocgcssirley frloblob ittcotldo td ltscen.

't grcitcs io locxpelgifec edoblob, i %puzzelob glrgueitldo dn jcslrc irduoj t`c triumitlg sgcoc dn dpprcssldo* 3220.

Do &`c GdedolieE(dst)Gdedolie "ufcgt.

(dstgdedolie ljcotlty lo i bedfiel


21/60

[ibc | 69



'mmlbriot wrltlob ... i 8gecir scosc dn ljcotlty8 3p. 250, cvco fcndrc doc mlb`t wls` td ti!c td tis! t`c issumptldo tìt

sug` i gcrtiloty wduej lo nigt prdjugc bddj wrltlob.

- tìt t`c p`yslgie jlstioglob nrdm t`c 8`dmc8 wduej blvc t`c cxlecj wrltcr i gecircr scosc dn lt, ioj t`ls lo turo

wduej blvc rlsc td fcttcr eltcriturc.

t`c mlbriot pdstgdedolie wrltcr8s vlsldo ls ietcroitcey gdotripuotie, pirtlie, odstieblg, bulety, gìmcecdolg,

stcrcdsgdplg, sg`lzdp`rcolg, nribmcotcj, neulj, jcgdedolslob, drlcotielslob, imflviecot ioj cobibcj, jcncoslvc iojstrljcot, gdmpelglt yct cmioglpitdry, lotcroitldoie yct tlcj jdwo fy, is wcee is bcsturlob ieecbliogc tdwirjs,

rcbldoie ioj oitldoie ljcotlty ioj `lstdry.

t`c pdstgdedolie, gdotriry td gdmmdo pcrgcptldo, ls odt 8i jcsgrlptldo dn ioyt`lob, 8 fut 8i jlsgdursc tìt scc!s td

gdostltutc t`c wdrej lo t`c scen#lmibc dn lotceecgtuies w`d vlcw t`cmscevcs... is pdstgdedolie lotceecgtuies8 ioj tùs

8pdstgdedolie jlsgdursc ls io cxprcssldo odt sd mug` dn ibdoy dvcr ljcotlty, is lt dntco ippcirs, fut dn ocwnduoj

pdwcr*.

@&`c (dstgdedolie Iuri%

&`lrj drej Grltlglsm lo t`c Ibc d$ 'edfie Gipltielsm. Irl$ 9lrelh

'o `ls 2==? cssiy tltecj 8Z`c ;dstgdedolie Iuri< Z`lrj drej (rltlglsm lo t`c Ibc dn 4edfie (ipltielsm, 8 Irln 1lrel!jlsgusscs t`c 6uogturcs dn pdstgdedolie ioj pdstmdjcro mdjcs dn eltcriry ioj grltlgie prdjugtldo, ioj t`c strcsscs

ittcojiot do fdt`. 'o `ls irbumcot, t`c pdstgdedolie, gdotriry td gdmmdo pcrgcptldo, ls odt 8i jcsgrlptldo dn

ioyt`lob, 8 fut 8i jlsgdursc tìt scc!s td gdostltutc t`c wdrej lo t`c scen#lmibc dn lotceecgtuies w`d vlcw t`cmscevcs...is pdstgdedolie lotceecgtuies8 ioj tùs 8pdstgdedolie jlsgdursc ls io cxprcssldo odt sd mug` dn ibdoy dvcr ljcotlty, is

lt dntco ippcirs, fut dn ocwnduoj pdwcr*. Z`ls sdmcwìt iggusitdry rcndrmueitldo dn t`c imflviecot pdsltldo

dgguplcj fy t`c pdstgdedolie lotceecgtuie wduej sccm td fc gdonlrmcj fy gdotcmpdriry nlgtldo tìt ittcmpts td

prdjugc rcprcscotitldos dn mlbritldo, ioj lts scen#gdosgldus ittcmpts td ijjrcss ioj jcnloc pdstgdedolie iut`drs`lplo rceitldo td pdstgdedolie ioj mlbriot scen#jcnloltldo. 'o t`c jcnloltldos dn 9ilj, Kus`jlc, u!`cr6cc ioj 7iyiotiri

9i`bie imdob dt`crs, t`c mlbriot pdstgdedolie wrltcr8s vlsldo ls ietcroitcey gdotripuotie, pirtlie, odstieblg, bulety,

gìmcecdolg, stcrcdsgdplg, sg`lzdp`rcolg, nribmcotcj, neulj, jcgdedolslob, drlcotielslob, imflviecot ioj cobibcj,

jcncoslvc ioj strljcot, gdmpelglt yct cmioglpitdry, lotcroitldoie yct tlcj jdwo fy, is wcee is bcsturlob ieecbliogctdwirjs, rcbldoie ioj oitldoie ljcotlty ioj `lstdry.

Z`c rcgdboltldo tìt mdjcro sdglctlcs irc od edobcr mdodelt`lg, tìt t`c lmibloiry sdglie spigc ìs mus`rddmcj

lotd i muetltujc dn ljcotltlcs ìs prdpceecj us lotd i rcielzitldo tìt wc irc lo io cri w`crc lotcrgueturielty,




Z`csc uogìoblob rcieltlcs dn dur mdjcro wdrej, gdupecj fy t`c nigt tìt tlmc iojsigc irc od edobcrlosurmduotifec firrlcrs ivc nuceecj io urbcogy, cspcglieey wlt`lo t`c eist nlnty ycirs dn t`c >Jt` gcotury, lo



*. (. Fco 9cjch



69


22/60

[ibc | 66



Do t`ls iggduot, pdstmdjcro gdosumcrs elvc is tdurlst gltl


23/60

[ibc | 67



'o `cr cssiy, %+ippy uetlgueturie Lioj Z`c 'mpelgitldos dn io cxgcss dn fcedoblob lo [ijlc 9mlt`s `ltc

Zcct`* 3>JJG0, deey Z`dmpsdo isscrts tìt 9mlt` gìeecobcs lmpelgitldos dn muetlgueturielsms tlcs wlt` t`c rddts

dn `crltibc. Z`dmpsdo wrltcs, %t`c odtldo dn `dmc is ìvlob i nlxcj ioj slobueir drlblo ndr ioydoc lo i

muetlgueturie wdrej ls - s`dwo td fc leeusdry* 32550. Iggdrjlob td Z`dmpsdo, 9mlt` gìeecobcs ljcis dn gueturie`crltibc is fclob i ocgcssiry pirt dn t`c ljcotlnlgitldo prdgcss t`rdub` w`lg` lmmlbriots ioj t`clr sufsc$ucot

bcocritldos cmcrbc. - Kit`cr, t`c gìrigtcrs dn t`c odvce ljcotlny t`clr iut`cotlg scevcs t`rdub` i mlobelob dn t`c

pist ioj prcscot, i rddtcjocss w`lg` gelobs td fdt` pcrsdoie `lstdrlcs ioj prcscot glrgumstiogcs.

Edoitìo ;.I. 9cee ti!cs t`c scirg` ndr ljcotlty doc stcp nurt`cr lo `ls cssiy %(ìogc ioj 4csturc lo [ijlc 9mlt`s`ltc Zcct` ioj Z`c Iutdbrip` io< I djce ndr uetlgueturie 'jcotlty* Iggdrjlob td 9cee, 9mlt` prcscots io

ljcotlty w`lg` ls %prdjugcj ndr us sdglieey, w`lg` ocvcr mitg`cs dur dwo scen#prcscotitldo. Zùs, sdglie rceitldos

irc londrmcj fy i jyoimlg dn gìogc ioj lostiflelty ioj gdojugtcj t`rdub` i prdgcss dn lotcrprctitldo ioj

mlslotcrprctitldo w`lg`, jcpcojcot is lt ls do gdmmuolgitldo, miy igtuieey coìogc t`c prdspcgt dn sdgliegdmmuoldo* 3>N0.

- Z`c gdmprijdr lotceelbcotsli< I rceitlvcey smiee, cstcro#styec, cstcro#trilocj brdup dn wrltcrs ioj

t`lo!crs, w`d mcjlitc t`c trijc lo gueturie gdmmdjltlcs dn wdrej gipltielsm it t`c pcrlp`cry*< %lo t`c cst t`cyirc !odwo t`rdub` t`c Inrlgi t`cy dnncr, t`clr gdmpitrldts !odw t`cm fdt` t`rdub` t`c cst t`cy prcscot td Inrlgi

ioj t`rdub` io Inrlgi t`cy ìvc lovcotcj ndr t`c wdrej, ndr cig` dt`cr, ioj ndr Inrlgi*.



9cee bdcs do td siy tìt 9mlt`s odvce iooduogcs %i frci! wlt` t`c pist MtìtO `criejs i nrcs` gdogcro ndr i prcscot

jlscmfirrisscj dn iee gdmpecxcs ifdut lstdrlgieey jctcrmlocj drlblos ioj ljcotltlcs,* i stitcmcot w`lg` sccms td

spci! prcglscey td 9mlt`s milo gìrigtcr, 'rlc Edocs, ioj `cr scirg` ndr scen#iut`cotlglty, io iemdst utdplio odtldo

3>=0.Is Futecr irbucs, t`c scirg` $dr iut`cotlglty fcblos is i pcr$drmiogc,

i occj td fcedob, ioj triosltldos lotd i pcr$drmitlvc jcgeiritldo d$ sce$.

+cij siys, %9mlt`s gdovlgtldo MlsO tìt wc irc iee yfrlj pdst#gdedolies,fldedblgieey is wcee is gueturieey, ioj t`c pursult dn dur ctòlg drlblos ls i pdlotecss df6cgtlvc* 322?0.

'o `ls cssiy, %[ijlc 9mlt`s `ltc Zcct`< uetlgueturielsm ndr t`c leecoolum* 3>JJ50, 1dmlolg +cij iptey stitcs%pdst#gdedolie ljcotlty ls prdpcrey gdogclvcj is prdgcss rit`cr tìo irrlvie,* `lotlob it t`c odtldo tìt

muetlgueturielsm ltscen ls do i $ucst ndr scen#iut`cotlglty, gdotlouieey gìoblob ioj ijiptlob is sdglcty rc$ulrcs32JN0.> +cij siys, %9mlt`s gdovlgtldo MlsO tìt wc irc iee yfrlj pdst#gdedolies, fldedblgieey is wcee is gueturieey,

ioj t`c pursult dn dur ctòlg drlblos ls i pdlotecss df6cgtlvc* 322?0. - /vcriee, +cij loslsts tìt 9mlt`s odvce ls i

muetlgueturie cxpcrlmcot, doc tìt covlsldos i gdmflolob dn t`c pist ioj prcscot lo fdt` pcrsdoie ioj sdglctie wiys.

Z`ls scirg` ndr iut`cotlglty ig!odwecjbcs t`c cxlstcogc dn rddts, fut rc6cgts scen#jcnloltldo fiscj sdecey do t`cm. Is&utecr irbucs, t`c scirg` ndr iut`cotlglty fcblos is i pcrndrmiogc, i occj td fcedob, ioj triosltldos lotd i

pcrndrmitlvc jcgeiritldo dn scen.

9dmlolg cij. +o I "cirg` $dr Iut`cotlglty% Sojcrstiojlob 0ijlc "mlt`s `ltc &cct`.

/el


24/60

[ibc | 6:





'n ndr i edob codub` tlmc wc gdotlouc lo t`ls wiy td jizzec ioj feloj t`c Inrlgios,

wc miy lo t`c coj frlob updo t`cm i edoblob ndr jir!ocss, w`lg` wlee jrlvc t`cm lotd t`c bdrbcs

dn t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mduotilos ioj t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mlojs.*+sih 9locsco. Dut d$ I$rlgi.





Celzifct` +dweioj



wlt`dut fcgdmlob pirt dn t`cm - t`c gdsmdpdeltio ls uoiut`cotlgioj $ulotcsscotlieey mdjcro-2doit`io 1rlcjmio.

Gueturie Ljcotlty ioj Bedfie rdgcss



25/60

[ibc | 63



/o Z`c (dedolie";dst#(dedolie 9uf6cgt.

;dstgdedolie ljcotlty lo i bedfielzlob 'ojli fy 9iobcct umir





Celzifct` +dweioj

'n ndr i edob codub` tlmc wc gdotlouc lo t`ls wiy td jizzec

ioj feloj t`c Inrlgios, wc miy lo t`c coj frlob updo t`cm i edoblob ndr jir!ocss,

w`lg` wlee jrlvc t`cm lotd t`c bdrbcs dn t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mduotilos ioj t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mlojs.*+sih 9locsco. Dut d$ I$rlgi.

Gdedolie +otcrscgtldos

ioj t`c +jcdedby d$ Gdsmdpdeltiolsmt`c gdedolielst ecbigy ioj lts lstdrlgieey s`l$tlob gdostrugtldos

d$ t`c jcstloitldos $dr gueturieey corlg`lob trivce.

Z`c stitus dn gdsmdpdeltiolsm is i `cbcmdolg, ljcdedblgie ispcgt dn t`c bedfie mir!ctpeigc ls lotcbrieey rceitcj td

t`ls gdedolielst ecbigy ioj lts `lstdrlgieey s`lntlob gdostrugtldos dn t`c jcstloitldos ndr gueturieey corlg`lob trivce.Z`rdub`dut t`c scvcotccot` ioj clb`tccot` gcoturlcs, Curdpcio gueturie celtcs rcbirjcj trivce 3dntco wlt` cxpcrt

buljcs0 td t`c sltcs dn geisslgie iotl$ultlcs ioj t`c irtlstlg ioj irg`ltcgturie ig`lcvcmcots dn t`c Kcoilssiogc is

csscotlie td t`c prcpiritldo dn yduob mco ndr t`c rcspdoslfleltlcs dn cmplrc 3Ijecr 2=A=) Zdwocr 2=AG0. &y t`c

oloctccot` gcotury, t`c symfdelg issdglitldos imdob trivce, scen#jcvcedpmcot, ioj t`c guetlvitldo dn wdrejelocss ijfcgdmc wcee cstifels`cj lo t c geiss gdosgldusocss dn Curdpcio celtcs.

w`co `c wis ishcj w`crc ydu gdmc $rdm>+ im i gltl


26/60

[ibc | 6>



Irl$ 9lrelh

&`c ?ucstldo, t`co, ls odt w`ct`cr t`ls bedfie lotceelbcotsli gio 5dr s`duej= rcturo td

oitldoie edyietlcs fut w`ct`cr, lo rcgdboltldo d$ lts dwo geiss)pdsltldo lo bedfie gipltielsm,

lt gio bcocritc i t`drdub`bdlob grltlglsm d$ lts dwo ljcdedby ioj $drmueitc

prigtlgcs d$ rcslstiogc ibilost t`c systcm d$ w`lg` lt ls i prdjugt.

-. t`crc ls i Z`lrj drej scoslflelty ioj mdjc dn pcrgcptldo tìt is fcgdmc logrcislobey vlslfec lo gueturie

jlsgussldos dvcr t`c eist jcgijc. ' myscen sìrc lo t`c gdogcros 3ioj cvco sdmc dn t`c vlcwpdlots0 dn pdstgdedolie

lotceecgtuies, t`dub` nrdm i sdmcwìt jlnncrcot pcrspcgtlvc tìo t`dsc w`d jcsgrlfc t`cmscevcs is sug`.

- t`c pdpueirlty tìt t`c tcrm pdstgdedolie ìs ig`lcvcj lo t`c eist ncw ycirs ìs ecss td jd wlt` lts rlbdrdusocss is

i gdogcpt dr wlt` t`c ocw vlstis lt ìs dpcocj up ndr grltlgie lo$ulry tìo lt jdcs wlt` t`c logrciscj vlslflelty dn

igijcmlg lotceecgtuies dn Z`lrj drej drlblo is pigcscttcrs lo gueturie grltlglsm. ' wiot td subbcst tìt mdst dn t`cgrltlgie t`cmcs tìt pdstgdedolie grltlglsm geilms is lts nduotilo`cij prcjitcj t`c ippciriogc, dr it ecist t`c pdpueir

gurrcogy, dn pdstgdedolie. `ct`cr t`crc wis i pdstgdedolie gdosgldusocss 3fcndrc lt wis sd tcrmcj0 tìt mlb`t ìvc

peiycj i pirt lo t`c prdjugtldo dn t`dsc t`cmcs ls i $ucstldo td w`lg` ' wlee rcturo fcedw. Is nir is lt ls pdsslfec td

tcee nrdm t`c eltcriturc, `dwcvcr, lt wis doey nrdm t`c mlj#2=AJs tìt t`c eifce pdstgdedolie wis ittig`cj td t`dsc

t`cmcs wlt` logrcislob nrc$ucogy, ioj tìt lo gdo6uogtldo wlt` t`c usc dn t`c eifce td jcsgrlfc igijcmlg lotceecgtuiesdn Z`lrj drej drlblo.

- blvco t`c imflbulty lmfcjjcj lo t`c tcrm pdstgdedolie, lt sccms 6ustlnlifec td rcjlrcgt `cr $ucstldo td t`c

cmcrbcogc dn pdstgdedolie lotceecgtuies lo drjcr td put t`c `drsc fig! lo nrdot dn t`c girt. Z`ls rcjlrcgtldo ls iesdlotcojcj td uojcreloc t`c Flrst drej drlblos 3ioj sltuitldo0 dn t`c tcrm.

- mcrcey pdlotlob td t`c isgcojiot rdec tìt lotceecgtuies dn Z`lrj drej drlblo ivc peiycj lo prdpibitlob

pdstgdedolie is i grltlgie drlcotitldo wlt`lo Flrst drej igijcmli fcbs t`c $ucstldo is td w`y t`cy ioj t`clr

lotceecgtuie gdogcros ioj drlcotitldos ìvc fcco iggdrjcj t`c rcspcgtiflelty tìt t`cy ìvc. Z`c t`cmcs tìt irc odwgeilmcj ndr pdstgdedolie grltlglsm, fdt` lo wìt t`cy rcpujlitc dn t`c pist ioj lo wìt t`cy innlrm ndr t`c prcscot, '

subbcst, rcsdoitc wlt` gdogcros ioj drlcotitldos tìt ìvc t`clr drlblos lo i ocw wdrej sltuitldo tìt ìs iesd fcgdmcpirt dn gdosgldusocss bedfieey dvcr t`c eist jcgijc. ' im rcncrrlob `crc td tìt wdrej sltuitldo grcitcj fy

triosndrmitldos wlt`lo t`c gipltielst wdrej cgdodmy, fy t`c cmcrbcogc dn wìt is fcco jcsgrlfcj virldusey isbedfie gipltielsm, necxlfec prdjugtldo, eitc gipltielsm, ioj sd do, tcrms tìt ivc jlsdrbiolzcj cirelcr

gdogcptuielzitldos dn bedfie rceitldos, cspcglieey rceitldos gdmprc`cojcj cirelcr fy sug` floirlcs is

gdedolzcr"gdedolzcj, Flrst drej"Z`lrj drej, ioj t`c :cst ioj t`c Kcst,: lo iee dn w`lg` t`c oitldo#stitc wis ti!co

ndr briotcj is t`c bedfie uolt dn pdeltlgie drbiolzitldo. 't ls od rcnecgtldo do t`c ifleltlcs dn pdstgdedolie grltlgs tdsubbcst tìt t`cy ioj t`c grltlgie drlcotitldos tìt t`cy rcprcscot ìvc ig$ulrcj i rcspcgtiflelty jcpcojcot do t`c

gdogcptuie occjs dn t`c sdglie, pdeltlgie, ioj gueturie prdfecms t`rdwo up fy t`ls ocw wdrej sltuitldo.

;dstgdedolielty,: Ippli` wrltcs, :ls t`c gdojltldo dn wìt wc mlb`t uobcocrdusey giee i gdmprijdr lotceelbcotsli.: 't`lo! t`ls ls mlsslob t`c pdlot fcgiusc t`c wdrej sltuitldo tìt 6ustlnlcj t`c tcrm gdmprijdr od edobcr cxlsts. ' wduej

subbcst lostcij tìt pdstgdedolielty ls t`c gdojltldo dn t`c lotceelbcotsli dn bedfie gipltielsm. Z`c $ucstldo, t`co, ls

odt w`ct`cr t`ls bedfie lotceelbcotsli gio 3dr s`duej0 rcturo td oitldoie edyietlcs fut w`ct`cr, lo rcgdboltldo dn lts

dwo geiss#pdsltldo lo bedfie gipltielsm, lt gio bcocritc i t`drdub`bdlob grltlglsm dn lts dwo ljcdedby ioj ndrmueitcprigtlgcs dn rcslstiogc ibilost t`c systcm dn w`lg` lt ls i prdjugt.

&`c (dstgdedolie Iuri% &`lrj drej Grltlglsm lo t`c Ibc d$ 'edfie Gipltielsm.

Irl$ 9lrelh



6>


27/60

[ibc | 62



&`c ?ucstldo, t`co, ls odt w`ct`cr t`ls bedfie lotceelbcotsli gio 5dr s`duej= rcturo td

oitldoie edyietlcs fut w`ct`cr, lo rcgdboltldo d$ lts dwo geiss)pdsltldo lo bedfie gipltielsm,

lt gio bcocritc i t`drdub`bdlob grltlglsm d$ lts dwo ljcdedby ioj $drmueitc

prigtlgcs d$ rcslstiogc ibilost t`c systcm d$ w`lg` lt ls i prdjugt.



28/60

[ibc | 60



ioj t`c cvcotuie prdspcgt dn ljcotlnylob i gdsmdpdeltio gltlzcos`lp gio fcgdmc i rcielty.



:cwls um$drj. Stdpli, &`c Glty ioj &`c ig`loc- 'o rcturo, cvcry mcmfcr dn t`c gdmmuolty wis dfelbcj td pcrndrm sigrlnlgcsioj td jcvdtc it ecist pirt dn t`c ycir td eifdrlob ndr t`c glty8s bdj. &y sufstltutlob gdosgrlptldo

ioj gdmmuolsm ndr t`c eitcr lostltutldos dn t`c mir!ct, wibc eifdr,


&rylob td Fc Gdsmdpdeltio

Iut`dr5s=% Grilb 2. &`dmpsdo ioj "ldh Huio &imfyi`

(dsmdpdeltiolsm ls dntco `criejcj is i gueturie drlcotitldo ljcieey sultcj td t`c sdgldgueturie ioj cgdodmlggdmpecxltlcs cmioitlob nrdm t`c iggcecritlob pigc dn bedfielzitldo. 'o t`ls stujy, wc ioieyzc t`c gdosumptldo

stdrlcs dn cxpitrlitc prdncssldoies w`d irc trylob td coigt i gdsmdpdeltio ljcotlty. Fdr t`csc pirtlglpiots, trylob td fc

gdsmdpdeltio prcglpltitcs i ocxus dn sielcot cxpcrlcotlie tcosldos ioj gdonelgts tìt irc ocbdtlitcj t`rdub` t`clr

gdosumptldo ioj eclsurc prigtlgcs.

&`c :iobuibc Oucstldo ioj t`c (eigc d$ /jugitldo% Gdotristlob lcws

Z`c cbcmdolg stitus dn Curdpcio eiobuibcs ls cojdrscj fy oumcrdus Inrlgio wrltcrs, grltlgs ioj pdeltlglios w`d

gdosljcr t`clr usc lo Inrlgio gduotrlcs, dnnlglie dr dt`crwlsc, is io locvltifec ioj ocgcssiry pit`wiy ecijlob td t`c

mdjcrolzitldo dn t`c gdotlocot ioj lts urbcot lotcbritldo lotd t`c gdotcmpdriry"bedfielzcj wdrej. Z`crc irc iesdt`dsc w`d pdojcr do t`c occj td ig!odwecjbc t`c gueturie ioj pcrsdoie bilos dn t`c gdotigt wlt` mdjcro eiobuibcs.

Z`ls ls t`c gisc, ndr cximpec, dn Ifldei 'rcecs nimdus %'o ;rilsc dn Ielcoitldo,* ... 'o `ls vlcw, Inrlgios irc

prdnduojey imflviecot lo rceitldo td Curdpc, fclob slmuetiocdusey rcscotnue dn t`c ielcoitldo giuscj fy gdedolielsm

ioj t`crcndrc wleelob td rcgdvcr i edst Inrlgio ljcotltyioj logurifey inncgtcj fy Curdpcio mdjcrolty ioj fywìt ls usuieey gieecj %cstcro* gueturc.

Fdr 'rcec, lt ls gruglie tìt Inrlgios dvcrgdmc t`ls imflviecogc fy rcpeiglob tìt pit`dedblgie ielcoitldo wlt` i

pdsltlvc doc. 'o dt`cr wdrjs, t c ocbitlvc ielcoitldo prdvd!cj fy gdedolielsm s`duej fc triosgcojcj odt t`rdub` i

rcturo td trijltldo, fut t`rdub` i tdtie gipltueitldo td Curdpcio mdjcrolty< %'o t`c `lstdrlgie gdotcxt dn prcscotInrlgio jcvcedpmcot, wc miy odw is!, Ielcoitldo ndr wìt, ioj lo wìt jlrcgtldo ' wlee ioswcr tìt $ucstldo


glvlelzitldo* 3>2G0.;&`c &riumi d$ i 9lmlols`cj /6lstcogc7% G`loui Ig`cfc *cvlsltcj



crisurc ls iesd mdst sdub`t. 'ts rcsljucs elobcr lo t`c uogdosgldus mcmdry, w`lg` ls t`c %gdostltutlvc fcjrdg! dn

gdosgldus cxlstcogc* 3=0. 't lonecgts t`c cvcryjiy muojioc cxlstcogc wlt`dut ocgcssirley frloblob ittcotldo td ltscen.'t grcitcs io locxpelgifec edoblob, i %puzzelob glrgueitldo dn jcslrc irduoj t`c triumitlg sgcoc dn dpprcssldo* 3220.




29/60

[ibc | 6JJJ eiobuibcs. Z`c pdpueitldo ls silj td fc dvcr AJJ mleeldo. 1lspeiylob io lmmcosc wdrej dn

gueturie virlitldo, t`c gustdms ioj `iflts nrdm Libds td Lusi!i, 1i!ir td 1ir#cs#9ieiim, nrdm (ilrd td (ipc Zdwojlnncr slbolnlgiotey. Inrlgi ls cmfcjjcj lo jccp rcelbldus jcvdtldos, nccelobs ioj scotlmcots. Z`c icst`ctlg ncrvdur



79


32/60

[ibc | 76



ioj r`yt`mlg rltuie pcrndrmiogc tìt iggdmpiolcs sug` nccelobs gio fc jcsgrlfcj is scgdoj td odoc. Z`c ifdvc

gitcbdrlzitldo prcscots odt doey io lotcrcstlob spcgtigec fut mi!cs t`c tie! dn io Inrlgio ljcotlty odt doey

gdotrdvcrslie fut iesd, do t`c w`dec, lotcrcstlob ioj wdrt`y dn igijcmlg pursult.

Fdr mioy Inrlgios, i vcry bddj wiy dn edd!lob it t`c ljci dn Inrlgio ljcotlty geustcrs irduoj t`c rcijlocss td

jcncoj wleelobey Inrlgio vieucs ioj Inrlgio gueturc lo i wdrej tìt ls rccelob uojcr t`c loneucogc dn bedfielzitldo

ioj mdjcrolzitldo.

Z`c ifdvc tieelcs wlt` t`c loodgudus fut jiobcrdus jcsgrlptldo dn Inrlgitìt w`lg` gipturcs t`c csscogc dn

prlmltlvlsm. /o i grltlgie odtc, prlmltlvlsm ìs i pcguelir jdufec mciolob. Z`c gdogcptldo dn prlmltlvlsm lo doc

scosc ls loodgcot< Inrlgi ls prlmltlvc fcgiusc lt ls t`c eioj dn bcouloc fclobs, uospdlecj, drlbloie, uoijuetcritcj ioj

gedsc td elnc. &ut t`c dt`cr ispcgt dn t`c mciolob dn prlmltlvlsm ls jcmciolob ioj scen jcncitlob< t`dsc `cej td fcbcouloc irc sd fcgiusc t`cy irc stir!ey uojcrjcvcedpcj, ioj iggdrjlob td ietcr Kdjocy 32=N>0, t`c

uojcrjcvcedpmcot dn Inrlgi wis t`c dt`cr ioj ocgcssiry sljc dn wcstcro jcvcedpmcot lotd lojustrlie ioj mdjcro

sdglcty. ;iemcrbs gdogeusldo do t`ls lssuc sduojs pdctlg ioj jcscrvcs ittcotldo< td cr, t`csc twd ittltujcs gio fc

gieecj, doc t`c doc ìoj, t`c `lcrirg`lgie ioj gdojcmolob ittltujc, ioj do t`c dt`cr, t`c rdmiotlglslob ioj ljdelslobittltujc. 'o t`c ndrmcr gisc, Inrlgi ls jcpedrcj ndr wìt lt jdcs odt ìvc, lo t`c eittcr gisc lt ls ijmlrcj ndr wìt lt

ìs 3>JJ2, p. >J>0. 'o ioy gisc, i jlecmmi ls stlee lovdevcj lo t`ls rcvcrcj dploldo w`lg` rcojcrs, lo dfnusgitlob

tcrms, tìt rc$ulrcs cvcry mdjlgum dn geirlty wc gio mustcr.(dst)Gdedolielsm, cmdry ioj t`c *cmihlob d$ I$rlgio +jcotlty

+jdwu leelim

*us`jlc#s djcrolsm%

t`c lmmlbriot c6pcrlcogc lo t`c gdotcmpdriry wdrej, ioj lts gdosc?ucot eloh

wlt` jdmloiot mdjcs d$ t`dub`t ioj wrltlob.

C t`c lmmlbriot c6pcrlcogc lo t`c gdotcmpdriry wdrej, ioj lts gdosc?ucot eloh wlt` t`c jdmloiot mdjcs d$

t`dub`t ioj wrltlob d$ t`c jiy, w`lg` *us`jlc jcsgrlfcs is mdjcrolsm

Z`ls ls io cxtrigt nrdm 'mibloiry +dmceiojs,8 t`c irtlgec lo w`lg` Kus`jlc ceifdritcs do t`c ljci dn t`c

uolvcrsielty ioj rcecviogc dn t`c lmmlbriot cxpcrlcogc lo t`c gdotcmpdriry wdrej, ioj lts gdosc$ucot elo! wlt` t`cjdmloiot mdjcs dn t`dub`t ioj wrltlob dn t`c jiy, w`lg Kus`jlc jcsgrlfcs is mdjcrolsm. Z`c irtlgec issumcs ig`ccrnueey uoprdfecmitlg gdotloulty fctwcco t`c lmmlbriot gdojltldo ioj lmmlbriot wrltlob) t`c gdojltldo ecijs

jlrcgtey td t`c wrltlob, lo w`lg` lt ls issumcj, lt nlojs gdmndrtifec cxprcssldo.



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lojlvljuies, td mlx wlt`, fdrrdw ioj eciro nrdm iee 3w`ct`cr t`cy irc dn ydur brdup dr odt0 sd lojlvljuie ljcotltlcs

irc pcrsdoie imiebims dn flts nrdm virldus brdups ioj `crltibcs ioj t`crc ls od doc jdmloiot sdglie ljcotlty td

w`lg` iee must gdondrm. Z`c rcsuet wlee fc i sdglcty gdmpdscj dn i fecoj dn gueturcs, i muetlgueturc.&`c "triobc !do)9cit` d$ uetlgueturielsm

&irl? djddj

Z`csc uog`ioblob rcieltlcs dn dur mdjcro wdrej, gdupecj fy t`c nigt t`it tlmc iojsigc irc od edobcr

losurmduotifec firrlcrs ivc nuceecj io urbcogy, cspcglieey wlt`lo t`c eist nlnty ycirs dn t`c >Jt` gcotury, lo



*. (. Fco 9cjch






@i spcgl$lgieey I$rlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt d$ i /urdpcio bi


34/60

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9imijs cxpcrlcogc< `c ncces i gdostiot occj td fcedob, i occj td fcelcvc lo doc cxpcrlcogc, ioj i occj td up`dej i

trijltldoie 'seimlg ljcotlty, doc tìt isscrts tìt %wc irc odt lo gdotrde.

Z`c lmpdrtiogc dn t`c pist `crc 3lojlvljuie lo t`c scosc dn rddts, ioj gdeecgtlvc lo tcrms dn gdedolie `lstdry0 dntcoigts is i jcfleltitlob wclb`t do t`c pdsslflelty dn io cmcrbcot mdjce dn muetlgueturie ljcotlty . . . uetlgueturielsm

cmcrbcs `crc, odt is i pioigci ndr t`c prdfecms dn Cobeiojs rceitldos lp wlt` lts dwo gdedolie pist, fut is i

jlspeigcmcot dn t`c ecbiglcs dn gdedolielsm tìt gdotlouc td lmpigt do lojlvljuies lo t`c prcscot.

&cotecy sccms td fc irbulob tìt t`c pist ls jctrlmcotie td t`c gurrcot sìplob dn ljcotltlcs, -

7dt doey jdcs lstdry prdvljc i fisls updo w`lg t`c miec gìrigtcrs must sìpc ioj gdostrugt t clr ljcotltlcs fy

ig!odwecjblob fdt` t`clr rddts ioj rdutcs, -. +cij ìs ittcmptcj td prdvc fy stitlob tìt 9mlt` %iotlglpitcs i tlmc

w`co lotcbritldo wlee fc sd pcrvislvc tìt rddts wdot mittcr ioymdrc fcgiusc t`cy giot fcgiusc t`cy mustotfcgiusc t`cyrc tdd edob ioj t`cyrc tdd tdrtudus ioj t`cyrc 6ust furlcj tdd jimo jccp*.


+ im i gltl


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9i`bie imdob dt`crs, t`c mlbriot pdstgdedolie wrltcr8s vlsldo ls ietcroitcey gdotripuotie, pirtlie, odstieblg, bulety,

gìmcecdolg, stcrcdsgdplg, sg`lzdp`rcolg, nribmcotcj, neulj, jcgdedolslob, drlcotielslob, imflviecot ioj cobibcj,

jcncoslvc ioj strljcot, gdmpelglt yct cmioglpitdry, lotcroitldoie yct tlcj jdwo fy, is wcee is bcsturlob ieecbliogc

tdwirjs, rcbldoie ioj oitldoie ljcotlty ioj `lstdry.

Z`c rcgdboltldo tìt mdjcro sdglctlcs irc od edobcr mdodelt`lg, tìt t`c lmibloiry sdglie spigc ìs mus`rddmcjlotd i muetltujc dn ljcotltlcs ìs prdpceecj us lotd i rcielzitldo tìt wc irc lo io cri w`crc lotcrgueturielty,




Z`csc uogìoblob rcieltlcs dn dur mdjcro wdrej, gdupecj fy t`c nigt tìt tlmc iojsigc irc od edobcr

losurmduotifec firrlcrs ivc nuceecj io urbcogy, cspcglieey wlt`lo t`c eist nlnty ycirs dn t`c >Jt` gcotury, loprdvljlob i mdjce ndr gueturie irmdolzitldo dr it t`c vcry ecist gueturie uojcrstiojlob, lo t c prdgcss dn ùmio

lotcrigtldo ndr dur ocw gcotury.

uetlgueturielsm% &`c :dss d$ Gueturc

*. (. Fco 9cjch

' ìvc fcco i swieedwcr dn elvcs) ioj td !odw mc, 6ust t`c doc dn mc,ydu8ee ìvc td swieedw t`c edt is wcee. (dosumcj muetltujcs irc 6dstelob ioj s`dvlob losljc mc.

"ieccm. "iemio *us`jlc, ljolb`t#s G`lejrco.

'mmlbriot wrltlob ... i 8gecir scosc dn ljcotlty8 3p. 250, cvco fcndrc doc mlb`t wls` td ti!c td tis! t`c issumptldo tìtsug` i gcrtiloty wduej lo nigt prdjugc bddj wrltlob.

- tìt t`c p`yslgie jlstioglob nrdm t`c 8`dmc8 wduej blvc t`c cxlecj wrltcr i gecircr scosc dn lt, ioj t`ls lo turo

wduej blvc rlsc td fcttcr eltcriturc.

'mmlbriot wrltlob ocgcssirley strcsscs t`c gdmpecx rceitldos`lp wlt` t`c sdglcty dn irrlvie, is wcee is t`c 8`dmc8 ecnt

fc`loj. 't sccms tcoudus, `dwcvcr, td irbuc tìt t`ls prdgcss wduej blvc rlsc td i 8gecir scosc dn ljcotlty8 3p. 250,cvco fcndrc doc mlb`t wls` td ti!c td tis! t`c issumptldo tìt sug` i gcrtiloty wduej lo nigt prdjugc bddj wrltlob.

u!`cr6cc8s wrltlob jdcs lo nigt jwcee do t`c lssuc dn grcitlob io ietcroitlvc lmmlbriot ljcotlty. +cr gìrigtcrsstrubbec td csgipc nrdm t`c imflbudus gdojltldo dn fclob 8it t`c doc ioj t`c simc tlmc losljcrs ioj dutsljcrs lo

Mt`clr ijdptcjO sdglcty8 td usc 9iemio Kus`jlc8s wdrjs td cxprcss t`c gdmmdo ndrmuei.

- wìt ls mciot fy t`c ippceeitldo Inrlgio ljcotlty

(io ljcotlty fc gdotcxtuielzcj ìt gdotcxt cxpeilos Inrlgio ljcotlty ìt ls rcieey Inrlgio

lo ioy ljcotlty 's t`c wdrj Inrlgi ltscen suf6cgt td gdogcptuielzitldo

% 'mpurlty ls t`c drjcr dn t`c jiy. - . Cig` pcrsdo ls i mdsilg.*

'uy "girpctti, :#lmpurlt3Gueturc, uetl)gueturc dr &rios)gueturc.

(dst)Gdedolielsm, cmdry ioj t`c *cmihlob d$ I$rlgio +jcotlty

+jdwu leelim

`lec cig` dn t`csc ittrlfutcs miy nloj rcecviogc lo cxpeilolob t`c ljcotlty dn pcdpec lo bcocrie, t`c pirtlgueirlty dn

Inrlgio ljcotlty, uslob t`cdry, ls slobecj dut fy t`c nigt tìt t`c mcmdry tìt t`c Inrlgio ìs dn `ls ljcotlty ls rddtcj



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odt 6ust lo t`ls fclob, io cxlstcot pdsslflelty, fut i nigt c$uieey rddtcj lo t`c uol$uc rcnecgtlvc ioj gdosgldus

pdsslfleltlcs tìt `c girrlcs ioj w`lg` cxpeilos `ls csscogc. 't ls t`c uo#sìriflelty dn t`ls csscogc t it prdvljcs i

mcios dn isscrtlob i scosc dn jlstlogtldo.

't ls t`ls t`csls tìt ' `dpc td cxpedrc,

is i pdsslflelty, lo uojcrploolob t`c ittcmpts it rcmi!lob ioj rcfriojlob t`c

oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty.

'jcotlty< io cojiobcrcj gdogcpt

Z`rcc, dn iee lssucs gdogcrolob t`c gueturie mi!c#up dn Inrlgi, ljcotlty ls ifdut t`c mdst gdotrdvcrslie td jcnloc,

cspcglieey lo rceitldo td t`lobs doc gio cisley pdlot td. Zd t`ls coj, i s`lnt gio fc wltocsscj nrdm ljcotlty lo t`c

sufstiogc ioj ioitdmy dn stujlcs ioj jlsgussldos do Inrlgi, td mdrc prigtlgie ioj mctip`yslgieey ecss ifstruscgdogcpts sug` is muslg, irt, ioj glocmitdbrip`y.

Vct, ljcotlty ls t`c tcrri nlrmi tìt jcnlocs ioj cxpeilos wìt Inrlgio muslg ls dr wìt Inrlgio irt ls.

- wìt ls mciot fy t`c ippceeitldo Inrlgio ljcotlty

(io ljcotlty fc gdotcxtuielzcj ìt gdotcxt cxpeilos Inrlgio ljcotlty ìt ls rcieey Inrlgiolo ioy ljcotlty 's t`c wdrj Inrlgi ltscen suf6cgt td gdogcptuielzitldo 'o wìt jd wc sltuitc Inrlgio ljcotlty 's

Inrlgio ljcotlty iewiys t`c simc, gìoblob dr fcgdmlob Zd w`dm ls t`c gdogcptuielzitldo dn Inrlgio ljcotlty

lmpdrtiot ioj slbolnlgiot 's lt td t`c Inrlgio dr odo#Inrlgio

&ut t`co, t`c pdst#gdedolie cri ls odt iee tìt t`crc ls lo t`ls $ucst ndr t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty. Iggdrjlob td

.I. Ippli` 32==>, p. N20, i spcglnlgieey Inrlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt dn i Curdpcio bizc, mciolob tìt

dutsljc t`c nrimc dn cstcro Curdpcio gdedolzitldo dn Inrlgi, lt ls lmpdsslfec td irrlvc it t`c oiturc dn Inrlgioljcotlty. Z`c trut` dn t`ls prdpdsltldo gio fc iggcptcj, ' suppdsc, doey lo t`c prcscogc dn i $uielnlcr.

Z`ls ls lt< t`c lotceecgtuie peitndrm do w`lg` td ipprilsc Inrlgio ljcotlty lo t`c cri dn gdedolielsm ls mciolobecss ln

tìt w`lg` prcgcjcs lt, l.c., t`c prc#gdedolie, ls 6cttlsdocj. Bondrtuoitcey, is wc sìee sddo jcmdostritc, t`c prc#gdedolie ls iewiys pdrtriycj lo t`c eiobuibc dn myt`lgie mciolobecssocss. &ut t`co, lt stlee fc`dvcs us td gdotcoj

tìt t`c lotceecgtuie cxtcosldo dn t`c fig!brduoj dn pdstgdedolie Inrlgio ljcotlty td t`c cri dn gdedolielsm ioj prc#

gdedolielsm prdvljcs t`c t`rcc gdotcxts lo w`lg` t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty ls td fc cxpedrcj.

Z`ls pipcr ilms it i mdjcst, fut rcvlscj, cximloitldo dn t`c rcecviogc ioj slbolnlgiogc dn mcmdry t`cdry lo t`c

gdotcxtuie scirg` ioj $ucst ndr t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty. 't pdslts tìt ln t`c gdogcpt dn ljcotlty ls ltscenprdfecmitlg ioj trioslcot, ioj t`c $uielnlcr Inrlgio ls gìoblob ioj selppcry, lt cobuens t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty

lo io cobiblob prdgcss dn rc#lovcotldo< Inrlgio ljcotlty ls od mdrc tìo i pdtcotlielty, odt io igtuielty.

lmlgry, lo +dml &ìfì8s vcry uo#7ilpiue#el!c jcnloltldo, ls8doc dn t`c mioy ndrms dn survlvie

lo pdst#gdedolie sltuitldos8 fut iesd i stritcbyp rdjugtlvc dn sufvcrsldoi oj lrdoy< 8lrdolg 8jdufelob8 jlsturfsi odrlbloiry csscogc dn ljcotlty fy rcturolob i jlnncrcot ioj striobc lmibc dn t`c scen, 8 t`crcfy $ucstldolob

gdogcptldos dn ljcotlty is iut`cotlg ioj uogrcitcj.



triosgueturielsm ioj t`c cvcotuie prdspcgt dn ljcotlnylob i gdsmdpdeltio gltlzcos`lp gio fcgdmc i rcielty.Muetlgueturielsm dr Zriosgueturielsm1 Zdwirjs iGdsmdpdeltio Gltlzcos`lp.


Z`c prdgcss dn `yfrljlty tùs mi!cs t`c ljci dn gueturcs ioj ctòlg gdeecgtlvcs is `dmdbcocdus cotltlcslogdogclvifec, dr lo 4iyitrl 9plvi!s wdrjs, ceuslvc.



7>


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&`lrj spigc cogduotcrs% yfrljlty, mlmlgry ioj lotcrstltlie prigtlgc.

1rcjrlh 1ièiojcr

/rlg Frdwodo irtì !ussfium iojt`c stdlg lovcotldo d$ gdsmdpdeltio pdeltlgs.

irtì !ussfium %&cgdmlob i gltlzco dn t`c wdrej ls dntco i edocey fuslocss. 't ls, lo cnncgt, i !loj dn cxlec nrdm

t`c gdmndrt dn edgie trut`s, nrdm t`c wirm ocstelob nccelobs dn pitrldtlsm, nrdm t`c ifsdrflob prljc lo docscen iojdocs dwo. . . . (dsmdpdeltiolsm dnncrs od sug` rcnubc) lt dnncrs doey rcisdo ioj t`c edvc dn ùmiolty.*

Zlmdt y &rcooio 32==N0 ìs rcgcotey irbucj tìt t`ls giodolzitldo dn t`c gdsmdpdeltio rcprdjugcs t`c cstcro

gdedolie lmibc dn t`c ritldoie, iutdodmdus lojlvljuie, w`dsc rcprcsscj 3ioj dpprcsscj0 dt`cr rcmilos tlcj td eioj,

eifdr, ioj dmc. Iet`dub` dstcoslfey cojdrslob i rceitlvlstlg cmfrigc dn gueturie jlvcrslty, t`ls pdstgdedolie ndrm dngdsmdpdeltiolsm fdt` sustilos ioj mis!s t`c `lcrirgìe pittcro dn 7drt`#9dut` pdwcr rceitldos cstifels`cj t`rdub`

gdedolielsm.

t`c stdlg lovcotldo d$ gdsmdpdeltio pdeltlgs

/rlg Frdwo

*cgcot pdst)gdedolie jlsgdurscs irc rcpectc wlt` gdotrdvcrslcs dvcr t`c oiturc d$ I$rlgio ljcotlty.

C t`dub` ljcotlty ls io cojiobcrcj gdogcpt, t`c pirtlgueirlty d$ I$rlgio ljcotlty gio stlee fc sievibcj.

;dst#gdedolielsm cotiles, lo i prigtlgie wiy, scrlcs dn lotcrmlobelob jlecmmis wlt` rcspcgt td t`c $ucst ioj oiturc dn

Inrlgio ljcotlty. Cotilecj lo pdst#gdedolie gdostrugtldo dn Inrlgio ljcotlty ls t`c odrmitlvlty dn gìobc. Z`ls lsuojcrstiojifec slogc t`c pdst#gdedolie ls fcbdttco dn t`c gdedolie, tùs mi!lob i grltlgie iggduot dn t`c odtldo dn

gìobc i ocgcssiry nciturc dn pdst#gdedolie gdostrugtldo dn ljcotlty. Cojdrslob gìobc ioj lts locvltiflelty ls tùs

doc dn t`c scvcrie gìeecobcs dn ljcotlty lo pdst#gdedolie jlsgdurscs do ljcotlty.

/oc dn t`c prdfecms dn pdst#gdedolie gdonlburitldo dn ljcotlty ls td issumc t`c jcijocss dn t`c cirelcr w`lec

gcecfritlob t`c flrt` dn t`c odw. ;dst#gdedolielsm ls trcogìotey io cobibcmcot dr cxcrglsc lo cxtcosldo. Is 9lmdo

4l!iojl 32==@, p. 2G0 puts lt, pdst#gdedolielsm ls doc wiy dn rcgdbolzlob `dw jcgdedolscj sltuitldos irc mir!cj fy

t`c trigc dn t`c lmpcrlie pists t`cy try td jlsivdw . . . i gdjc ndr t`c stitc dn uojcgljiflelty lo w`lg` t`c gueturc dngdedolielsm gdotloucs td rcsdoitc lo wìt wis suppdscj td fc lts ocbitldo.

;dst#gdedolie Inrlgi, tdjiy, ls gdonrdotcj wlt` i jlnnlguet fut vcry lmpdrtiot $ucst< wìt lrcju giees pdst#gdedolie

sdue#scirg`lob 3>JJ?, p. 20 dr wìt &iiz giees t`c prcdggupitldo wlt`, ioj prcjlecgtldo ndr, %trijltldo* ioj

%iut`cotlglty* 3>JJ2, p. G0. Z`ls scirg` ls sltuitcj wlt`lo t`c gdotcxt dn t`c jlnnlguety lo gdogcptuielzlob wìt lsigtuieey mciot w`co t`c wdrj Inrlgio ls mcotldocj, cspcglieey lo rceitldo td gueturie lssucs sug` is ljcotlty, muslg,

rcelbldo, irts, mdrielty, ioj glocmitdbrip`y. Fdr cximpec, wìt mi!cs i nlem dr muslg io Inrlgio nlem dr muslg

lt`lo t`ls purvlcw, lt ls t`co pdsslfec td is!, wìt ls mciot fy t`c ippceeitldo Inrlgio ljcotlty (io ljcotlty fcgdotcxtuielzcj ìt gdotcxt cxpeilos Inrlgio ljcotlty ìt ls rcieey Inrlgio lo ioy ljcotlty 's t`c wdrj Inrlgi

ltscen suf6cgt td gdogcptuielzitldo 'o wìt jd wc sltuitc Inrlgio ljcotlty 's Inrlgio ljcotlty iewiys t`c simc,

gìoblob dr fcgdmlob Zd w`dm ls t`c gdogcptuielzitldo dn Inrlgio ljcotlty lmpdrtiot ioj slbolnlgiot 's lt td t`c

Inrlgio dr odo#Inrlgio &ut t`co, w`y wduej i gdogcptuielzitldo dn t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty fc lmpdrtiot tdt`c Inrlgio `lmscen dr td t`dsc w`d irc odt ìt ls t`c sdurgc dn t`c lmpdrtiogc ioj t`c $ucst ndr Inrlgio ljcotlty

Z`csc $ucstldos ioj mioy mdrc prdvljc t`c p`ledsdp`lgie, gueturie ioj lotceecgtuie sltuitldos irduoj w`lg` t`c

$ucst ndr Inrlgio ljcotlty lo t`c pdst#gdedolie cri must fc uojcrstddj. &ut t`co, t`c pdst#gdedolie cri ls odt iee tìtt`crc ls lo t`ls $ucst ndr t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty.

Iggdrjlob td .I. Ippli` 32==>, p. N20, i spcglnlgieey Inrlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt dn i Curdpcio bizc,

mciolob tìt dutsljc t`c nrimc dn cstcro Curdpcio gdedolzitldo dn Inrlgi, lt ls lmpdsslfec td irrlvc it t`c oiturc dn

Inrlgio ljcotlty. Z`c trut` dn t`ls prdpdsltldo gio fc iggcptcj, ' suppdsc, doey lo t`c prcscogc dn i $uielnlcr.Z`ls ls lt< t`c lotceecgtuie peitndrm do w`lg` td ipprilsc Inrlgio ljcotlty lo t`c cri dn gdedolielsm ls mciolobecss ln

tìt w`lg` prcgcjcs lt, l.c., t`c prc#gdedolie, ls 6cttlsdocj. Bondrtuoitcey, is wc sìee sddo jcmdostritc, t`c prc#I spcglnlgieey Inrlgio ljcotlty fcbio is t`c prdjugt dn i Curdpcio bizc, mciolob tìt dutsljc t`c nrimc dn cstcro Curdpcio gdedolzitldo dn


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gdedolie ls iewiys pdrtriycj lo t`c eiobuibc dn myt`lgie mciolobecssocss. &ut t`co, lt stlee fc`dvcs us td gdotcoj

tìt t`c lotceecgtuie cxtcosldo dn t`c fig!brduoj dn pdstgdedolie Inrlgio ljcotlty td t`c cri dn gdedolielsm ioj prc#

gdedolielsm prdvljcs t`c t`rcc gdotcxts lo w`lg` t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty ls td fc cxpedrcj.

Inrlgio ljcotlty. 't pdslts tìt ln t`c gdogcpt dn ljcotlty ls ltscen prdfecmitlg ioj trioslcot, ioj t`c $uielnlcr Inrlgio ls

gìoblob ioj selppcry, lt cobuens t`c oiturc dn Inrlgio ljcotlty lo io cobiblob prdgcss dn rc#lovcotldo< Inrlgio

ljcotlty ls od mdrc tìo i pdtcotlielty, odt io igtuielty.

Is ' `dpc t`ls jlsgussldo wlee s`dw, jcspltc `ls geilms, Ig cfc ls stlee vcry mug` lmprlsdocj lo t`c grdssrdijs dn

twd gueturcs, odt sd mug` is i vlgtlm dn t`c gdedolie ioj pdst#gdedolie prcjlgimcot, fut is i rcprcscotitlvc dn wìtwimc Ippli` ìs gieecj i %gdmprijdr lotceelbcotsli,* tìt ls, %i rceitlvcey smiee, cstcro#styec, cstcro#

trilocj brdup dn wrltcrs ioj t`lo!crs, w`d mcjlitc t`c trijc lo gueturie gdmmdjltlcs dn wdrej gipltielsm it t`c

pcrlp`cry*< %lo t`c cst t`cy irc !odwo t rdub` t`c Inrlgi t`cy dnncr, t`clr gdmpitrldts !odw t`cm fdt` t`rdub`

t`c cst t`cy prcscot td Inrlgi ioj t`rdub` io Inrlgi t`cy ìvc lovcotcj ndr t`c wdrej, ndr cig` dt`cr, ioj ndrInrlgi*.





$dr sce$)iut`cotlglty, gdotlouieey gìoblob ioj ijiptlob is sdglcty rc?ulrcs. 9dmlolg cij

'n ndr i edob codub` tlmc wc gdotlouc lo t`ls wiy td jizzecioj feloj t`c Inrlgios, wc miy lo t`c coj frlob updo t`cm i edoblob ndr jir!ocss,

w`lg` wlee jrlvc t`cm lotd t`c bdrbcs dn t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mduotilos ioj t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mlojs.*




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[ibc | 72G0.




Z`c odrmie rdec ndr t`c mdjcm grcitlvc wrltcr ls td fc io cxlec... 1crigloitldo ìs fcgdmc iemdst i prcrc$ulsltc dn

lotceecgtuie jlstlogtldo8 3p. 250. - 8 ioj subbcstcj tìt t`c trlpec uprddtlob nrdm `dmc, eiobuibc ioj gueturc rcsuetcj

lo t`c lmmlbriots ioj t`c lmmlbriot wrltcrs ìvlob 8mdjcrolsm ndrgcj updo8 t`cm.8

Z`c ocwey gdonljcot vdlgc dn 'ojlio wrltlob lo Cobels` slboieecj fy t`c prcstlbldus peigc tìt jlispdri wrltlobdgguplcs intcr ljolb`t8s (`lejrco fcelcs t`c vcry rcie scosc dn ocrvdusocss ifdut iut`drlty tìt ls lmpelcj fy sug`

gdonelgtlob tcrms dn scen#pdsltldolob, ioj rcpcitcjey gdostltutcs t`c suftcxt dn t`c wdr!s stujlcj lo t`ls t`csls.9ug` ocrvdusocss lo, nigt, ls nrc$ucotey ijvcrtlscj is io lotcbrie pirt dn t`c stiogc dn t`c pdstgdedolie grltlg ioj

iut`dr iel!c. Z`c lotrdjugtldo td t`ls t`csls ittcmpts td jlsguss t`c gdmpelgitldos dn pdstgdedolie scen#pdsltldolob fy

edd!lob it t`c stritcblcs tìt Cjwirj 9ilj cmpedys td edgitc `ls vdlgc, ioj t`c rcigtldos tìt t`csc lovltc. 9ilj

s`dwgiscs t`c s`lntlob brduoj `c nuogtldos do fy suftec mcios, ` lbèlb`tlob t`c jlnnlguet ocbdtlitldo tìt io cxlec lsdfelbcj td dej fctwcco dmcecssocss ioj wdrejelocss, oitldoielsm ioj gdsmdpdeltiolsm.



crisurc ls iesd mdst sdub`t. 'ts rcsljucs elobcr lo t`c uogdosgldus mcmdry, w`lg` ls t`c %gdostltutlvc fcjrdg! dngdosgldus cxlstcogc* 3=0. 't lonecgts t`c cvcryjiy muojioc cxlstcogc wlt`dut ocgcssirley frloblob ittcotldo td ltscen.'t grcitcs io locxpelgifec edoblob, i %puzzelob glrgueitldo dn jcslrc irduoj t`c triumitlg sgcoc dn dpprcssldo* 3220.




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[ibc | ::



vdeumc dn cssiys 3p. 2250. Ll!c irxlsm, psyg`dioieysls girrlcs wlt` lt i uolvcrsielst ljcdedby, io uojcreylob fcelcn

tìt sdmc`dw, sdmc wiy, wc irc iee t`c simc. +dwcvcr, lo fdt` systcms dn t`dub`t, tìt uojcreylob slmleirlty ls gut

fy brijitldos dn jlnncrcogc lcrirg`lcs dn jcvcedpmcot, cvdeutldo, prdbrcsstìt irc locxtrlgifec

nrdm t`c gdotcxt dn Curdpcio gdedolie jdmloitldo dn mug` dn t`c bedfc lo t`c nlrst ìen dn t`c gcotury ioj t`cecbiglcs dn tìt jdmloitldo lo t`c scgdoj ìen.

- twd lotcrtwlocj bdies< t`c nlrst ls td leeustritc tìt lo `lstdrlgie tcrms %t`c gitcbdrlzitldo dn ùmio sdglctlcs

uojcr gdedolielsm ioj t`c ndrmitldo dn t`c mdjcro psyg`dioieytlg suf6cgt irc loscpirifec* 3p. ?0. 9cgdojey, t`cvdeumc ilms td uogdvcr t`c cxtcot td w`lg` t`c gdedolielst jlsgdurscs do psyg`dioieytlg suf6cgtlvlty %ìvc

loneucogcj triosgueturie lotcrigtldos wcee lotd t`c cri dn bedfielzitldo* 3p. G0. 9cvcrie cssiys lo t`ls vdeumc

t`crcndrc scc! td %rcgdvcr i spcglnlg pdeltlgie pdtcotlie lo psyg`dioieytlg lotcrprctitldo dn triumi ioj sdvcrclboty,*

lo t`c pdstgdedolie cri 3p. 50.


gedsc td elnc. &ut t`c dt`cr ispcgt dn t`c mciolob dn prlmltlvlsm ls jcmciolob ioj scen jcncitlob< t`dsc `cej td fc

bcouloc irc sd fcgiusc t`cy irc stir!ey uojcrjcvcedpcj.(dst)Gdedolielsm, cmdry ioj t`c *cmihlob d$ I$rlgio +jcotlty

+jdwu leelim



t`ls wiy td jizzec ioj feloj t`c Inrlgios, wc miy lo t`c coj frlob updo t`cm i edoblob ndr jir!ocss, w`lg` wlee

jrlvc t`cm lotd t`c bdrbcs dn t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mduotilos ioj t`clr dwo, uo!odwo mlojs.*


%Ioj t`c mloj tìt ìs gdogclvcj i peio dn elvlob must ocvcr

edsc slb`t dn t`c gìds ibilost w`lg` tìt pittcro wis gdogclvcj.

Zìt bdcs ndr sdglctlcs is wcee is ndr lojlvljuies.*+ovlslfec io. *iep` /eelsdo.

1lsgdotloulty wlt` i gdedolie pist ls lmpdsslfec, mdst sd lo t`c psyg`lg ioj inncgtlvc rciem w`crc lrdolgieey, ltscrisurc ls iesd mdst sdub`t. 'ts rcsljucs elobcr lo t`c uogdosgldus mcmdry, w`lg` ls t`c %gdostltutlvc fcjrdg! dn

gdosgldus cxlstcogc* 3=0. 't lonecgts t`c cvcryjiy muojioc cxlstcogc wlt`dut ocgcssirley frloblob ittcotldo td ltscen.

't grcitcs io locxpelgifec edoblob, i %puzzelob glrgueitldo dn jcslrc irduoj t`c triumitlg sgcoc dn dpprcssldo* 3220.Do &`c GdedolieE(dst)Gdedolie "ufcgt.



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[ibc | :3


dpcolob td gdsmdp

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