Stephen Toulmin and Philosophy of Science

7/25/2019 Stephen Toulmin and Philosophy of Science

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STEPHEN TOULMINJoshua Capps, RN, BSN, PhD Student


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Science and phiosoph! "eet at

innu"e#a$e points, and a#e #eated incountess %a!s& The phiosoph! o' sciencehas, acco#din(!, $een ta)en to co*e# a %ide*a#iet! o' thin(s, #an(in( '#o" a $#anch o's!"$oic o(ic to the p#opa(ation o'

secua#ist (ospes&+Tou"in, -./0, p& 1II2


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STEPHEN TOULMIN

Bo#n Ma#ch 34, -.33 in London

B&5& '#o" 6in(7s Coe(e in Math and Ph!sics

-.89::PhD in Ethics '#o" Ca"$#id(e Uni*e#sit! Studied unde# Lud%i( ;itt(enstein

Se#*ed as 'acut! at Cou"$ia, Da#t"outh, Michi(anState, No#th%este#n, Stan'o#d, and U o' Chica(o

-.9


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M5JOR PUBLIC5TIONS

The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction -.4>2 The Uses of Argument -.492

Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science

-./-2

Human Understanding -.


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TOULMIN MODEL

5da? @ Do?ana!, 300/2


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TOULMIN MODEL OA 5RUMENT5TION Data

The 'acts o# e*idence used to p#o*e the a#(u"ent

Cai" The state"ent $ein( a#(ued thesis2

;a##ant The (ene#a, h!pothetica o(ica state"ents that se#*e as $#id(es $et%een the

cai" and the data

uaie# State"ents that i"it the st#en(th o' the a#(u"ent that p#opose the conditions

unde# %hich the a#(u"ent is t#ue Re$utta

Counte#:a#(u"ents o# state"ents indicatin( ci#cu"stance %hen the (ene#aa#(u"ent does not hod t#ue

Bac)in( State"ents that se#*e to suppo#t the %a##ants

;heee#, n&d&2


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TOULMIN MODEL

5#(u"ents "ade usin( this "ode #e*ea $othst#en(ths and i"itations o' the a#(u"ent

oa is not to %in o# de'eat counte#:a#(u"ents,#athe# it is to #each the "ost #eaistic o# 'easi$e

soution 5#(u"ents shoud $e ep#essed %ith Fuaie#s

and #e$uttasG not asse#ted as a$soutes


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LET7S 5RUE

Nu#sin( is a p#o'essiona discipine claim

2 that enco"passesa (a"ut o' uniFue )no%ed(e and s)is acFui#ed *ia intensi*eacade"ic p#epa#ation, p#actice standa#ds, ethica codes, andse':#e(uation data2& 5s these cha#acte#istics a#e uni*e#sa!ac)no%ed(ed t#aits o' a p#o'ession warrant2, it is o(ica toconside# nu#sin( a p#o'ession claim2& 5thou(h so"e conside#nu#sin(7s scope and education to 'a %ithin the "edica

p#o'ession counterclaim

2, the uniFue natu#e o' ou# %o#)"a)es it nea#! i"possi$e to accu#ate! desc#i$e the t#ueessence o' ou# p#o'ession rebuttal2&

5"e#ican Nu#ses 5ssociation, 30-0G Ro$inson, 30->2


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CH5NE OA P5CE

5'te# his se"ina %o#) on a#(u"entation, Tou"in$eca"e di#ecto# o' Nued Aoundation7s Unit 'o# theHisto#! o' Ideas in London in -./0

Tou"in "o*ed to the United States in -./4 to assu"e*a#ious 'acut! positions ac#oss the count#!&

In the -.


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BIOETHICS

Ju! -3, -.


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BIOETHICS

Tou"in seected as StaK Phiosophe#+ to NationaCo""ission 'o# P#otection o' Hu"an Su$ects o' Bio"edand Beha*io#a Resea#ch in -.


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COMMISSION

-.


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JONSEN 5ND TOULMIN

5$e#t Jonsen PhD in Rei(ious Studies

E"e#itus P#o'esso# o' Ethics in Medicine=Uni*e#sit! o';ashin(ton

Seected as "e"$e# o' nationa co""ission, aon(side ten

othe# ph!sicians, ps!choo(ists, and schoa#s Jonsen and Tou"in co:autho#ed The A"use of

asuistry: A History of #oral Reasoning in -.99Uni*e#sit! o' ;ashin(ton, 30-42


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C5SUISTR

)ah:%:st#QG a #eso*in( o' specic cases o' conscience,dut!, o# conduct th#ou(h inte#p#etation o' ethica p#incipes o##ei(ious doct#ine Me##ia":;e$ste#, n&d&2

5 case:$ased app#oach to #easonin( in ethicsG 5 'o#" o'p#actica a#(u"ent that epo#es the #eationship $et%een"o#a pa#adi("s and p#o$e"atic instances Ca*aie#, 30032

Mo#a $eie' and )no%ed(e e*o*e inc#e"enta! th#ou(h#eection on cases, %ithout essentia #ecou#se to a top:do%ntheo#! Beaucha"p @ Chid#ess, -..82

The de*i ies in the detais+ Tou"in, -..


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HISTOR OA C5SUISTR

Cice#o:%e &'ciis 88 BC2 ;hen conside#in( conicts o' dut!+, one shoud conside# %hat is

needed in each indi*idua case+, and diKe#ent ci#cu"stances shoud $eca#e'u! sc#utinied in e*e#! instance+

Medie*a Casuist#! E"po!ed $! Chu#ch in /thCentu#! to (uide in casus conscientia+, o#

cases o' conscience Stud! and discussion o' dicut cases that %oud cause a pe#peed

conscience+

Ca*aie#, 30032


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5NTI:THEOR IN BIOETHICS

Casuist#! is (#ounded in the anti:theo#etica "o*e"ent%ithin $ioethics

Histo#ica!, ethica decision:"a)in( in "edicine %as don%ith a top:do%n app#oach

Jonsen and Tou"in -.992 sou(ht to sepa#ate '#o" thetheo#etica:e*e, and ana!e at the case:e*e $otto":uapp#oach2

5##as, 30-


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C5SUISTIC RE5SONIN

#eatest condence in "o#a ud("ents o$tained at the

indi*idua e*e Mo#a ce#titude MC2 o$tained '#o" co"pa#in( pa#ticua#s

o' cases to pa#adi(" cases MC:a *e#! #" $eie' $ased on an inne# con*iction Mu##a!, 30-02

Pa#adi(" Cases Pu#e Cases+

Those cases in %hich a (i*en p#incipes appies "ost cea#!,st#ai(ht'o#%a#d!, and pu#e! Jonsen, -..42

Tus)e(ee Epe#i"ent, Te##i Schia*o

5##as, 30-02


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C5SUISTIC RE5SONIN

Be(ins %ith ta)in( a "o#a in*ento#! o' casepa#ticua#s

;ho, %hat, %hen, %he#e, %h!, ho%

Pa#ticua#s a#e co"pa#ed aon(side detais o' apa#adi("

5s indi*idua case de*iates 'u#the# '#o" pa#adi("case, "o#a ce#titude di"inishes

Mo#a p#incipes a#e not necessa#!

5##as, 30-02


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MOR5L P5RTICUL5RISM

Jonathan Danc! suppo#ted co"pete #eection o'p#incipes as a decision:"a)in( heu#istic

Not a "atte# o' #i(ht:o#:%#on(

Mo#a ustication is $ased on a indi*idua ee"entso' a case conside#ed in a hoistic "anne#

5##as, 30-02


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5D15NT5ES OA C5SUISTR

OKe#s $ette# chance o' #eachin( consensus a"on(peope o' diKe#in( #ei(ious and theo#etica ideoo(ies

Does not #eFui#e p#actitione# a(#ee"ent at theo#etica e*e

Tou"in noted that "e"$e#s o' co""ission '#eFuent!

#eached a(#ee"ent on cont#o*e#sia issues, athou(hthei# theo#etica and #ei(ious $ac)(#ounds (#eat!diKe#ed

5##as, 30-0


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CRITICISMS OA C5SUISTR

Seen as a 'o#" o' ecuse:"a)in( $! Baise Pasca Mo#a ait!

Ca*aie#, 30032

5s indi*idua cases ha*e ess si"ia#ities %ith pa#adi(" cases,MC is d#astica! %ea)ened

So"e situations "a! ha*e pa#ticua#s #esidin( %ithin "utipepa#adi("s

Cannot $e used in a$sence o' so"e (uidin( p#incipes and"o#a (ene#aiations

St#on(, -.99G 5##as, 30-02

Lac) o' cea# "ethodoo(ica #esou#ces to p#e*ent $iasedde*eop"ent o' cases& No '#a"e%o#) o' no#"s+

Ca*aie#, 30032


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THOUHTS

Ho% ha*e %e adopted casuistic thin)in( in heath ca#e

5#e the#e an! i"itations to casuist#!7s p#ocess o'o$tainin( "o#a ce#titude

5#e the#e so"e "o#a p#incipes %hich a#e in*a#ia$e Canni$ais"

To#tu#e Seua *ioence


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THE BELMONT REPORT 34 E5RSL5TER

http*ideocast&nih&(o*aunch&asp-4< 3008 inte#*ie% %ith Stephen Tou"in $! U&S& Dep

Heath and Hu"an Se#*ices Oce 'o# Hu"an

Resea#ch P#otections
http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?17357http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?17357http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?17357http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?17357


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IN;5RD 1S OUT;5RD:LOO6IN5PPRO5CHES

In%a#d Phiosophica o# theo#etica in

o#i(in

5dd#esses the standa#ds used in"a)in( ud("ents a$out)no%ed(e

Nu#sin(:Resea#che#s,Theo#eticians, and 5d"inist#ato#s

5ppication o' ud("ents )no%ed(e cai"s

oa is "aste#in( p#o$e"p#esented $! the %o#d

Nu#sin(:Maste#! o' p#actiscienceG Cinica P#actition

Rod(e#s, 30042


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DISCIPLINE

Th#ee Main Ee"ents Cu##ent epanato#! (oas o' the science

Cu##ent #epe#to#! o' concepts and p#ocedu#es

5ccu"uated epe#ience o' the scientists %o#)in(

in the pa#ticua# discipineRod(e#s, 30042


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PROAESSION

5n o#(anied set o' institutions, #oes, andpeope %hose $usiness it is to app! o#i"p#o*e the p#ocedu#es and techniFues o'the discipine+

Rod(e#s, 30042


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DISCIPLINES 5ND PROAESSIONS

Insepa#a$e

Chan(e %ithin a discipine is 'aciitated $! p#o'essiona use o')no%ed(e

Socia and contetua aspect o' )no%ed(e %ithin a discipine

Rod(e#s, 30042


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TPES OA DISCIPLINES

Discipines e*o*e aon( a continuu" o' o#(aniation and ca#it!

Co"pact O#(anied %ith cea#! stated (oas and esta$ished p#o'essiona 'o#u"s

Repe#to#! o' concepts, "ethods, toos, and inno*ations is eposed toc#itica app#aisa $ased on consensua c#ite#ia

DiKuse Pu#ait! o' "ethodoo(ica c#ite#ia and discipina#! (oasG ess

cohesi*e than co"pact discipine

;oud:Be Least cohesi*eG cha#acte#ied $! unde#de*eoped institutiona

"echanis"s and poo#! dened "ethodoo(ica c#ite#ia

odstein @ Ca#"in, 300/G Rod(e#s, 3004


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SCIENTIAIC PROBLEMS

Scientic p#o$e"sEpanato#! Ideas:Cu##ent Capacitie Paced p#o$e":so*in( at 'oca point o' scientic inFui#!

P#o$e"s se#*es as sti"uus 'o# chan(e %ith a (oa o' science$ein( to so*e p#o$e"s, the#e$!, inc#easin( "o*e"ent to%a#d

acco"pishin( the inteectua ideas o' the discipine+Rod(e#s, 30


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CONCEPTS

Cent#a aspect o' discipina#! 'oundation

5 scientic %o#) is a p#ocess o' concept de*eop"ent

Concepts p#o*ide histo#ica continuit! %hich 'o#" atransmit '#o" one (ene#ation o' scientists to anothe#

th#ou(h p#ocess o' enculturation.Rod(e#s, 3


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TPES OA CONCEPTU5L PROBLEMS

Pheno"ena scientists %ant to epain $ut ac)p#ocedu#es

Pheno"ena on! pa#tia! unde#stood

Conict a"on( concepts %ithin a sin(e discipine

Conict a"on( concepts in diKe#ent discipines Conict a"on( concepts and societa attitudes

Rod(e#s, 30042


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STR5TEIC CONSENSUS

5(#eed upon *ie%s 'o# conceptua chan(es,consensus dete#"ines %hat chan(es 'uinteectua (oas o' the science

Conceptua chan(es a#e conside#ed #ationa %henthe! "eet the de"ands o' the discipine

Histo#icist *ie% o' contetua i"po#tanceRod(e#s, 30042


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REAERENCES 5$e#t R Jonsen& 30-42& Ret#ie*ed '#o" httpsdepts&%ashin(ton&edu$hdept'ac#esaV$io&ht"

5da?, H&, @ Do?ana!, 5& 300/2& ISS5 P#oceedin(s 300/:The eKects o' tetua and (#aphica :tetua a#(u"entation so't%a#e ason the de*eop"ent o' a#(u"entation s)is& Ro(en"erg )uarterly& Ret#ie*ed '#o" http#oen$e#(Fua#te#!&co"

5"e#ican Nu#ses 5ssociation& 30-02& Nu#sin( Scope and standa#ds o' p#actice 3nd ed&2& Si*e# Sp#in(, Md& 5"e#ican Nu#ses 5 5##as, J& 30-02& Theo#! and $ioethics& The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* Ret#ie*ed '#o" httppato&stan'o#d&eduent#ies

The $elmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human su"+ects of research & -.0

odstein, H&, Ca#"in, J& 300/2& Co"pact, diKuse, o# %oud:$e discipine 5ssessin( cohesion in pannin( schoa#ship&.ournal ofEducation and Research, /0-2, //:& doi -0&->4>hc#&0&0380

Ro$inson, S& 30->2& The uniFue %o#) o' nu#sin(& !ursing, 68>2, 83:8>& doi -0&-0.&/0.-

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Stephen Toulmin and Philosophy of Science