The Toulmin Model

Who was Stephen Toulmin?

March 1922 – December 2009

Author, Educator, Philosopher

Created theories to deal with practical issues using moral reasoning.

Developed a system to break down any type of arguments and the assumptions that surround it.

Toulmin has influenced philosophy, rhetoric, and computer science.

The Toulmin Model Structure

Claim

Definition of Claim:An assertion usually supported with evidence. Usually includes a support, refute, or qualify statement.

Example: Cell phones are a distraction in school.

Grounds (Evidence)

Definition of Grounds: Evidence provided to bolster the claim and support the warrant.

Backing: In 2010, cell phone violations were the second most disciplined offense at Crestwood High School.

Warrant (Rule) Definition of Warrant:

the implied statement that creates a logical connection between the claim and the evidence; the warrant explains how the evidence supports the claim

Example: Even though cell phones are banned from school, it is assumed all students carry a cell phone with them.

Backing Definition of Backing:

support or explanation for the warrants, often characterized by the word “because”; backing is the kind of evidence needed

Example: Even though cell phones are banned from school, it is assumed all students carry a cell phone with them because their parents want to be able to reach them.

Rebuttal (Counter argument)

Definition of Rebuttal: an answer that challenges or refutes a claim. Rebuttals may also be offered by writers who anticipate objections to the claims or evidence they offer.

Rebuttal Example: Parents may argue all students should carry cell phones with them in case of an emergency.

Qualifier Definition of Qualifier:

A word, or phrase, that limits the scope of a claim: (Probably, Usually, Sometimes, In most cases, etc.)

Qualifier: In most cases, it is highly unlikely an emergency will happen in school. Furthermore, the school could always contact parents making a phone call using a land line.

Create a Toulmin Model on your own

Qualifier – specific limits to you claim

or warrant.

Grounds – reasons or evidence that

supports the claim.

Claim – The position or claim being argued for.

Warrant – implied or stated principle that connects the

grounds to the claim.

Rebuttal – counter arguments to the claim or warrant

Paperless School Scenario

State a Claim, the Grounds, and a Warrant supporting, refuting, or qualifying a CHS School Board initiative requiring all students to submit papers online or receive a detention.

Paperless School Scenario cont’d

Claim:Students should not be required to submit paper online because some families do not have computers and it would cause an undo financial burden for those families. Grounds (Evidence):The average computer costs over $500 and would be unaffordable to many families Warrant (Rule):As a rule, families with children preparing to enter college do not have supplemental funds for large purchases, such as computers.

Please write a Paraphrase of the Toulmin Model of Argumentaion