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Slide 3 McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Questions for Audience- Centeredness To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?
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Stephen E. Lucas
C H A P T E R
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
5
Analyzing the Audience
Slide 2
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Audience-Centeredness
Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
Slide 3
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Questions for Audience-Centeredness
• To whom am I speaking?• What do I want them to know, believe,
or do as a result of my speech?• What is the most effective way of
composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?
Slide 4
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
IdentificationCreating a bond with listeners by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.
Slide 5
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Egocentrism
The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
Slide 6
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Factors of Demographic Audience Analysis
• Age• Gender• Sexual orientation• Racial, ethnic, and cultural background• Religion• Group membership
Slide 7
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Stereotyping
• Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.
Slide 8
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Factors of Situational Audience Analysis
• Size• Physical setting• Disposition toward the topic• Disposition toward the speaker• Disposition toward the occasion
Slide 9
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
AttitudeA frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
Slide 10
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Getting Information about the Audience
• Interviewing• Questionnaires
Slide 11
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Questionnaires• Fixed-alternative questions• Scale questions• Open-ended questions
Slide 12
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Fixed-Alternative QuestionsQuestions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.
Slide 13
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Fixed-Alternative QuestionHave you ever engaged in volunteer workfor a community, religious, or charitable organization?
Yes______No_______
Slide 14
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Scale QuestionsQuestions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
Slide 15
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
If you have engaged in volunteer work, how would you rate the experience?
Scale Question
Veryrewarding
Somewhatrewarding Neutral
Somewhatunrewarding
Veryunrewarding
Slide 16
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Open-Ended QuestionsQuestions that allow respondents to answer however they want.
Slide 17
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Open-Ended QuestionIf you have worked as a volunteer, do you plan to do so again? Why or why not?
Slide 18
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Using Audience-Analysis Questionnaires
Stephen E. Lucas
C H A P T E R
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
10
Outlining the Speech
Slide 20
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Preparation Outline
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
Slide 21
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline
• State the specific purpose of your speech
• Identify the central idea• Label the introduction, body, and
conclusion• Use a consistent pattern of
symbolization and indentation
Slide 22
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline
• State main points and subpoints in full sentences
• Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews
• Attach a bibliography• Give your speech a title, if one is desi
red
Slide 23
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Visual FrameworkThe pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the ideas of the speech.
Slide 24
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Example of Visual Framework
I. Main pointA. SubpointB. Subpoint
1. Sub-subpoint2. Sub-subpoint
II. Main pointA. Subpoint
1. Sub-subpoint2. Sub-subpoint
B. Subpoint
Slide 25
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
BibliographyA list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.
Slide 26
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Speaking Outline
A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation.
Slide 27
McGraw-Hill © 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline
• Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline
• Make sure the outline is plainly legible
• Keep the outline as brief as possible• Give yourself cues for delivering the
speech