Stephan, Soufthth Africa

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AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF WOMENENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LESOTHO

Stphan P van der Merwe* Ma!p"# Le$a%en&Potchefstroom Business School, North-West University

Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2 20, !e"u#lic of South $frica%el& '2(-1)-2**1+1+ a.& '2(-1)-2**1+16

ste"han/van ermer e n u/ac/3a


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4 %o hom corres"on ence shoul #e a resse /

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AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LESOTHO

A'STRACT

%he im"ortant role that entre"reneurshi" "lays to com#at unem"loyment, ealth creation an

the alleviation of "overty shoul not #e un erestimate , es"ecially in regions ith gro ing

unem"loyment rates/ Women entre"reneurs can contri#ute significantly to economic

evelo"ment in $frica, #ut their contri#ution has not #een a e5uately stu ie an evelo"e /

$lthough it is challenging for #oth men an omen to start an sustain a successful #usiness,

omen face uni5ue challenges to self-em"loyment/ %he o# ective of this stu y as toinvestigate omen entre"reneurshi" in 7esotho an to ma8e "ractical recommen ations to

enhance omen entre"reneurshi" in the country/ $ survey that inclu e + omen-o ne

#usinesses as con ucte / Women entre"reneurs in this stu y ere motivate #y "ull factors,

such as the nee for in e"en ence, self-fulfilment, or8 fle.i#ility an a nee for a challenge

to self-em"loyment/ actors such as issatisfaction ith salarie o#s an insufficient family

income "ushe them into self-em"loyment/ %hey are currently facing o#stacles, such as

o#taining finances, or8-home conflict, lac8 of e ucation an training in #usiness an

management s8ills/ %hey, furthermore, in icate financial su""ort, #usiness training an

a vice, the nee to net or8 ith other #usiness o ners an mar8eting su""ort as their main

su""ort nee s/ Practical recommen ations are suggeste to 9overnment an omen

entre"reneurs to overcome these o#stacles an to ensure that omen entre"reneurs can

sufficiently contri#ute to the economy an em"o er themselves economically/

(e)w"rd + omen entre"reneurshi", small an me ium-si3e #usinesses, motivational

factors, o#stacles, self-em"loyment

INTRO,UCTION

%he im"ortant role that small #usinesses an entre"reneurshi" "lay in stimulating economic

activity, creating o#s, alleviating "overty an u"lifting living stan ar s, has #een recognise

internationally as ell as in $frica :;an ;uuren < 9roene al , 200(&26*=/

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Southern $frica is a evelo"ing region ith high unem"loyment rates, lo levels of formal

an higher e ucation, the migration of in ivi uals from rural areas to cities, cor"orate

restructuring an government "olicies, an regulations that enforce the restructuring of larger

organisations/ %he region thus has an urgent nee for entre"reneurs in the small, micro- an

me ium enter"rises :S??@s= ho can act as a tool to com#at unem"loyment an crime an

to stimulate the economy as a hole :?aas < Aerrington, 2006& *=/

%he last half-century has itnesse monumental changes for omen as income earners

:Smith-Aunter, 2006&1=/ Smith-Aunter :2006&1= cite Bragger :1**6= an Buttner an ?oore

:1**(= ho em"hasise that these changes inclu e an influ. of omen into the main stream

la#our mar8et the revolution of the omen s movement an the civil rights movement, hich

"ro"elle omen into non-tra itional roles an the e."losion in the num#er of omen

entre"reneurs "articularly over the last t o eca es/ %his latter "henomenon has given rise to

countless #oo8s, articles an re"orts informing the "u#lic as to the various as"ects of the

seemingly never-en ing 8alei osco"e of omen as entre"reneurs/

$ccor ing to ?aas an Aerrington :2006&>)=, the gro th in trial num#er female

entre"reneurs outnum#er male entre"reneurs/ %his le to the rene e focus on gen er

entre"reneurshi" an the evelo"ment of a""ro"riate entre"reneurshi" interventions for

gen er-s"ecific grou"s internationally/ Cn Dhile, a evelo"ing country, the estimation is that

there are 1> 000 omen entre"reneurs, hich is >>E of all entre"reneurs an has increase

from 20E three years ago/ %he estimate is that #y 2010 female entre"reneurs in Dhile ill

e5ual the male entre"reneurs an create more than 0E of the o#s in ne enter"rises/

Similarly, ?aas an Aerrington :2006&>0= in icate that accor ing to the Cnternational %ra e

Dentre :200+=, Dana a has e."erience a 200E gro th in the num#er of omen

entre"reneurs over the last 20 years/ Within the $frican conte.t, ta8ing Dameroon as an

e.am"le, omen entre"reneurs manage (E of small an micro-#usinesses, hile in Ugan a

omen entre"reneurs form the ma ority of the country s #usiness "eo"le in the areas of

farming an small to me ium-si3e enter"rises/

Ao ever, Fo ing an Faniels :1**2&1= e."lore female entre"reneurs gro th "atterns using

census survey ata collecte in 7esotho, S a3ilan , South $frica an Gim#a# e/ %hesesurveys in icate that em"loyment gro th rates of omen s enter"rises are significantly lo er

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than men/ Cn 7esotho, 1(E of small an me ium-si3e entre"reneurs in the manufacturing

sector are omen :7esotho ?inistry of %ra e, Dommerce an Cn ustry, 7icence !egister

200(H200) financial year=/ Ct is thus clear that 7esotho un er"erforme ith regar the role

that omen entre"reneurs "lay in the economy in relation to many other countries/

%he 7esotho !evie :200>&2*= in icate that the Basotho @nter"rises Fevelo"ment

Dor"oration :B@FDI= is no gearing itself to ar s the management of the home-gro n

entre"reneur cre it scheme that ill "rove sustaina#le for the #enefit of Basotho

entre"reneurs/ %his is a "ositive ste" to stimulate entre"reneurshi" in 7esotho/

%he challenges that omen entre"reneurs face in 7esotho have not #een a e5uately stu ie

an evelo"e / %he focus of this stu y as micro-, very small, small an me ium-si3e

omen-o ne #usinesses/

PRO'LEM STATEMENT

Dountries aroun the orl are increasingly formulating "olicies to ma8e it easier to start a

#usiness/ %hese changes coul #enefit omen entre"reneurs significantly/ ?cDonnell

:200(&2=, in the Foing Business !e"ort, in icate that countries that ran8e highest on its

ease of oing #usiness scale, are associate ith higher "ercentages of oman entre"reneurs

an em"loyees in com"arison ith their male counter"arts/ ?cDonnell :200(&2=, furthermore,

is of the o"inion that omen have enormous "otential to #ring "ros"erity in the orl an

therefore encouraging omen entre"reneurshi" is very im"ortant/

Cn this stu y, it is thus im"erative to e."lore hy there are still a relatively small num#er of

omen entre"reneurs in com"arison ith their male counter"arts in 7esotho an to etermine

hether the country is aligne ith glo#al initiatives to "romote omen entre"reneurshi"/

!esearch on omen entre"reneurshi" remains limite ithin the Southern $frican conte.t

an this has a irect influence on the formulation an im"lementation of "olicies an su""ort

"rogrammes that coul #e one of the main causes of the region s current "oor "erformance

ith regar to omen entre"reneurshi" activity/ Ct as only over the "ast fe years that more

scientific-#ase research on omen entre"reneurs as one in various geogra"hic areas inSouth $frica :refer to stu ies one #y ?eyer, 200* Joc8, 200) 7e#a8eng, 200) Botha,


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2006, among others=/ %here is am"le ustification, against the #arren #ac8groun of scientific

value-a e research, to "ursue more earnest investigations into the uni5ue challenges facing

omen entre"reneurs in 7esotho/

O'-ECTIVES OF THIS STU,.

%he main o# ective of the stu y is to investigate omen entre"reneurshi" in 7esotho an to

ma8e "ractical recommen ations to stimulate the gro th an success of omen entre"reneurs

in the country/

%o achieve the main o# ective of the stu y, the follo ing secon ary o# ectives ere

formulate &

%o efine omen entre"reneurshi" ithin the 7esotho conte.t/

%o o#tain insight into the ynamics of omen entre"reneurshi" #y means of a literature

revie /

%o em"irically investigate omen entre"reneurshi" in 7esotho #ase on a structure

5uestionnaire/

%o etermine hat motivates omen in 7esotho to start their o n #usinesses/

%o etermine the uni5ue challenges omen face in managing their #usinesses/

%o etermine the nee s of omen entre"reneurs ith regar to su""ort, training an

evelo"ment/

%o suggest "ractical recommen ations to enhance omen entre"reneurshi" in 7esotho/

LITERATURE REVIEW

or the "ur"ose of this stu y, no technical istinction as ma e #et een small to me ium-

si3e #usiness o ners :#usiness o ner per se = or entre"reneurs/ Women entre"reneurs in this

stu y are thus efine as female o ner-managers of small to me ium-si3e #usinesses/

?icro-, very small, small an me ium-si3e #usinesses in this stu y ere classifie as

#usinesses that em"loy less than 200 full-time e5uivalents of "ai em"loyees :South $frican

National Small Business $ct, 1**6 National Small Business $men ment $ct, 200+&2=/

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Fa/t"r that !"t#vate w"!en t" tart the#r $0 #ne e

$s recommen e #y Botha :2006&2*>= in "revious research, it is im"ortant to etermine the

factors that motivate omen to start their o n #usinesses/ %his 8no le ge regar ing the

"rofile of the oman entre"reneur might ena#le "olicy-ma8ers to create an encouraging

environment for omen entre"reneurs to start their o n #usinesses/

Aeilman an Dhen :200>&>60= as ell as Botha :2006&122= argue that various "ush-an -"ull

factors e.ist that can motivate omen to start their o n #usinesses/ ?aas an Aerrington

:2006&1*= efine "ush factors as the more negative factors, such as unem"loyment an

retrenchment, hich force "eo"le to #ecome entre"reneurial in or er to survive/ %hey regar

"ull factors to #e the more "ositive factors, such as government su""ort an role mo els,

hich might influence "eo"le to choose entre"reneurshi" as a career o"tion/ 9hosh an

Dheruvalath :200(&1+*= foun that only one-fifth of omen are ra n into entre"reneurshi"

#y "ull factors/ %he rest are force into entre"reneurshi" #y "ush factors/

$ summary of relevant literature regar ing "ush-an -"ull motivational factors to omen

entre"reneurs is "resente in %a#le 1/ !efer to etaile iscussions of these factors in the

stu ies #y Joc8 :200)=, 7e#a8eng :200)= an ?eyer :200*=/

$ccor ing to the scholars mentione in %a#le 1, the follo ing "ull factors to entre"reneurshi"

are relevant to omen entre"reneurs, i/e/ the nee for in e"en ence, achievement an self-

fulfilment "rovi ing a challenge to the female entre"reneur im"roving the financial "osition

of omen entre"reneurs an their families the esire to #e their o n #oss an to control their

o n life it "rovi es more fle.i#ility for #alancing or8 an family they can evelo" an

commercialise a ho##y entre"reneurshi" gives them the o""ortunity to ma8e a contri#ution

to the community an #e rec8one for that an the influence of role mo els such as their

"arents, family, frien s or lea ing entre"reneurs in the community can ma8e entre"reneurshi"

an attractive "ros"ect or career choice to them/

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Ta$1e 2+ P0 h and p011 !"t#vat#"na1 3a/t"r

PULL MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS

M"t#vat#"na1 3a/t"r Re1evant 1#terat0re

Nee for in e"en ence Aughes :2006&10*= Smith-Aunter :2006&2)= 9reene, Aart,9ate oo , Bush an Darter :200 &(1= ?cDlellan , S ail,Bell an C##otson :200 &) = Baeva :200+&2= Bra ley anBoles :200>&12, >01= Kal#ert :2000&16= Irhan :1***&2=Dhavan an $gra al :1**)&1= ?arlo :1**(&20)= Aisrichan Peters :1**6&*)= ?cJay :2001&1+*=

Provi es a challenge :nee achallenge=

Aughes :2006&10*= Buttner an ?oore :1**(&+2=

Cm"rove financial o""ortunity Aughes :2006&10*= ?arlo :1**(&20)=

Self-fulfilment Segal, Borgia an Schoenfel :200 &>= Aughes :2006&10*=

Bruni, 9herar i an Poggio :200+a&260= Kal#ert :2000&16=Buttner an ?oore :1**(&>+=

Fesire to #e o n #oss Fe?artino an Bar#ato :200>&)>0= Aughes :2006&10*=Bra ley an Boles :200>&12=

le.i#ility for #alancing family anor8

Segal et al. :200 &>= Darter, 9artner, Shaver an 9ate oo ,:200>&1(= Aughes :2006&10*= 7om#ar :2001&216=

Potential to evelo" a ho##y Bra ley an Boles :200>&>01= ?arlo :1**(&20)=

Social status an lac8 of recognition:"ersonal achievement, to #erec8one in the community=

@c8el an 9rossman :2002&2))= ?allon an Dohen:2001&22 =

!ole mo els an other "eo"le sinfluence :frien s an family=

$nna, Dhan ler, Kansen an ?ero :2000&>*2=

PUSH MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS

Fissatisfaction ith salarie o#s: o#Hcareer frustration=

9hosh an Dheruvalath :200(&1+*= Segal et al. :200 &>=Bra ley an Boles :200>&6= %anguchi :2002&))2= ?cJay:2001&1 2= Fe?artino an Bar#ato :2002&)1)= Datley anAamilton :1**)&(6= ?arlo :1**(&20)= 7ee-9osselin an9risL :1**0&+20=

!e un ancy :lost your o#,

retrenche =

Aughes :2006&10*=

7ac8 of availa#le or8 Aughes :2006&10*=

Cnsufficient family income :nee tosu""lement family income=

Segal et al. :200 &>= Fe?artino an Bar#ato :2002&)16=?cJay :2001&1+*=

Aitting the glass ceiling ?cDlellan et al. :200 &) = 9eorgellis an Wall :200+&1=Ao88anen an $utio :1**)&(=

Nee for a fle.i#le or8 sche ule 9hosh an Dheruvalath :200(&1+*= Fe?artino an Bar#ato:2002&)1)= 7ee-9osselin an 9risL :1**0&+20=

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Push factors, such as the issatisfaction ith salarie o#s or o#Hcareer frustration

re un ancy :or retrenchment an the lac8 of availa#le or8= insufficient family income an

the nee to su""lement their income omen hitting the glass ceiling an #eing frustrate #y

that an the nee for a fle.i#le or8 sche ule to #alance their or8 an family o#ligations

are highlighte #y various scholars :refer to %a#le 1=/

O$ ta/1e t" w"!en entreprene0r h#p

Ct is, furthermore, essential to etermine the factors that might inhi#it entre"reneurial activity

among omen, ta8ing into consi eration the large contri#ution omen entre"reneurs can

ma8e to the economy/

!ichar son, Ao arth an innegan :200+&)2= commente that omen entre"reneurs suffer

from significant material constraints through to unhel"ful attitu es arising from society s

negative attitu es to ar s omen in #usiness/ Women entre"reneurs often feel that they are

victims of iscrimination/ %his statement as also em"hasise #y Irhan :1***&2=, ho foun

that one of the most interesting issues ith regar to omen entre"reneurshi" is the ifferent

ays omen are iscriminate against in conceale ays/

$ccor ing to Jurat8o an Welsch :1**+&>>2=, omen entre"reneurs have long felt that they

have #een victims of iscrimination/ ;arious stu ies e.amine the ty"es of iscrimination

an some have #een attem"te to ocument them/ %his argument is su""orte #y Fe Bruin,

Brush an Welter :200(&>2 =/ !esearchers Se.ton an Bo man-U"ton suggest that female

#usiness o ners are su# ect to gen er-relate iscrimination/ Cn a ition, $#or an Bie8"e

:2006&106= em"hasise that this iscrimination against omen seems to #e even orse in su#-

Saharan $frican countries, such as 9hana, here the financial sector is male oriente / %he

argument is further su""orte #y ?arlo :1**(&202=, ho commente that iscrimination

remains a "ro#lem for omen in self-em"loyment, for e.am"le, they e."erience "articular

ifficulties in gaining #an8 finance for their ventures/

Dhallenges to omen entre"reneurs cover a i e s"ectrum, inclu ing level of e ucation,

inter-role conflicts emanating from greater "arenting res"onsi#ilities, a earth of financial

assistance an socio-cultural constraints :9hosh < Dheruvalath, 200(&1 0=/ $lthough menan omen #oth e."erience "ersonal "ro#lems, omen recor e more ifficulties/ %his is

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es"ecially true ith regar to a lac8 of self-confi ence an not #eing ta8en seriously #y

"rovi ers of fun s hen a""lying for fun s :Bri ge, I Neill < Dromie, 200>&2 =/ Ct is

i ely ac8no le ge that $frican omen have access to fe er resources than men/ or

e.am"le, relative to men, they ten to have lo er access to lan , cre it facilities, e ucation

an training facilities :Jate"a-Jalala, 1***&(=/

urthermore, in many $frican countries, omen have fe er inheritance rights either #y la

or o#stacles "reventing omen from realising their economic "otential as ell as constraining

economic evelo"ment :Ing, 200)&1=/ Fo ning an Faniels :1**2&1= argue that gro th-

oriente onors have "romote investment strategies in $frica that ty"ically e.clu e omen,

ue to the commonly hel vie that omen enter"rises are concentrate in un ynamic su#-

sectors that have little "otential for contri#uting to the gro th of the economy/

%a#le 2 "rovi es a summary of the relevant literature iscussing the o#stacles an challenges

facing omen entre"reneurs :also refer to ?eyer 200* Joc8, 200) 7e#a8eng, 200) Botha,

2006=/

Ta$1e 4+ Re1evant 1#terat0re "n the "$ ta/1e 3a/#n& w"!en entreprene0r

O$ ta/1e Re1evant 1#terat0re

7ac8 of #usiness management s8ills Joc8 :200)&10>= Doleman :200(&>1 = ?aas an Aerrington:2006&+1= Brin ley :200 &1 += ?cDlellan et al. :200 &+=Welter :200+&21+= Jantor :2001&6= Bo en an Nucci:2000&>+)= Datley an Aamilton :1**)&((= 7ee-9osselinan 9risL :1**0&+2(= Jurat8o an Welsch :1**+&>>>=Jate"a-Jalala :1***&(=

7ac8 of e ucation an training :ingeneral=

Doleman :200(&>1 = Botha :2006&1+6= ?aas an Aerrington:2006&+1= ?cDlellan et al / :200 &11= Jurat8o an Welsch:1**+&>>2= Birley, ?oss an Saun ers :1*)(&2)1=

Cnter-role conflict : or8Hhomeconflict=

Joc8 :200)&10>= $hl :2006&60 = Bruni, 9herar i anPoggio :200+#&+16= Winn :200+&1+)= Dhell :2001&1 *=?a33arol, ;olery, Foss an %hein :1***& )=, Breen, Dalvertan Iliver :1** &++(= Dannon :1**1&>>+= Datley anAamilton :1**)&()= ?allette an ?c9uinness :1**)&1=Watson :200>&26>=, Dhell an Baines :1**)&11*= Jurat8oan Welsch :1**+&>>>=

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Cne5uality of access to cre it : ifficultto o#tain financing as a oman=

Wasilc3u8 an Gie#a :200)&160= ;an ;uuren an9roene al :200(&2(>= $#or an Bie8"e :2006&106= FeBruin et al / :200(&>2 = !evivo-Steiner :2006&20=Davallu33o an Wol8en :200 &21 = Bruni, 9herar i an

Poggio :200+a&260= !ichar son et al / :200+& 2= ;erheul,;an Stel an %huri8 :200+&1+= Welter :200+&212= Baeva:200>&>= Bri ge et al / :200>&262= Watson :200>&26>=9un ry, Ben-Mose"h an Posig :2002&(2= Aei ric8 anKohnson :2002&2= Jantor :2001&6= I Neill an ;il oen:2001&>*= Weiler an Bernase8 :2001&*2= Aisrich anI3tur8 :1***&12>= Breen et al. :1** &++6= Dannon:1**1&>++= Jurat8o an Welsch :1**+&>>2= ay anWilliams :1**1&6 =

Cnhi#iting la s an regulations :lo eraccess to lan , contractual rights-hus#an s consent or u ge a""roval=

Ing :200)&1= ;an ;uuren an 9roene al :200(&2(>=?aas an Aerrington :2006&+1= Baeva :200+&>= Welter:200+&21+=

amily "ressures :gen er-rolee."ectations=

Winn :200+&1+(= Bra ley an Boles :200>&22= I Neill an;il oen :2001&>*= Kal#ert :2000&>0= Dhell an Baines:1**)&1>2=

7ac8 of self-confi ence Joc8 :200)&10>= 9reene et al. :200 &11= Bra ley an Boles:200>&1(= ?inniti an $renius :200>&16= Kones an %ullous:2002&2+ = ?allette an ?c9uinness :1**)&12=

!is8 averse :great fear of failure= Joc8 :200)&10>= ;er ey :2006&1= Brin ley :200 &1 >=Irhan :1***&6= Dliff :1**)& 2>= ?allette an ?c9uinness:1**)&12= Autchenson :1** &2>)=

Socio-cultural environment :lac8 ofres"ect from male community anstereoty"e=

;an ;uuren an 9roene al :200(&2(>= ?aas anAerrington :2006&+1= Baeva :200+&>= !ichar son et al.:200+&)2= Jutani an Bayra8taroglu :200>&>= 7earner,Brush an Aisrich :1**(&>1)=

Csolation from #usiness net or8 Fe Bruin et al. :200(&>2 = ?anolova , Darter, ?anev an9yoshev :200(&+11= Welter :200+&21>= 7earner et al.:1**(&>2+=

7ac8 of female role mo els ?attis :200+&1 += ?atthe s an ?oser :1** &>66= 7ee-9osselin an 9risL :1**0&+>1=

7ac8 of timely #usiness information Joc8 :200)&10>= ;an ;uuren an 9roene al :200(&2(>=

Bruni et al. :200+a&2 6= Welter :200+&21>= Jantor :2001&6=Jouriloff :2000&6 =

Pressure of chil care ?cDlellan et al / :200 &11= $ffhol er an Bo. :200+&1)=Winn :200+&1+(= Bra ley an Boles :200>&22= I Neill an;il oen :2001&>*= Kal#ert :2000&>0= Dhell an Baines:1**)&1>2=

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S0pp"rt 3"r w"!en entreprene0r

Winn :200+&1 1= argue that the critical factors for omen to succee in in e"en ent

#usinesses nee to #e un erstoo to "rovi e a #etter e ucation an su""ort system/

9overnments can "rovi e female entre"reneurs ith s"ecial loans, su#si ies, fun s, enter"rise

centres, entre"reneurshi" a ar s, counselling, training, a visory su""ort, information

"ro ucts an e# "ortals :;erheul et al /, 200+&1+=/ $ccor ing to ?inniti an $renius

:200>&2+= an Joc8 :200)&116=, governments shoul a ress factors such as e ucation,

training an family- or8 reconciliation/ Policies shoul thus create an guarantee the

e.istence of un erlying con itions favoura#le to an entre"reneurial environment rather than

#eing active "romoters of start-u" activities/

$#im#ola, @mmanuel an $hma u :200(&1101=, ho ever, foun that in Nigeria many

"rogrammes an legislation have #een im"lemente to im"rove life for omen entre"reneurs,

#ut have not yiel e results/ %his ha""ene #ecause most of the facilities em#e e in the

"rogrammes o not reach those in nee of them, #ut are use to service "olitical an other

loyalties/ %hese researchers #elieve that the is"ensation of facilities shoul rather #e one

through community-#ase associations or grou"s, rather than through "olitical affiliations/

@ffective monitoring mechanisms shoul also #e "ut into "lace to ensure that facilities are "ut

into "ro"er use an to "revent the misa""lication of fun s/

Shelton :2006&2*+= a vise that in or er to im"rove the survival an "erformance of omen-

o ne ventures, "rogrammes shoul #e im"lemente to assist omen in selecting a""ro"riate

or8-family management strategies/ Cf or8-family conflict is a resse , a "otential

stum#ling #loc8 for omen #usiness o ners ill #e remove an the effectiveness of other

"rogrammes ill #e enhance /

Joc8 :200)&110= argue that many omen ant "ost-start-u" su""ort that is accessi#le after

trying out the s8ills learne in earlier training/ ?entoring is one metho of "rovi ing this

su""ort, hich can #e very effective as it a resses the s"ecific "ro#lems face #y the

in ivi ual entre"reneur/ %he su""ort can inclu e in ivi ual as ell as grou"-#ase assistance

irecte at s"ecific "ro#lems here mentors serve as role mo els/

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7ango it3 an ?inniti :200(&>+1= foun that omen ten to "erceive themselves an the

entre"reneurial environment in a less favoura#le light than men/ Programmes aiming to

im"rove "erce"tions of as"iring omen entre"reneurs may lea to higher rates of #usiness

start-u"/

W"!en entreprene0r h#p deve1"p!ent

%here is an ongoing e#ate as to the #est ay to stimulate omen entre"reneurshi" that

contri#utes to #oth economic an social inclusion :Welter, 200+&21)=/ $ thorough

un erstan ing ho S?@s gro is an im"ortant issue #ecause, accor ing to Berger an U ell

:1**)&61>= an !a ovic :200(&1=, small an me ium-si3e enter"rises "rovi e the engine for

economic gro th for many countries/ %here is a strong #usiness case for "romoting omen s

economic evelo"ment, entre"reneurshi" an enter"rise/

$s a result of gen er ine5ualities, omen remain to some egree in all "arts of the glo#e-

unta""e economic resources an un erutilise economic assets :7an es, 200>&1=/ Non-

governmental organisations aroun the orl are no creating an im"lementing "ro ects to

encourage entre"reneurshi" as a "ath ay out of "overty/ ?any "ro ects s"ecifically target

omen in thir orl countries :!a ovic 200(&1=/

Fo ning an Faniels :1**2&1= e."lore female entre"reneurs gro th "atterns using census

survey ata in 7esotho, S a3ilan , South $frica an Gim#a# e/ %hey foun that&

@m"loyment gro th rates of omen entre"reneurs are significantly lo er than men

females have not translate access to cre it an training into increases in firms

em"loyment to the same e.tent that men have even ithin the same su#-sector/

Women enter"rises gro more slo ly than men s omen entre"reneurs are concentrate

in a narro su#-sector an the most cite "ro#lem of female entre"reneurs is ina e5uate

mar8et eman /

C entifying the most effective ay of removing or re ucing the #arriers omen face, re5uires

a num#er of initiatives :Brin ley, 200 &1 =/ ?icro-financing an omen s economic

em"o erment movements are gaining "o"ular recognition as 8eys to "eace an "ros"erity

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:Kor an, 200)&2+=/ ?ayou. :2000&1)= argues that to ma.imise the contri#ution of micro-

finance to omen em"o erment re5uires e5uity in access to all micro-financing/

$ccor ing to Ing :200)&1=, in 2006, the Cnternational inance Dor"oration :C D= ma e its

first line cre it e icate to omen #y "rovi ing fun ing to Nigeria to hel" ease access to

cre it/ C D :200(&1= su""orte Ing s statement #y sho ing that C D an Worl Ban8 9rou"

activities inclu e the launch of omen s #an8ing "rogrammes in %an3ania an Ugan a/

%he Worl Ban8 9rou" :C D, 200(&1= sho s that omen often #enefit more than men from

#usiness ena#ling environment reforms as their #usinesses ten to have more "ro#lems/ %o

a ress this issue, the gender and growth assessment tool as evelo"e in Ugan a, Jenya,

%an3ania an 9hana/ %he Worl Ban8 9rou" starte the 9en er @ntre"reneurshi" ?ar8ets/

9en er @ntre"reneurshi" ?ar8ets aim to hel" #etter leverage the unta""e "otential of

omen in the emerging mar8ets/ Cts activities are structure aroun three main goals, namely

increasing access to finance for omen, a ing value to C D investment "ro ects an

a ressing gen er #arriers in the #usiness-ena#ling environment/ @.am"les of countries

#enefiting from 9en er @ntre"reneurial ?onitor inclu e 9uatemala, Pangaea, ?e.ico an

Nigeria/

%he 1** "u#lication of the hite "a"er on the evelo"ment of small #usiness in icates that

the government of South $frica realise the im"ortance of evelo"ing entre"reneurshi" an

small #usinesses :I Neill < ;il oen, 2001&>(=/ $ccor ing to ?aas an Aerrington :2006&>*=,

over the last fe years, the government of South $frica has un erta8en a range of initiatives,

e/g/ S$W@N :South $frican Women @ntre"reneurs Net or8=, S$WC?$ :South $frican

Women in ?ining= an %WCB :%echnology for Women in Business=, all ith the aim of

a vancing omen s economic em"o erment/

?aas an Aerrington :2006&>*= in icate that accor ing to Funcan, the Fe"artment of %ra e

an Cn ustry :F%C= is also consi ering evelo"ing a set of incentives for omen

entre"reneurs, such as #usiness incu#ation, training an the creation of a net or8ing

organisation for omen entre"reneurs an #usiness "eo"le/ %he F%C also has an initiative

calle %echnology for Women in Business that focuses on omen entre"reneurs at all levels

of #usiness to fast-trac8 their s8ills evelo"ment an to ena#le the em#race a""ro"riate

technologies/ Cn a ition, I Neill an ;il oen :2001&+0= in icate that in South $frica, Jhula@nter"rise inance limite as esta#lishe s"ecifically to "romote the elivery of micro-

1+


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cre it to rural omen an the "oor/ ;arious science councils an organisations are "artners in

the initiative, offering training an mentorshi" "rogrammers/

Ct is thus clear that aggressive initiatives #y 9overnment an N9Is in 7esotho are nee e to

stimulate entre"reneurshi" an in "articular omen entre"reneurshi" in the country/

RESEARCH METHO,OLOG.

,eve1"p!ent "3 the !ea 0r#n& #n tr0!ent

%he literature stu y "rovi e valua#le insight into the i entification of as"ects influencing

omen entre"reneurshi"/ Stan ar 5uestionnaires, evelo"e #y the Potchefstroom Business

School in South $frica, ere use to gather ata for this stu y/ Cnformation as gathere

regar ing the #iogra"hical information of the "artici"ating omen entre"reneurs, the structure

of their #usinesses, the motivational factors for starting their #usinesses, the o#stacles that

they are currently e."eriencing an their su""ort an evelo"ment nee s/

St0d) p"p01at#"n and a!p1#n& !eth"d

%he target "o"ulation of this stu y as micro-, very small, small an me ium-si3e omen-

o ne #usinesses in 7esotho/ $ convenience sam"le as use , #y means of a sno #all

sam"ling techni5ue, to i entify omen-o ne #usinesses that coul "artici"ate in this stu y/

%o generate a "reliminary list of omen-o ne #usinesses, ell-8no n omen-o ne

#usinesses in these regions ere contacte / %hese omen acte as informants an i entifie

other "otential omen-o ne #usinesses for inclusion in the sam"le/ %he omen-o ne

#usinesses ere then contacte to gauge their illingness to "artici"ate in the stu y/ $ list of

( omen-o ne #usinesses illing to "artici"ate in the stu y in the ?aseru, ?afeteng an

?ohale s Aoe8 istricts in 7esotho as com"ile as a result of these efforts/

,ata /"11e/t#"n

uestionnaires ere maile or elivere #y han to the omen-o ne #usinesses liste on

the ata#ase/ @ach 5uestionnaire inclu e a covering letter that guarantee the confi entiality

of the res"onses, as ell as a return-"ai envelo"e in or er to ma8e it as easy as "ossi#le for

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res"on ents to "artici"ate in the research/ $ total of + :(2E res"onse rate= usa#le

5uestionnaires ere returne , hich ere su# ecte to further statistical analysis/

Stat# t#/a1 ana1) #

Fata collecte as statistically analyse using S%$%CS%CD$ :StatSoft, 200*= an SPSS

:SPSS, 200*=/ Fata from the 5uestionnaires as co e , investigate for integrity, analyse

an "resente in useful out"uts, such as fre5uency ta#les/ %he fre5uency ta#les ere use to

ra conclusions an to ma8e recommen ations regar ing the evelo"ment of omen

entre"reneurs in 7esotho/

RESULTS AN, ,ISCUSSION

'#"&raph#/a1 #n3"r!at#"n "3 re p"ndent

Biogra"hical information of the o ner-managers of the "artici"ating omen-o ne

#usinesses as o#taine , inclu ing their age grou" classification, marital status an highest

aca emic 5ualification :see %a#le >=/

Ta$1e 5+ Re 01t "3 the $#"&raph#/a1 #n3"r!at#"n "3 part#/#pat#n& w"!en entreprene0r

Var#a$1e Fre60en/) Per/enta&eA&e &r"0p /ate&"r)Mounger than 1* years ol - -Bet een 20 to 2* years ol - -Bet een >0 to >* years ol 21 >)/)*EBet een +0 to +* years ol 2> +2/ *EBet een 0 to * years ol ) 1+/)1EIl er than 60 years ol 2 >/(0EMar#ta1 tat0Single + (/+1E?arrie >( 6)/ 2EFivorce 2 >/(0EWi o e 10 1)/ 2E

Not in icate 1 1/) EH#&he t a/ade!#/ 60a1#3#/at#"n7o er unior 11 20/>(EKunior + (/+1EDISD :matric= 10 1)/ 2EDertificate 6 11/11EFi"loma ) 1+/)1EFegree * 16/6(EPost-gra uate egree 6 11/11E

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Ct is a""arent from the results that the "artici"ating omen entre"reneurs are relatively

e."erience :ol er than >0 years=, #ut a ma or concern is that 2)E of them o#taine a highest

aca emic 5ualification lo er than matric/

Str0/t0re "3 the part#/#pat#n& $0 #ne e

Cnformation on the structure of the "artici"ating omen-o ne #usinesses as gathere an

is "resente in %a#le 2/

Ta$1e 4+ Re 01t "3 the tr0/t0re "3 the part#/#pat#n& 3a!#1) $0 #ne e

Var#a$1e Fre60en/) Per/enta&e'0 #ne #7e 8per!anent e!p1")ee 9?yself :micro= 12 22/22EBet een 2 to + em"loyees :micro= 1+ 2 /*>EBet een to 10 em"loyees :very small= 1( >1/+)EBet een 11 to 2 em"loyees :small= + (/+1EBet een 26 to 0 em"loyees :small= - -Bet een 1 to 200 em"loyees :me ium= 1 1/) E

Not in icate 6 11/11EInd0 tr)!etail tra e 12 22,22EWholesale 2 >/(0EServices 1> 2+/0(E?anufacturing ) 1+/)1E$ccommo ation 2 >/(0E

oo - -$griculture 1> 2+/0(EIther + (/+1ELe&a1 tat0Sole "ro"rietorshi" + )>/>+EPartnershi" 2 >/(0EDlose cor"oration :DD= */26EDom"any :Private= 2 >/(0E'0 #ne pre!# eAome-#ase 2> +2/ *E

Dentral #usiness istrict 22 +0/(+ECn ustrial area > / 6E$gricultural lan 2 >/(0E

Not in icate + (/+1E

?ost of the omen-o ne #usinesses that "artici"ate in this stu y are o"erate as sole

"ro"rietorshi"s :)>/>+E= either from home :+2/ *E= or in the DBF of the relative small

to n, are very small :not #igger than 10 em"loyees= an are o"erating in the retail tra e

:22/22E=, services :2+/0(E= an agricultural :2+/0(E= sectors, res"ectively/

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'0 #ne tart:0p #n3"r!at#"n

Cnformation gathere concerning the fun ing use uring the start-u" of the #usinesses, the

age of the "artici"ating #usinesses, the e.istence of role mo els, the e."erience of

entre"reneurs #efore self-em"loyment an the "ath to #usiness o nershi" is "resente in

%a#le >/

%a#le >& !esults regar ing the #usiness start-u" information of the omen-o ne #usinesses

Var#a$1e Fre60en/) Per/enta&eStart:0p 30nd#n&Personal savings >0 / 6E!elatives + (/+1EAousehol Hs"ouse */26ESol #usiness - -Ban8 loan ) 1+/)1EIther ( 6/0>ER"1e !"de1 "wn#n& $0 #ne eMes 26 +)/1 E

No 2+ ++/++E Not in icate + (/+1EE;per#en/e $e3"re e13:e!p1")!entUnem"loye 12 22/22ESelf-em"loye + (/+1EWor8er 1) >>/>>E

Su"ervisor */26E?i le management 1 2(/()E%o" management - -Path t" $0 #ne "wner h#p

oun er ++ )1/+)EPurchase 1 1/)6EKoinHinherite family #usiness ( 12/*6E

Not in icate Hother 2 >/(0E

%he ma ority of the "artici"ating omen-o ne #usinesses ere foun e #y the current

o ner-managers :)1/+)E= an use "ersonal savings : / 6E= as start-u" fun ing/

M"t#vat#"n t" e13:e!p1")!ent

%he "ur"ose of this section as to etermine the main motivational factors for omen

entre"reneurs entering self-em"loyment/ %he results can #e utilise to etermine the influence

of these motivational factors on the s"ecific evelo"ment nee s of omen entre"reneurs/

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Ta$1e 1 : (/+1E= omen

entre"reneurs ho ere motivate #y the need 3"r 31e;#$1e /hed01e /

%he need 3"r a /ha11en&e an d# at# 3a/t#"n w#th the#r a1ar#ed ="$ motivate 1)

:>>/>>E= of the omen entre"reneurs, res"ectively/ S"/#a1 tat0 > r"1e !"de1 and the

#n310en/e "3 "ther pe"p1e> inclu ing 3r#end and 3a!#1) !e!$er , an #n 033#/#ent 3a!#1)

#n/"!e , motivate 12 :22/22E= omen entre"reneurs/ Cn a ition, the de #re 3"r wea1th

motivate only 10 :1)/ 2E= omen entre"reneurs/ $ total of nine :16/6(E= entre"reneurs

in icate that they ere motivate #y h#&h ="$ e/0r#t) an red0ndan/) / Inly 12/*6E :(=

of omen entre"reneurs ere motivate #y the d#33#/01t) #n 3#nd#n& a ="$ an 11/11E :6=

ere motivate #y the 30rther deve1"p!ent and e;pan #"n "3 the#r h"$$) /

O$ ta/1e 3a/#n& part#/#pat#n& w"!en entreprene0r

%he res"on ents ere re5ueste to in icate the o#stacles that they are facing hile managing

their #usinesses :%a#le =/

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Ta$1e ?+ Re 01t "3 the a e !ent "3 the "$ ta/1e 3a/#n& w"!en entreprene0r

O$ ta/1e Fre60en/) Per/enta&e7ac8 of #usiness management s8ills >( 6)/ 2E7ac8 of e ucation an training > 6+/)1

Cnter-role conflict 2 +6/>E7ac8 of female role mo els 1* > /1*E7ac8 of timely #usiness information 1* > /1*E!is8 a verse :great fear of failure= 1* > /1*EPressure of chil care 1) >>/>>ECne5uality of access to cre it 1+ 2 /*>E7ac8 of self-confi ence * 16/6(ECnhi#iting la s an regulations ) 1+/)1E

amily "ressures 6 11/11ECsolation from #usiness net or8 6 11/11ESocio-cultural environment > / 6E

%a#le sho s that 6)/ 2E, re"resenting >( omen entre"reneurs, in icate that they 1a/%

$0 #ne !ana&e!ent %#11 > hile 6+/)1E :> = 1a/% ed0/at#"n and tra#n#n& / $ total of

+6/>E :2 = of the omen face the "ro#lem of #nter:r"1e /"n31#/t / $ total of 1* omen

entre"reneurs are inhi#ite #y a 1a/% "3 t#!e1) #n3"r!at#"n , a 1a/% "3 r"1e !"de1 an are

h#&h1) r# % aver e> re"resenting > /1*E, res"ectively/

@ighteen :>>/>>E= omen entre"reneurs in icate the pre 0re "3 /h#1d/are as an inhi#itor/

%he ine5uality of a//e t" /red#t is in icate #y 1+ :2 /*>E= omen entre"reneurs, hile

nine :16/6(E= omen entre"reneurs 1a/% e13:/"n3#den/e in "erforming their entre"reneurial

activities/

urthermore, 1+/)1E :)= omen entre"reneurs are, accor ing to their "erce"tions, inhi#ite

#y 1aw and re&01at#"n / Fa!#1) pre 0re an the # "1at#"n 3r"! $0 #ne netw"r% are

"ro#lems face #y 11/11E :6= of omen entre"reneurs, res"ectively/ %he last "ro#lem,

encountere #y / E :>= of the "artici"ating omen entre"reneurs, is the negative #n310en/e

"3 the "/#":/01t0ra1 env#r"n!ent /

S0pp"rt need and deve1"p!ent "3 w"!en:entreprene0r

Cn evelo"ing omen entre"reneurshi" #oth the government an the "rivate sector shoul #e

committe to ta8e action to actively evelo" omen entre"reneurs/ Ct is im"ortant to

un erstan hether omen entre"reneurs have 8no le ge a#out organisations s"ecifically

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esta#lishe for omen entre"reneurshi" evelo"ment/ %he 8no le ge of organisations

esta#lishe s"ecifically to su""ort the omen entre"reneur is very crucial in the evelo"ment

of omen entre"reneurshi"/

%he "artici"ating omen entre"reneurs ere as8e if they have any 8no le ge of

organisations s"ecifically esta#lishe for omen entre"reneurshi" evelo"ment/ Iut of +

omen entre"reneurs, only eight have 8no le ge a#out organisations esta#lishe s"ecifically

for omen entre"reneurs, re"resenting 1+/)1E, hile (0/>(E :>)= o not have 8no le ge

a#out any of those organisations/ $nother eight :1+/)1= omen i not in icate hether they

have 8no le ge or not/

%he training receive is "art of entre"reneurshi" evelo"ment, an as a result it as inclu e

in the analysis/ %he results of the analysis are "resente in %a#le 6 #elo /

Ta$1e @+ Tra#n#n& re/e#ved $) w"!en entreprene0r

T)pe "3 tra#n#n& re/e#ved Fre60en/) Per/enta&e%echnical s8ills 11 )+/62EDommunication s8ills * 6*/2>E$ccounting s8ills * 6*/2>E?anagement s8ills 1> 100E%echnological s8ills + >0/((E

%hirteen of the "artici"ating + omen entre"reneurs in icate that they receive training

from government agencies or the "rivate sector/ $ total of 11 :)+/62E= receive training in

technical s8ills, hile nine :6*/2>E= receive training in communication s8ills/ Cn a ition,

the other nine :6*/2>E= omen entre"reneurs receive training in accounting s8ills/

urthermore, 1> :100E= receive communication s8ills training, hile four :>0/((E=

receive technological s8ills training/

%he "artici"ating omen entre"reneurs ere furthermore re5ueste to in icate hether a

s"ecific su""ort nee is a""lica#le to them :refer to %a#le (=/

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Ta$1e + Re 01t "3 the 0pp"rt need "3 w"!en:entreprene0r

Spe/#3#/ need Fre60en/) Per/enta&e%rainingH8no le geHs8ill +2 ((/()E

inancial su""ort >* (2/22E

%ools, e5ui"ment, machinery >+ 62/*6EBusiness a vice, information, counselling 2 +6/>E Net or8ing ith other #usiness o ners 2 +6/>ESuita#le #usiness "remises 21 >)/)*E?ar8eting su""ort 1) >>/>>EDom"uter 1> 2+/0(ECnternet services 1> 2+/0(E%echnical su""ort 10 1)/ 2ECnfrastructure :roa s, tele"hone, electricity= * 16/6(E%rans"ort 6 11/11E

%a#le ( sho s that out of the + "artici"ating omen entre"reneurs in the 7esotho stu y, >*:(2/22E= in icate that they nee 3#nan/#a1 0pp"rt to evelo" their #usinesses, hile +2

:((/()= in icate that they nee to a/60#re $0 #ne %n"w1ed&e> %#11 and tra#n#n&/ $ total

of >+ :62/*6E= omen entre"reneurs in icate that they nee su""ort in the form of t""1 >

e60#p!ent and !a/h#ner) an 2 :+6/>E= nee su""ort in the form of $0 #ne adv#/e and

#n3"r!at#"n /

$ total of 1) :>>/>>E= omen entre"reneurs in icate that they nee !ar%et#n& 0pp"rt ,hile 21 :>)/)*E= in icate that they nee su""ort in the form of 0#ta$1e $0 #ne

pre!# e / Cn a ition, 10 :1)/ 2E= in icate that they nee te/hn#/a1 0pp"rt , hile si.

:11/11E= nee tran p"rt 0pp"rt / Netw"r%#n& w#th "ther $0 #ne "wner is nee e #y 2

:+6/>E= omen entre"reneurs/ urthermore, nine omen entre"reneurs nee su""ort in the

form of #n3ra tr0/t0re> hile 1> :2+/0(E= nee /"!p0ter and Internet erv#/e 0pp"rt /

CONCLUSIONS

Women entre"reneurs in 7esotho are motivate to start their o n #usinesses #y #oth "ush an

"ull factors/ %he most im"ortant motivators for starting a #usiness are the nee for

in e"en ence, the nee for fle.i#le or8 sche ules, the nee for a challenge, issatisfaction

ith salarie o#s, the nee for social status, the influence of role mo els an insufficient

family income/ %he results of this stu y confirm the fin ings of "revious researchers :9hosh

< Dheruvalath, 200( Aeilman < Dhen, 200> Aunter-Smith, 2006 Fe?artino < Bar#ato,

2002 ?alon < Dohen, 2001 among others=/

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With regar to the o#stacles facing omen entre"reneurs, the fin ings are as e."ecte / %his

means that omen entre"reneurs in 7esotho are not ifferent/ %hey have similar challenges to

other entre"reneurs orl - i e to #e successful entre"reneurs/ %he least "ro#lems in icate

#y 7esotho omen entre"reneurs are the follo ing& inhi#iting la s an regulations family

"ressure lac8 of self-confi ence influence of the socio-cultural environment an isolation

from #usiness net or8s/

%he su""ort an evelo"ment nee s in icate also reflect the o#stacles/ %he "ractical

recommen ations offere ill try to overcome these o#stacles to ensure the success of small

an me ium-si3e omen-o ne #usinesses in Southern $frica/

%his stu y clearly in icates that omen entre"reneurs in 7esotho lac8 8no le ge a#out

organisations s"ecifically esta#lishe for omen entre"reneurs/ Ct is, furthermore, a reality

that there are insufficient organisations for omen evelo"ment in the country/ %his is,

ho ever, an international "ro#lem/

Cn a ition, omen entre"reneurs have s"ecific nee s, such as training an s8ills

evelo"ment, financial su""ort an access to tools, e5ui"ment an machinery/

PRACTICAL RECOMMEN,ATIONS

Cn most cases, #an8s or other financial institutions, hen granting cre it, have the re5uirement

that the "otential len er #usiness shoul have a current account/ ?ost of the omen

entre"reneurs ho "artici"ate in this stu y only have a savings account an as a result they

may #e enie cre it/ Ct is thus recommen e that omen entre"reneurs in 7esotho shoul

hol current accounts to minimise ine5uality in granting cre it #y the #an8s/

Ct is recommen e that more organisations shoul #e esta#lishe for the evelo"ment of

omen entre"reneurs in 7esotho/ %hese organisations coul su""ort them ith training an

evelo"ment, financing the #usiness an other su""ort for their entre"reneurial evelo"ment/

%raining an evelo"ment coul hel" omen entre"reneurs to o#tain management s8ills,

inclu ing s8ills in "re"aring #usiness "lans an financial statements, hich coul ,furthermore, #ri ge the ga" in the ine5uality in granting cre it #y the #an8s/ Cn a ition,

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a areness cam"aigns shoul #e hel so that omen entre"reneurs coul have 8no le ge

a#out those organisations ith the result that they coul then utilise their su""ort an

facilities/

9overnment an non-governmental organisations in 7esotho shoul un erta8e a range of

initiatives to evelo" omen entre"reneurs in 7esotho/ %hese shoul inclu e the nature an

ynamics of omen entre"reneurshi", the challenges of omen in #usiness an the utilisation

of technology for omen in #usiness/ inancial su""ort institutions an various councils that

may #e "artners in offering training an mentoring "rogrammes shoul , furthermore, #e

im"lemente /

%he government shoul "rovi e a free slot on national ra io an television for omen

entre"reneurshi" training, e ucation an net or8ing ith other omen entre"reneurs/

Ct seems that omen entre"reneurs are not a are of the ne evelo"ment in the a""roval of

$ct no/ 60 of 2006, hich removes omen from minority status/ or instance, #an8s still

nee the hus#an s a""roval #efore granting cre it/ 9overnment shoul monitor the

im"lementation of that $ct/ Cn a ition, omen shoul #e a are of the $ct so that they o not

allo such iscrimination/

?ost omen entre"reneurs have the "ressure of chil care an e."erience or8-home

conflict/ ?ore cr ches shoul #e #uilt to minimise this 8in of o#stacle/

LIMITATIONS AN, SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

%here as limite time to con uct the stu y ith the result that some omen entre"reneurs

ere e.clu e from the stu y/ !esearch on omen entre"reneurshi" in 7esotho is limite

ith fe or no em"irical stu ies in e.istence/ $s a result, literature from South $frican an

other countries as use /

Fata on entre"reneurshi" is not gen er s"ecific an as a result the researcher ivi e ata

accor ing to the names of o ners using gen er s"ecific names/ Cn a ition, the ?inistry of

%ra e an Cn ustry only 8ee"s ata for the ?aseru istrict, hile other ata is 8e"t in the

2+


25/30

other nine istricts/ Ct as, therefore, ifficult to com"ile ata for istricts other than ?aseru,

?afeteng an ?ohale s Aoe8 :Bureau of Statistics 7esotho, 200+=/

%he stu y attem"te to ma8e a contri#ution to the #o y of 8no le ge on omen

entre"reneurshi" an can #e regar e as a small ste" to ar s moving a ay from the current

e"en ence on anec otal evi ence an case stu ies/ %his stu y, ho ever, only assesse some

of the as"ects concerning omen entre"reneurshi" in a relatively small sam"le an can #e

regar e as an e."loratory stu y/ ?ore com"rehensive research is still nee e to gain more

insight into the motivational factors for self-em"loyment of omen entre"reneurs, the

o#stacles facing them an their su""ort an training nee s to enhance our un erstan ing of

these issues/

%he stu y as only con ucte in three istricts in 7esotho an ue to the convenience

sam"ling techni5ue an a very small sam"le this cannot #e consi ere to #e re"resentative of

all small an me ium-si3e omen-o ne #usinesses in the country/ Dare shoul therefore

#e e.ercise in the inter"retation an utilisation of the results, an the fin ings of the stu y

cannot #e generalise / Cn other or s, the ty"ical omen-o ne #usiness coul #e

un erre"resente in the sam"le/

%he fin ings of this stu y ere #ase only on escri"tive, lo er-level statistics/ urther

research is thus nee e to gain more insight into the uni5ue challenges facing omen

entre"reneurs an their training an evelo"ment nee s/ Ct is recommen e that more

a vance statistical "roce ures, such as regression an factor analyses, shoul #e utilise in

the further evelo"ment of the 8no le ge #ase to truly un erstan the ynamics of omen

entre"reneurshi"/

Base on the fact that "u#lishe evi ence of a 5uantitative nature of the uni5ue challenges

facing omen entre"reneurs #oth nationally an internationally is still limite , the fin ings of

this stu y "resent challenges for further research/

2


26/30

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