Stem Cell Final 1

8/3/2019 Stem Cell Final 1

1/64

Hope for Immoratality

Stem Cell Technique

Presented By:

Gurmehr Singh Gogia

IX CRavi House


2/64

Stem Cell Definition

A cell that has the ability tocontinuously divide and

differentiate (develop) intovarious other kind(s) ofcells/tissues


3/64

Stem Cell


4/64

Stem Cell Technique

What are stem cells?

Types of stem cells

Sources of stem cell Questions and known problems

Legal considerations

Politics Moral considerations


5/64

Kinds of Stem Cells

Stem celltype Description Examples

TotipotentEach cell can developinto a new individual

Cells from early

(1-3 days)embryos

PluripotentCells can form any(over 200) cell types

Some cells ofblastocyst (5 to

14 days)

MultipotentCells differentiated,but can form a numberof other tissues

Fetal tissue, cordblood, and adultstem cells

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent


6/64


7/64

Stages of Embryogenesis

Day 1Fertilized egg

Day 22-cell embryo Day 3-4

Multi-cell embryo

Day 5-6BlastocystDay 11-14

Tissue Differentiation


8/64

Derivation and Use of

Embryonic Stem Cell LinesIsolate inner cell mass(destroys embryo)

Heart muscleKidney

Liver

Special sauce(largely unknown)

Day 5-6

Blastocyst

Inner cells

(forms fetus)

Outer cells(forms placenta)

Heart

repaired

Culture cells


9/64

Bone Marrow Stem Cells


10/64
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stem_cell_treatments.svg


11/64

History of Human

Embryonic Cell Research 1954 John Enders received a

Nobel prize in Medicine for growingpolio virus in human embryonickidney cells


12/64


13/64

In 1998, James Thomson (University ofWisconsin-Madison) isolated cells fromthe inner cell mass of the early embryo,

and developed the first humanembryonic stem cell lines.

History of Human Embryonic

Stem Cell Research

In 1998, John Gearhart (Johns HopkinsUniversity) derived human embryonic

germ cells from cells in fetal gonadaltissue (primordial germ cells).

Pluripotent stem cell lines weredeveloped from both sources


14/64

1998 Mice cloned 1998 Cows cloned

1952 Briggs and King clonedtadpoles

1996 The first mammal clonedfrom adult cells was Dolly, thesheep.

2000 Pigs cloned

History of Somatic Cell

Nuclear Transfer (Cloning)


15/64

History of Cloning 2001 Cat cloned

2002 Rabbits cloned

2003 Mule cloned

CC Carbon Copy

2004 Bull serial-cloned 2005 Dog cloned


16/64

Possible Uses of Stem Cell

Technology Replaceable tissues/organs

Repair of defective cell types

Delivery of genetic therapies

Delivery chemotherapeutic agents


17/64

Early Successes Adult

Stem Cells Human mesenchymal stem cells

turned on genes found in bone,cartilage, adipose, muscle,hematopoiesis-supporting stromal,endothelial, and neuronal cells.

Multipotent adult progenitor cells

have been shown to differentiateinto functional, hepatocyte-likecells.


18/64

Early Successes Adult

Stem Cells Human neural stem cells can

migrate extensively in the brainafter injection.

Adult stem cells have beenisolated from amniotic fluid,peripheral blood, umbilical cord

blood, umbilical cord, brain tissue,muscle, liver, pancreas, cornea,salivary gland, skin, tendon, heart,cartilage, thymus, dental pulp, andadipose tissue.


19/64

Early Successes Human

Cloning 2001 First cloned human

embryos (only to six cell stage)created by Advanced CellTechnology (USA)

2004* Claim of first humancloned blastocyst created and a

cell line established (Korea) laterproved to be fraudulent

*Hwang, W.S., et al. 2004. Evidence of a Pluripotent HumanEmbryonic Stem Cell Line Derived from a Cloned

Blastocyst. Science303: 1669-1674.


20/64

Cloned Human ESCDifferentiate Into Different

Tissue TypesNeural Retinal

Bone Cartilage Epithelial


21/64

Cloned Embryonic Stem Cells

Advantages/Problems Advantages

No rejection

Prefect match

Problems

Only 10% of cloned oocytes becameembryos

0% (0 out of 2061) survived to become a

cell line Genetic donor was same as egg donor

(i.e., wont work for males!)

Cost is high (health insurance probablywon't pay)


22/64

Unknowns in Stem

Cell/Cloning Research It is uncertain that human

embryonic stem cells in vitrocangive rise to all the different celltypes of the adult body.

It is unknown if stem cells culturedin vitro(apart from the embryo) will

function as the cells do when theyare part of the developing embryo


23/64

Challenges to Stem

Cell/Cloning Research Stem cells need to be

differentiated to the appropriatecell type(s) beforethey can beused clinically.

Recently, abnormalities inchromosome number and structure

were found in three human ESClines.


24/64

Challenges to Stem

Cell/Cloning Research Stem cell development or

proliferation must be controlledonce placed into patients.

Possibility of rejection of stem celltransplants as foreign tissues isvery high.


25/64

Challenges to Stem

Cell/Cloning Research Contamination by viruses, bacteria,

fungi, and Mycoplasma possible.

The use of mouse feeder cells togrow ESC could result in problemsdue to xenotransplantation(complicating FDA requirements

for clinical use).


26/64

Legal Considerations:

Embryonic Cell Research 1973 moratorium on government

financing for human embryoresearch

1988 NIH Panel voted 19-2 infavor of government funding

1989 DHHS Secretary Sullivan

extended the moratorium


27/64


Embryonic Cell Research 1990 Congress voted to override

the moratorium, vetoed byPresident Bush

1993 President Clinton lifted theban

1994 the Human Embryo

Research Panel favored research,but Clinton overrode the panel

1995 Congress banned federalfunding


28/64


Embryonic Cell Research August 25, 2000, President Clinton

allowed funding of research basedon cells from (aborted) human fetallines, but not embryonic cells

On August 9, 2001, PresidentBush announced his decision to

allow Federal funds to be usedonly for research on existinghuman embryonic stem cell linescreated prior to his announcement


29/64

Right to Life

The Declaration of Independence of theUnited States guarantees certainunalienable Rights, that among those areLife, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness


30/64

Laws Banning Reproductive Cloning(as of 2004)


31/64


32/64

Worldwide Stem Cell

Regulations 2003 proposal to ban reproductive

and research cloning worldwidewas tabled by the United Nations

following objections by GreatBritain and other countries

The proposal will be taken up

again in 2004, but dropped


33/64

Embryonic Reproductive

Cloning Laws Worldwide


34/64

Embryonic Research

Cloning Laws Worldwide


35/64

Stem Cells and Politics

The California Stem Cell Researchand Cures Initiative

Nancy Reagan Michael Reagan

Congress

John Kerry


36/64

The California Stem Cell

Research and Cures Initiative November, 2004 ballot initiative

Established the California Institute

for Regenerative Medicine Run by an Independent Citizen's

Oversight Committee composed ofpoliticians, advocacy groups, and

executive officers of universities Indebted the state of California for

$3,000,000,000 in State GeneralObligation Bonds


37/64


Research and Cures Initiative ICOC requires grantees to

purchase goods and services fromCalifornia suppliers (> 50%)

Established real estatedevelopment and facilitiesconstruction for research (up to10% of total funding)

3% for general administration, 3%for grant administration

Up to $6,000,000 per grantee/year


38/64


Research and Cures Initiative Although the initiative purported to

fund all manner of stem cellresearch, a clause prevents

funding of any stem cell researchother than embryonic stem cellresearch:

other research categories fundedby the National Institute of Healthshall not be funded by the Institute

Passed by voters, November, 2004


39/64

Nancy Reagan and Embryonic

Stem Cell Research Nancy Reagan pushing embryonic

stem cell research as cure forAlzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is due topathology that spreads fromaffected cells to healthy cells

Stem cell treatments, if theyworked, would also becomeabnormal shortly after treatment


40/64

Michael Reagan: My Father

Opposed Embryo Destruction my father, as I do, opposed the

creation of human embryos for thesole purpose of using their stem

cells as possible medical cures.

Called media references to ESCcures as junk science.

Quoted ESC researchers who saythat ESC are unlikely to cure

Alzheimers Disease


41/64

Congress Calls for Review of

White House ESC Policy 206 representatives said that the

current policy, instituted by Bush inAugust 2001, have slowed

potentially lifesaving research(4/30/04)

58 Senators (including 14Republicans) called for PresidentBush to reverse his ESC policy(6/4/04)


42/64

John Kerry Says Bush Has

politicized science While the Bush administration has

politicized science, Kerry will putAmerica back on the path of

scientific excellence with acommitment to scientific researchbased on factnot ideology.

M l d Ethi l C id ti


43/64

Moral and Ethical Considerationsof Stem Cell and Cloning

Research Adult stem cells

Embryonic stem cells

Embryo must be destroyed When does human life/personhood

begin?

Human cloning Embryos (see above)

Reproductive cloning


44/64

When Does Human Life Begin?

Medical Embryology TextbooksThe Developing Human: Clinically

Oriented Embryology

Zygote: this cell results from theunion of an oocyte and a sperm. Azygote is the beginning of a newhuman being (i.e., an embryo).Human development begins atfertilization This highlyspecialized, totipotent cell marksthe beginning of each of us as aunique individual.


45/64


Medical Embryology TextbooksEssentials of Human Embryology

In this text, we begin our

description of the developinghuman with the formation anddifferentiation of the male andfemale sex cells or gametes, whichwill unite at fertilization to initiatethe embryonic development of anew individual.


46/64


Medical Embryology TextbooksHuman Embryology & Teratology

Fertilization is an important

landmark because, under ordinarycircumstances, a new, geneticallydistinct human organism is therebyformed


47/64


What Do Medical Doctors Say? Dr. Alfred Bongioanni (University of

Pennsylvania):

I have learned from my earliestmedical education that human lifebegins at the time of conception.

Dr. Jerome LeJeune (University of

Descartes):after fertilization has taken place anew human being has come intobeing.


48/64


What Do Medical Doctors Say? Dr. Hymie Gordon (Mayo Clinic):

By all criteria of modern molecularbiology, life is present from themoment of conception.

Dr. Micheline Matthews-Roth(Harvard University Medical

School):It is scientifically correct to saythat an individual human life beginsat conception


49/64

Embryo Is Not a Person

Persons . . . are members of asocial community that shapes andvalues them, and personhood must

be defined in terms of interactionsand relationships with others.

Susan Sherwin. 1999. Ethical Issues:Perspectives for Canadians. Ed.Soifer, Eldon. Peterborough, Ontario:Broadview Press, p. 267


50/64


RebuttalPersonality definition problems

Does a human non-person exist?

What traits define personhood? Who makes the definition?

Society has excluded certain

humans from personhood before(e.g., African slaves, Chinese, etc.)Should we make a new list ofhuman non-persons?


51/64


Rebuttal The lack of certain personality traits

would remove from personhood:

Those who are in a coma

Elderly with degenerative disorders(Alzheimer's, etc.)

Mentally deficient

Genetic

Neurological disease Mental illness

Is is okay to consider these humanbeings as non-persons?


52/64

Definition of Personhood

One who is consciously performingpersonal acts

eliminates those who are sleeping

One with a present capacity toperform personal acts

eliminates those who are in a

coma


53/64

Definition of Personhood

One who has a history ofperforming personal acts

eliminates one who was in a comafrom birth, but wakes up

One with a future capacity forperforming personal acts

makes those who are dying asnon-persons


54/64

Implications of Functionally-

Defined Personhood Newborns lack the ability to

perform personal functions infact, newborn humans are less

capable physically and mentallythan virtually all other mammals

Therefore, on the basis offunctionally-defined personhood,newborns fail the test could bekilled on the basis of non-personhood


55/64

At Conception, It Is Only a

Single CellClaim: Fertilized eggs are single cells, like

blood cells or other parts of thebody

Rebuttal:

This single cell is unique from boththe fathers and mothers cells andis the beginning of every newhuman being


56/64

Only a Small Percentage of

Embryos ImplantClaim: Embryos are only potentiallife. Most do

not result in births

Rebuttal:

25-33% of women become pregnant inthe first month

33% of implanted embryos die beforebirth

There are countries in which over 25% ofchildren die before age 5. Should weallow killing of children?


57/64

Frozen Embryos Are Going

to Be Discarded Anyway Proponents of human embryonic

stem cell research say thatembryos from IVF are going to be

discarded and, so, should be usedfor research

Prisoners on death row are alsogoing to die, so why not doresearch on them?


58/64

Devaluation of Human Life

Right now it is only 5-12 dayembryos

When science discovers it isimpossible to produceorgans/tissues in the absence ofsurrounding developmentalprocesses, scientists will demandthe tissues be allowed to matureprior to harvest


59/64

Christian Arguments and

Response We may not do evil so that good

will result (Romans 3:8)

Humans are created in the imageof God before birth

The human soul begins beforebirth


60/64

Bible: Human Life Begins

Before Birth "Did not He who made me in the womb

make him, And the same one fashion usin the womb? (Job 31:15)

Yet Thou art He who didst bring me forthfrom the womb Thou hast been myGod from my mother's womb. (Psalms22:9-10)

For Thou didst form my inward parts;

Thou didst weave me in my mother'swomb. I will give thanks to Thee, for I amfearfully and wonderfully made (Psalms139:13-16)

See also Isaiah 44:2, 24


61/64

When Does Ensoulment

Occur? John the Baptist: "For he will be great in the

sight of the Lord, and he will drink no wineor liquor; and he will be filled with the Holy

Spirit, while yet in his mother's womb."(Luke 1:15)

Paul: But when He who had set me apart,even from my mother's womb, and calledme through His grace (Galatians 1:15)

Jeremiah: "Before I formed you in the wombI knew you, And before you were born Iconsecrated you; I have appointed you aprophet to the nations." (Jeremiah 1:5)


62/64

Murder Defined by the Bible

People are not to be murderedbecause they are created in theimage of God. (Genesis 9:6)

Murder must be intentional, withpremeditation (Joshua 20:3)

Killing of embryos is intentional,

and premeditated


63/64

Biblical Arguments:

Summary The Bible indicates that God

recognizes human beings aspersons prior to development in

the womb Bible defines murder as being

intentional and premeditated

ESC research destroys embryosthat are considered as ensouledhuman beings


64/64

Morality of Human

Reproductive Cloning Be fruitful and multiply

assumed to be natural, but IVF andcloning not mentioned in the Bible

Problems with cloned animalsmost suffer premature aging andother genetic problems. Might beavoidable with better techniques?

Biblical basis to condemn humanreproductive cloning?

Documents

Stem Cell Final 1