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Publisher: DALEKOVOD-PROJEKT d.o.o., 2010.e-mail: [email protected]
Steel lattice towers for 10, 20 and 35 kV transmission lines
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DEPLOYMENT OF TOWERS
www.dalekovod.com
PROJEKT
Ovitak engleski.indd 1Ovitak engleski.indd 1 3/26/10 2:20 PM3/26/10 2:20 PM
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
1
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. BASIC INFORMATION ON PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE OF TOWERS 3
3. CONDUCTOR ARRANGEMENT ON THE TOWER 5
3.1. TOWER HEAD TYPES 5
3.2. OPTIONS FOR MODELLING TOWER HEADS 7
4. TOWER TYPES AND STRENGTH CAPACITY 8
4.1. TOWER TYPES 8
4.2. TABLE WITH DRAFTS AND DATA ON ADMISSIBLE TOWER LOADS 9
NAH2 10
NAL2 11
NAP2 12
ZAE2 13
ZAH2 14
ZAJ2 15
ZAL2 16
ZAM2 17
4.3. EXAMPLE OF SELECTING AND MONITORING TOWERS
FOR CERTAIN LOAD CONDITIONS 18
5. RECOMMENDED SELECTION OF TOWERS (APPLICATION TABLES) 21
5.1. MOST COMMON STRUCTURE AND CROSS SECTIONS
FOR NON INSULATED CONDUCTORS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATE CONDITIONS 21
5.2. CONDUCTOR SUSPENSION SETS 23
5.3. CONDUCTOR TENSION SETS 32
6. ORDERING INFORMATION AND STRUCTURE TAKEOVER 34
7. ASSEMBLING THE STRUCTURE 36
8. TOWER FOUNDATION 38
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
2
In order to comprise all requirements of distributors, and at the same time use the simplest possible storage solutions
and to reduce maintenance costs i.e. to unify the construction, a suitable group of steel lattice towers was designed for
assembling 20 (10 and 35) kV distribution lines. Towers were designed between 1980 and 1983 for the requirements of
the Elektroprivreda company, as part of the medium voltage tower standardisation program for ZEOH at that time, and
are now part of the DALEKOVOD d.d. Zagreb manufacturing assortment.
By using extensive experience in design, production and construction of transmission line towers and data on their use,
3 suspension (N – NAH, NAL and NAP) and 5 tension (Z – ZAE, ZAH, ZAJ, ZAL and ZAM) towers were designed, in line
with the “Regulation on Technical Standards for Construction of Overhead Power Lines of Nominal Voltage Between 1
and 400 kV” Offi cial Gazette 65/88 (O.G.RH 55/96), where each of them can be used in diff erent conditions present on
the transmission line route.
For each tower type a structure prototype was made and it was tested under test load. Based on the examination of the
project documentation (calculations and manufacturing blueprints), examination of the prototype structure, testing
results and by participation in tests, IGH as the authorised organisation issued attests on testing.
Over 25 years of experience in using towers indicated all structural advantages, precisely because of the possibility
of their diff erentiated use, their suitability to most common situations and deployment requirements. Accordingly,
new types of accessorises and new manufacturing technology improvements were made to: the structure itself,
presentation of acceptable loads and methods for control and selection of the structure model for the relevant load of
each single tower design type group. To the names of towers the additional mark 2 was added, (N – NAH2, NAL2 and
NAP2) and (Z – ZAE2, ZAH2, ZAJ2, ZAL2 and ZAM2).
For each single tower type a project documentation was prepared according to the currently valid technical regulations
and professional HEP standards (Steel Lattice Tower Standardisation for 20(10) kV Network, mark N.022.03, class no.
4.08/92).
These instructions are intended for designers, builders and contractors of medium voltage transmission
lines, as also to employees in charge of their maintenance, and are to insure quick and simple reference in
selecting and deploying structures, i.e. in reaching the optimum solution.
1. INTRODUCTION
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
3
2. 1. THE PURPOSE OF THE STRUCTURE
With diff erence from towers designed for very specifi c cross sections and structures of conductors, these towers
represent typifi ed structure solutions where each type can be used in diff erent geographical conditions for more
diff erent types of conductors, with diff erent cross sections and structures.
For the required conductor cross-section and specifi c locations, by correct selection of the maximum working stress
and corresponding arrangement of suspensions, i.e. points of connecting the earth wire to the structure, each tower
can be used:
in all climate conditions:
• nominal wind load 500 – 1100 (1300) N/m2
• additional load coeffi cient 1 to 4 x 0.18.d daN/m’
on all terrains, without regard of the confi guration
for earth wires with diff erent cross-sections:
• AL/Č between 35/6 mm2 and 150/25 mm2
• other types of insulated and non insulated conductors, that put weight on the tower
with the corresponding resulting tension force and wind facing surface
for connecting post type, long rod, string insulators (directly to the cross-arm, over hinges, shackles, extension
links and spacers)
for one, and for two systems
with, or without earth wire
for use of additional equipment without requiring customisation of the structure:
• overhead and underground cable tap-off s, overhead-underground transition
• line disconnectors (with or without remote control), malfunction detection, etc.
as gantries
2. BASIC INFORMATION ON PURPOSE AND STRUCTURE OF TOWERS
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
4
2. 2. BASIC STRUCTURE INFORMATION
Towers are four sided pyramids of steel - lattice grid. Made of standard hot rolled profi les connected with bolts, with
single diagonal fi lling in the total length of the tower. Two sides of suspension towers that are designed for light and
medium loads shall be made of horizontal steel plate welded to tower main legs instead of diagonals fi xed with bolts.
Corrosion protection of all tower parts is made by hot dip galvanizing, in quality that satisfi es renown world standards.
All towers are designed with parallel sides of the upper section (tower head without incremental adjustments). In this
way it is possible to use same cross-arms for diff erent disposition of earth wires – numerous diff erent symmetrical and
asymmetrical heads, and makes possible to connect same accessories on diff erent tower heights as also on diff erent
types of towers.
Tower sections with incremental adjustment are selected on purpose to use one or at most two diff erent profi le
dimensions for tower main legs at all heights. Each tower section diagonal has the same length, profi le dimension and
corresponding bolts.
Type, material, dimensions and manufacturing of tower structures enable:
simple storage and transport (for diff erent dimensions and transportation means)
quick installation and removal (by elements, sections, as a whole) with or without mechanisation
changing the function of a tower on the already constructed transmission lines
simple maintenance and interventions during exploitation:
• open profi les suitable for monitoring and maintenance
• simple replacement of damaged elements and reparation of corrosion protection
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
5
3. 1. TOWER HEAD TYPES
On towers it is possible to have virtually any arrangement of conductors i.e. any tower head type.
Types used for non insulated conductors are:
Symmetrical heads formed by two sided cross-arms
• G – gama
• D – delta
• T – trapez [trapezium]
• B, BU – bačva [barrel] (B without, and BU with the earth wire)
Asymmetrical heads formed by one sided cross-arms
• J, JU – jela [fi r] (J without, and JU with the earth wire)
Cross-arms are mounted on the upper section of the tower with the possibility of connection on every 0.85 m of the
section, where necessary. For the central conductor of the head D and for the earth wire on heads BU and JU, the top
frame structure is mounted at the top of the tower, hereinafter named only as – top.
Besides cross-arms for types of tower heads, it is also possible to attach on towers suspension equipment and structures
(frames, cross-arms, etc.) customised for suspending insulated conductors, cables, devices, etc.
3. CONDUCTOR ARRANGEMENT ON THE TOWER
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
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TOWER HEAD TYPES
SYMMETRICAL HEADS
G - GAMA
D - DELTA
B, BU - BAČVA [BARREL] T - TRAPEZ [TRAPEZIUM]
ASYMMETRICAL HEADS
J, JU - JELA [FIR]
HEAD CONSTRUCTION
CROSS-ARM LENGTH a, b, c = 0.95 1.20. 1.45. 1.60 (1.80)m SPACING BETWEEN CROSS-ARMS x, y, z = nx0.85m HEAD HEIGHT s=x+y+z USEFUL TOWER HEIGHT h=H-S DESIGNATION OF THE HEAD SHAPEG, D, B, T, J = towers without earth wire x = 0BU, JU = towers with earth wire x = n x 0.85
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
7
3. 2. OPTIONS FOR MODELLING TOWER HEADS
SYMMETRICAL HEAD CROSS-ARMS
ASYMMETRICAL HEAD CROSS-ARMS
TOP
DOUBLE SIDED CONSOL ONE SIDED CONSOL
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
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4. 1. TOWER TYPES
Basic purpose:
suspension – line towers in the transmission line route: NAH2, NAL2, NAP2
tension: ZAE2, ZAH2, ZAJ2, ZAL2, ZAM2
The order of towers corresponds to the tower weight order and their implementation from lighter conditions towards
the heavier load on the transmission line route.
Tension towers for transmission lines, besides their main purpose to decrease the load, angle-tension, end-tower and
towers with tap-off s, can also be used as suspension ones (in case larger medium spans and/or higher towers are
required).
Nominal height: 9 m, 11 m, 13 m, 15 m – all towers (tower NAH2 up to 13 m for standard use)
17 m, 19 m and 21 m – additional height for tension towers
Nominal heights are specifi c for all tower types, and they should be used when placing orders. The actual height from
bottom to top, according to the manufacturing documentation is equal to nominal height with tolerance between -
0.5 m and + 0.25 m, depending on the tower type and height. It is indicated on the sketch of each tower, above the
nominal height indicated in brackets. Tower height from the connection point on the tower top to the ground is equal
to the real height of the structure, according to the sketch of the tower + height of the foundation. Overall standard
increase of height from the foundations amounts to 30 cm and can be increased for certain tower locations if necessary.
To reduce the costs of solving property issues when constructing transmission lines, additional tower heights were
designed. They make possible to use towers with longer spans and to reduce the number of towers in the transmission
line route.
TOWER STRENGTH CAPACITY - NOMINAL TOWER LOAD
The strength capacity of each single tower is conditioned by the basic implementation i.e. load conditions for which
the tower is designed for, and are defi ned by the nominal load and allowed torque with the resulting sum of horizontal
forces. Nominal load corresponds to the maximum force on the top of the tower, that tower main legs can support for
certain load according to the mentioned Regulation for Overhead Power-lines. Values stated for loads caused by wind
relate to payload.
The strength capacity of each tower is controlled by testing the structure prototype used for its basic purpose, and this
is certifi ed by the adequate attest.
4. TOWER TYPES AND STRENGTH CAPACITY
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
9
4. 2. TOWER TABLES
According to the table of allowed tower loads it is possible to select, i.e. to monitor the tower for diff erent types of the
head and for diff erent load combinations (standard use, additional tap-off s, during reconstruction, repairs, etc.).
Tables also state the recommended dimensions of the foundation for specifi c tower heights in relation to the
characteristic soil bearing capacity, and approximate weight of the tower structure without cross-arms.
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
10
SUSPENSION TOWER NAH2
Nominaltowerheight
Towerweight
Foundationpart
L
Soilσ
dop
FoundationdimensionsA T
m kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 290 139
120 + PV 80 190150 60 180
200 + PV 80 170250 60 160
≥500 60 150
11 360 141
120 + PV 80 200150 60 190
200 + PV 80 180250 60 170
≥500 60 150
13 420 146
120 + PV 80 200150 60 190
200 + PV 80 180250 60 170
≥500 60 150
Tower type mark NAH2 Nominal voltage 20 (35) kV Nominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13 m Nominal load Rx, Ry (allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the tower height)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
Cross-armlengtha, b, c
Admissible load on the cross-arm top:Hy
art. 69.1Vz
art. 68.1a, 69.1.m kN
0.95 3.25 7.001.20 2.70 5.001.45 2.30 3.401.60 1.90 2.80
art. 69.1exceptional
load
2.
Basic wind load - W
Nominal tower height
Nominal load for ∑ Vz = 8kN
Rx (Ry=0)art. load 68.1b
Ry (Rx=0)art. load 68.1c
N/m2 m kN
500
9 5.5 3.311 4.8 2.513 4.6 2.1
(15) 3.7 1.4
600
9 5.4 3.111 4.6 2.213 4.4 1.7
(15) 3.5 1.0
750
9 5.2 2.711 4.3 1.913 4.1 1.3
(15) 2.4 0.6
9009 5.0 2.5
11 4.0 1.513 3.7 0.9
11009 4.7 2.0
11 3.6 0.913 1.8 0.4
1.
SIDE X SIDE Y
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
11
Nominaltowerheight
Towerweight
Foundationpart
L
Soilσ
dop
FoundationdimensionsA T
m kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 320 138
120 + PV 80 210150 80 180
200 + PV 80 190250 80 160
≥500 80 150
11 425 144
120 + PV 80 220150 80 190
200 + PV 80 200250 80 170
≥500 80 150
13 490 111
120 + PV 100 220150 100 190
200 + PV 100 200250 100 170
≥500 100 150
15 620 144
120 + PV 100 230150 100 200
200 + PV 100 210250 100 180
≥500 100 150
Tower type mark NAL2
Nominal voltage 20 (35) kVNominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13, 15 mNominal load Rx, Ry(allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the tower height or 10.3 m)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
Cross-armlengtha, b, c
Admissible load on the tower peak:Hy
art. 69.1Vz
art. 68.1a, 69.1.m kN
0.95 5.2 11.01.20 4.4 8.91.45 3.8 6.31.60 2.7 5.2
art. 69.1exceptional
load
2.
Basic wind load - W
Nominal tower height
Nominal load for ∑ Vz = 10.6kN
Rx (Ry=0)art. load 68.1b
Ry (Rx=0)art. load 68.1c
N/m2 m kN
500
9 6.8 3.711
6.5 2.91315
600
9 6.7 3.411
6.3 2.61315
750
9 6.4 3.011
5.9 2.21315
900
9 6.1 2.611
5.5 1.61315
1100
9 5.7 2.011
5.0 1.31315
1.
SUSPENSION TOWER NAL2
SIDE X SIDE Y
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
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Basic wind load - W
Nominal tower height
Nominal load for ∑ Vz = 8kN
Rx (Ry=0)art. load 68.1b
Ry (Rx=0)art. load 68.1c
N/m2 m kN
500
9
10.7
8.211 7.013 6.915 5.5
600
9
10.5
7.911 6.813 6.515 5.1
750
9
10.3
7.511 6.213 5.815 4.3
900
9
10.1
7.011 5.513 5.015 3.4
1100
9
9.8
6.111 4.713 4.115 2.5
Nominaltowerheight
Towerweight
Foundationpart
L
Soilσ
dop
FoundationdimensionsA T
m kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 390 124
120 + PV 100 220150 100 190
200 + PV 100 200250 100 170
≥500 100 160
11 575 177
120 + PV 120 220150 120 190
200 + PV 120 200250 120 170
≥500 120 160
13 650 101
120 + PV 120 230150 120 200
200 + PV 120 210250 120 170
≥500 120 160
15 785 185
120 + PV 120 240150 120 200
200 + PV 120 220250 120 180
≥500 120 160
Tower type mark NAP2
Nominal voltage 20 (35) kVNominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13, 15 mNominal load Rx, Ry(allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.5 m section)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
Cross-armlengtha, b, c
Admissible load on the cross-arm top:Hy
art. 69.1Vz
art. 68.1a, 69.1.m kN
0.95 8.3 11.01.20 7.8 8.01.45 6.9 6.01.60 6.4 5.2
art. 69.1exceptional
load
2.
1.
SUSPENSION TOWER NAP2
SIDE X SIDE Y
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
13
Load situation
Allowed load1. Reduced to the tower top 2. At the point of action on the structure
R=Rx+Ry Vertical load ∑Vz
Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Basic wind
load - WMt=0 Mt=5.2
∑Hx ∑Hy ∑Hx ∑HyArt. kN kN kN kN N/m2
68.1
a 11.3 20 19.5 19.5 11.5 11.5 -
b10.2
815.0 19.5 8.0 11.5
Wx1100
11.0 17.5 19.5 9.0 11.5 600
c9.0
819.5 14.0 11.5 7.5
Wy1100
10.3 19.5 17.0 11.5 8.5 60068.2 11.9 8 19.5 19.5 11.5 11.5 -
69.2Exceptional
Mt=8.6 Mt=10.715.5 20.0 9.0 9.0 7.6 7.6 -
Cross-arm lengtha, b, c
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for:
Hy=0 kN Hy=5.3 kN Hy=7.7 kN Hy=10.42 kN
m kN kN kN kN0.95 11.8 11.3 11.0 10.71.20 8.9 8.3 8.0 7.71.45 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.71.60 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7
Nominal tower height
Tower weight
Foundation part
L
Soilσ
dop
Foundation dimensions
A Tm kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 390 112
120 + PV 140 200150 120 180
200 + PV 140 180250 120 160
≥500 120 160
11 500 168
120 + PV 140 220150 140 180
200 + PV 140 200250 140 160
≥500 140 160
13 585 106
120 + PV 160 220150 140 190
200 + PV 140 210250 140 170
≥500 140 160
15 715 183
120 + PV 160 230150 160 190
200 + PV 160 200250 160 170
≥500 160 160
Tower type mark ZAE2
Nominal voltage 20 (35) kVNominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13, 15 m (17, 19, 21 m)Nominal load R=Rx + Ry(allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.8 m section)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satisfi ed
TENSION TOWER ZAE2
SIDE X
TOWER PEAK PLAN VIEW
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
14
Load situation
Allowed load1. Reduced to the tower top 2. At the point of action on the structure
R=Rx+Ry Vertical load ∑Vz
Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Basic wind
load - WMt=0 Mt=7.5
∑Hx ∑Hy ∑Hx ∑HyArt. kN kN kN kN N/m2
68.1
a 17.6 34.0 28.0 28.0 16.0 16.0 -
b17.0
10.026.0 28.0 14.0 16.0
Wx1100
17.8 27.0 28.0 15.0 16.0 600
c16.2
10.028.0 25.0 16.0 13.0
Wy1100
17.3 28.0 26.0 16.0 14.0 60068.2 18.9 10.0 28.0 28.0 16.0 16.0 -
69.2exceptional
Mt=12.5 Mt=15.024.2 34.0 19.0 19.0 14.0 14.0 -
Cross-arm lengtha, b, c
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for:
Hy=0 kN Hy=5.3 kN Hy=7.7 kN Hy=10.42 kN
m kN kN kN kN0.95 11.8 11.2 11.0 10.71.20 8.9 8.3 8.0 7.71.45 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.71.60 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7
Nominal tower height
Tower weight
Foundation part
L
Soilσ
dop
Foundation dimensions
A Tm kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 570 112
120 + PV 140 230150 120 200
200 + PV 140 210250 120 180
≥500 120 180
11 730 168
120 + PV 140 240150 140 200
200 + PV 140 220250 140 180
≥500 140 160
13 860 106
120 + PV 160 240150 160 200
200 + PV 160 220250 160 180
≥500 140 160
15 1045 183
120 + PV 160 250150 160 210
200 + PV 160 230250 160 190
≥500 160 160
Tower type mark ZAH2
Nominal voltage 20 (35) kVNominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13, 15 m (17, 19, 21 m)Nominal load R=Rx + Ry(allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.8 m section)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satisfi ed
TENSION TOWER ZAH2
SIDE X
TOWER PEAK PLAN VIEW
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
15
Load situation
Allowed load1. Reduced to the tower top 2. At the point of action on the structure
R=Rx+Ry Vertical load ∑Vz
Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Basic wind
load - WMt=0 Mt=7.5
∑Hx ∑Hy ∑Hx ∑HyArt. kN kN kN kN N/m2
68.1
a 26.0 36.0 39.0 39.0 23.5 23.5 -
b23.5
12.036.0 39.0 19.0 23.5
Wx1100
25.2 37.0 39.0 20.0 23.5 600
c22.8
12.039.0 35.0 23.5 18.0
Wy1100
24.3 39.0 36.0 23.5 19.0 60068.2 27.3 12.0 39.0 39.0 23.5 23.5 -
69.2Exceptional
Mt=17 Mt=21.535.8 36.0 26.0 26.0 18.0 18.0 -
Cross-arm lengtha, b, c
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for:
Hy=0 kN Hy=5.3 kN Hy=7.7 kN Hy=10.42 kN
m kN kN kN kN0.95 11.8 11.2 11.0 10.71.20 8.9 8.3 8.0 7.71.45 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.71.60 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7
Nominal tower height
Tower weight
Foundation part
L
Soilσ
dop
Foundation dimensions
A Tm kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 730 114
120 + PV 160 240150 120 220
200 + PV 160 210250 120 200
≥500 120 170
11 935 170
120 + PV 160 250150 140 220
200 + PV 160 230250 140 200
≥500 140 170
13 1140 106
120 + PV 160 260150 160 220
200 + PV 160 240250 160 200
≥500 160 170
15 1390 183
120 + PV 160 280150 160 230
200 + PV 160 250250 160 210
≥500 160 170
Tower type mark ZAJ2
Nominal voltage 20 (35) kVNominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13, 15 m (17, 19, 21 m)Nominal load R=Rx + Ry(allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 8.8 m section)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satisfi ed
TENSION TOWER ZAJ2
SIDE X
TOWER PEAK PLAN VIEW
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
16
TENSION TOWER ZAL2
Load situation
Allowed load1. Reduced to the tower top 2. At the point of action on the structure
R=Rx+Ry Vertical load ∑Vz
Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Basic wind
load - WMt=0 Mt=7.5
∑Hx ∑Hy ∑Hx ∑HyArt. kN kN kN kN N/m2
68.1
a 34.5 46.0 55.0 55.0 35.0 35.0 -
b33.6
14.850.0 55.0 30.0 35.0
Wx1100
34.9 52.0 55.0 31.0 35.0 600
c33.0
14.855.0 49.0 35.0 29.0
Wy1100
34.5 55.0 51.0 35.0 30.0 60068.2 36.2 14.8 55.0 55.0 35.0 35.0 -
69.2Exceptional
Mt=22 Mt=2947.5 46.0 41.0 41.0 26.0 26.0 -
Cross-arm lengtha, b, c
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for:
Hy=0 kN Hy=5.3 kN Hy=7.7 kN Hy=10.42 kN
m kN kN kN kN0.95 11.8 11.2 11.0 10.71.20 8.9 8.3 8.0 7.71.45 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.71.60 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7
Nominal tower height
Tower weight
Foundation part
L
Soilσ
dop
Foundation Dimensions
A Tm kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 1035 130
120 + PV 180 240150 140 230
200 + PV 180 220250 140 200
≥500 120 180
11 1305 183
120 + PV 180 260150 140 240
200 + PV 180 230250 140 210
≥500 140 180
13 1485 189
120 + PV 180 270150 160 240
200 + PV 180 240250 160 210
≥500 160 180
15 1825 183
120 + PV 180 280150 160 250
200 + PV 180 260250 160 220
≥500 160 190
Tower type mark ZAL2
Nominal voltage 20 (35) kVNominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13, 15 m (17, 19, 21 m)Nominal load R=Rx + Ry(allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 10.45 m section)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satisfi ed
SIDE X
TOWER PEAK PLAN VIEW
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
17
Load situation
Allowed load1. Reduced to the tower top 2. At the point of action on the structure
R=Rx+Ry Vertical load ∑Vz
Horizontal load for torque (kNm) Basic wind
load - WMt=0 Mt=7.5
∑Hx ∑Hy ∑Hx ∑HyArt. kN kN kN kN N/m2
68.1
a 45.0 58.0 68.0 68.0 40.5 40.5 -
b41.8
16.065.0 68.0 35.0 40.5
Wx1100
44.8 66.0 68.0 36.0 40.5 600
c41.1
16.068.0 64.0 40.5 34.5
Wy1100
44.4 68.0 65.0 40.5 35.5 60068.2 47.2 16.0 68.0 68.0 40.5 40.5 -
69.2Exceptional
Mt=27 Mt=3862.0 58.0 50.0 50.0 31.0 31.0 -
Cross-arm lengtha, b, c
3. Allowed vertical load Vz on the cross-arm for:
Hy=0 kN Hy=5.3 kN Hy=7.7 kN Hy=10.42 kN
m kN kN kN kN0.95 11.8 11.2 11.0 10.71.20 8.9 8.3 8.0 7.71.45 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.71.60 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7
Nominal tower height
Tower weight
Foundation part
L
Soilσ
dop
Foundation dimensions
A Tm kg cm kN/m2 cm
9 1260 130
120 + PV 200 250150 160 230
200 + PV 200 220250 140 210
≥500 120 180
11 1600 183
120 + PV 200 260150 160 240
200 + PV 200 240250 140 230
≥500 140 200
13 1850 189
120 + PV 200 280150 160 260
200 + PV 200 250250 160 230
≥500 160 190
15 2260 183
120 + PV 200 290150 160 270
200 + PV 200 260250 160 240
≥500 160 200
Tower type mark ZAM2
Nominal voltage 20 (35) kVNominal tower height(s) 9, 11, 13, 15 m (17, 19, 21 m)Nominal load R=Rx + Ry(allowed horizontal load Hx and Hy reduced to the tower top - over the 12.5 m section)Basic load safety factor 1.5Exceptional load safety factor 1.1Wind force on the structure 2.6xW
The tower can be used only if all three conditions for allowed load (1, 2 and 3) are satisfi ed
TENSION TOWER ZAM2
SIDE X
TOWER PEAK PLAN VIEW
TOWER FOUNDATION
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
18
4. 3. EXAMPLE OF SELECTING AND MONITORING TOWERS FOR CERTAIN LOAD CONDITIONS
The resulting force reduced to the top of the tower for a specifi c load must be less or equal to the nominal load. Also, it
is necessary to fulfi l the combined conditions including the allowed torque, sum of horizontal forces and the allowed
load on the cross-arms, depending on the length of the cross-arm. In case of higher then permitted vertical load on the
cross-arm, the cross-arm should be reinforced by stays or props.
Rx, Ry, – load reduced to the tower top
Hx, Hy, Vz, – load at the point of action on the structure
Rx = (Hx1· h
1+Hx
2· h
2+Hx
3· h
3+⏐Vz
2–Vz
3⏐· .a) /h
R
Ry = (Hy1· h
1+Hy
2· .h
2+Hy
3· h
3) / h
R
Rx + Ry ≤ dopR
MT = ⏐Hy
2 - Hy
3⏐· a
ΣHx = Hx1 + Hx
2 + Hx
3 ≤ dopΣHx
ΣHy = Hy1 + Hy
2 + Hy
3 ≤ dopΣHy
ΣVz = Vz1 + Vz
2 + Vz
3 ≤ dopΣVz
h R =
sec
tion
of lo
ad r
educ
tion
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
19
Load in line with the “Regulation on Overhead Power Lines of Nominal Voltage Between 1 and 400 kV” (Offi cial Gazette
no. 65/88, OG no. 55/96).
Load situation art.
Vx Vy Vz Zx Zy Zz Sx Sy
kN kN kN kN kN kN kN/m2 kN/m2
68.1
a 5.4 - 6.8 4.3 - 4.2 - -
b 6.1 - 2.5 4.3 - 1.12.6 x0.9
-
c 3.6 0.7 2.5 2.9 0.4 1.1 -2.6 x0.9
68.2 1.8 6.7 2.5 1.4 5.3 1.1 - -
69.2
P.V. 2.7 10.1 6.8 - - -
- -
N.V. 5.4 - 6.8 4.3 - 4.2
Pzu - - - 2.1 8.0 4.2
- -
Nzu 5.4 - 6.8 - - -
EXAMPLE
conductors: 3 x Al/č 95/15 mm2, σ = 95 N/mm2
earth wire: ČIII 35 mm2 , σ = 240 N/mm2
semi-sum of adjacent spans: aW
= 200 m
weight span: agr
= 400 m
wind pressure (load): w = 900 N/m2
additional load: dt = 1.6 x 0.18 √d daN/m’
purpose of the tower on the route: angle-tension
line route deviation angle: α = 150°
selected head type: JU22 Hyp
othe
tical
tow
er Z
AJ
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
20
Reduced to the top of the tower and sum of forces:
Load situation art. 68.1.b.
Rx =[4.3x8.8+6.1x(7.1+5.4+4.55)+2.5x1.45]/8.8 = 16.6 kN
Ry = 0
R = 16.6 kN
∑Vz =1.1+3x2.5 = 8.6 kN
∑Hy = 0
∑Hx = 4.3+3x6.1 = 22.6 kN
MT = 0
Load situation art. 68.2.
Rx = (1.4x8.8+1.8x17.05+2.5x1.45)/8.8 = 5.30 kN
Ry = (5.3x8.8+6.7x17.05)/8.8= 18.30 kN
R = 23.6 kN
∑Vz = 8.6 kN
Selected:
tower ZAJ2 dop R = 27.3 kN > 23.6 kN
dop ∑Vz = 12 kN > 8.6 kN
MT = 6.7 x 1.45 = 9.7 kNm < 10.5 kNm
∑Hy = 5.3+3x6.7 = 25.4 kN < dop ∑Hy = 28.5 kN za MT = 10.5 kNm
∑Hx = 1.4+3x1.8 = 6.8 kN < dop ∑Hx = 28.5 kN za MT = 10.5 kNm
control for load situation art. 68.1.b.
∑Hx = 22.6 kN < dop ∑Hx = 36 kN za MT = 0
Load situation art. 69.2.
MT = 10.1x1.45 = 14.7 kNm < 17 kNm
∑Hx = 4.3+2.7+2x5.4 = 17.8 kN < 26 kN za MT = 17 kNm
∑Hy = 10.1 kN < 26 kN za MT = 17 kNm
control of the vertical load on the cross-arm
Vz = 6.8 kN, Hy = 10.1 kN ≈ 10.42 kN
za ″a″ = ″b″ = 1.20 m dop Vz = 7.7 kN > 6.8 kNm
za ″c″ = 1.45 m dop Vz = 5.7 kN < 6.8 kNm
THE LOWER CROSS-ARM IS TO BE REINFORCED BY STAYS (OR PROPS)
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
21
5. RECOMMENDED SELECTION OF TOWERS
5. 1. MOST COMMON STRUCTURES AND CROSS SECTIONS FOR NON-INSULATED CONDUCTORS
IN DIFFERENT CLIMATE CONDITIONS
The application tables defi ne the recommended types of towers and appropriate purpose of the tower in the route, for
certain conductor cross sections and specifi c max. working stress, conventional shapes of tower head type and when
used in diff erent climate conditions,. For suspension towers the allowed wind span is stated (semi-sum of the adjacent
spans), as also for the tension towers the allowed route deviation angle is present. Towers are selected based on the
most appropriate wind span relevant for the construction of the tower, and the allowed electric span.
Electric spans defi ned in tables refer to use of post type isolators (string 0.00m), on the adjacent towers with equal spans
of conductor suspension i.e. equal tower head type. Actual electric spans should be precisely defi ned and controlled
depending on the suspension equipment and head forms of adjacent towers.
The working stress of conductors does not infl uence the admissible wind spans for suspension tower structures. Still
it conditions the required tower height (infl uence on the conductor sag) and the possibility of using the tower in case
of exceptional load (infl uence on the breaking strength). The allowed wind spans stated for conductor suspension sets
are equal for a specifi c tower head type, conductor cross section and basic wind load without regard to the quantity of
the conductor working stress.
The allowed sum of vertical forces relates to vertical load of conductors and suspension equipment and electrical
devices (disconnectors, etc.) placed on the tower.
ELEMENTS DEFINED BY THE TOWER HEAD TYPE MARK
head type: G, D, J, B, T
JU, BU - with earth wire
upper cross-arm length: 1 - 95 cm
2 - 120 cm
3 - 145 cm
4 - 160 cm
distance between upper cross-arms, i.e.
between the top and the upper cross-arm: 1 - 85 cm
2 - 170 cm
3 - 255 cm
4 - 340 cm
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
22
TOWER HEAD TYPE
- all measures are in centimetres
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
23
5. 2. CONDUCTOR SUSPENSION SETS
CONDUCTORS Al/č 50/8 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 500 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 107 152 115 137 185 206 165 260 72 165 260
1,6 89 126 96 114 154 171 137 216 60 137 216
2,5 73 104 79 94 128 142 114 179 50 114 179
dopΣV
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
315 330 350 320 330 170235195180
265215200
10,6 NAL2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans
CONDUCTORS Al/č 50/8 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 600 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 105 149 113 134 182 201 162 254 70 162 254
1,6 87 124 94 112 154 168 134 212 59 134 212
2,5 72 102 78 93 125 139 111 175 49 111 175
dopΣV
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
250 260 270 250 260 130190157145
220170155
10,6 NAL2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans 185 200 225
13,6 NAP2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans 430
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
24
CONDUCTORS Al/č 50/8 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 750 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 102 146 111 131 178 197 158 249 69 158 249
1,6 85 121 92 110 148 164 132 207 57 132 207
2,5 71 100 76 91 122 136 109 172 48 109 172
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
185 195 205 185 195130205100
145115105
165130115
10,6 NAL2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans 160 180
13,6 NAP2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans 335
CONDUCTORS Al/č 50/8 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 900 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 101 144 109 130 175 195 156 246 68 156 246
1,6 84 120 91 108 146 162 130 205 57 130 205
2,5 70 99 75 89 121 134 107 169 47 107 169
Dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
190154140
145
220170155
190150120
205160130
1058060
1159065
13510070
10,6NAL2 9 11 – 15
210 225 235 210265225
115145125
165140
13,6NAP2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 240 275
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
25
CONDUCTORS Al/č 50/8 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 1100 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1.0 100 142 108 128 173 192 154 243 67 154 243
1.6 83 118 90 107 144 160 128 202 56 128 202
2.5 69 98 74 88 119 132 106 167 46 106 167
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
14511555
15512055
16512560
145110
–
155120
–
8055–
9060–
10070–
10,6 NAL2 9 – 15 160 170 180175155
190165
9545
11050
12565
13,6NAP2 9 – 13 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 340 150190165
220185
8,0ZAE2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 1300 N/m2)**
195140
225145
10,0ZAH2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 1300 N/m2)**
310260
360300
* => Tower type NAH2 with cross-arm length 1.45 m (J21, J22, B) and 1.6 m (G4), does not satisfy the
required mechanical resistance and stability requirements in case of exceptional load i.e. in case of
conductor breaking.
** => Allowed wind spans are defi ned for the higher wind area due to the fact that towers have over 15 m.
For the defi ned wind it is also necessary to use adequate electric spans.
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
26
CONDUCTORS Al/č 70/12 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 500 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 110 156 119 142 155 212 170 268 74 170 268
1,6 93 132 100 119 131 179 143 226 62 143 255
2,5 77 110 83 99 109 149 120 188 52 120 188
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
260 270 285 260 270170145140
190160150
210175160
10,6NAL2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans260235
CONDUCTORS Al/č 70/12 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 600 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1.0 108 153 116 138 187 207 166 262 72 166 262
1.6 91 129 98 116 157 175 140 220 61 140 220
2.5 76 107 82 97 131 146 117 184 51 117 184
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
200 210 225 200280230220
140115110
155125115
180140125
10,6NAL2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans330300
160 175210190
13,6NAP2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 340
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
27
CONDUCTORS Al/č 70/12 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 750 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 105 149 113 135 182 202 162 255 71 162 256
1,6 88 126 95 114 154 170 137 215 60 137 215
2,5 74 105 80 95 128 142 114 179 50 114 179
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
150 160225180165
195160150
210170160
801209585
13510595
10,6NAL2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans
240 220 235 115140125
160140
13,6NAP2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 230 260
CONDUCTORS Al/č 70/12 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 900 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 103 147 111 133 179 199 160 251 70 160 251
1,6 87 124 94 112 151 168 134 212 59 134 212
2,5 73 103 78 93 126 140 112 177 49 112 177
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m) (wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
155125115
165130120
180140125
155125100
165130105
856550
957550
1108055
10,6NAL2 9 11 – 15
170 165220195
190170
205180
10595
115100
135115
13,6NAP2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 190 220
8,0ZAE2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 1300 N/m2)**
200160
225180
10,0ZAH2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 1300 N/m2)**
365295
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
28
CONDUCTORS Al/č 70/12 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 1100 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 102 145 110 131 177 196 157 248 69 157 248
1,6 86 122 92 110 149 165 132 208 58 132 208
2,5 72 102 77 92 124 138 110 174 48 110 174
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
1209045
1259545
13510550
12090–
13095–
6545–
7050–
8055–
10,6NAL2 9 11 – 15
145130
155135
165145
145120
155135
8035
9040
10045
13,6NAP2 9 – 13 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans155135
175150
8,0ZAE2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 1300 N/m2)**
290220
140110
160115
180120
10,0ZAH2 9 (11 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans (W = 1300 N/m2)**
270225
295255
* => Tower type NAH2 (for all head types) and tower NAL2 with cross-arm length 1.6 m does not satisfy the
required mechanical resistance and stability requirements in case of exceptional load i.e. in case of
conductor breaking.
** => Allowed wind spans are defi ned for the higher wind area due to the fact that towers have over 15 m. For
the defi ned wind it is also necessary to use adequate electric spans.
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
29
CONDUCTORS Al/č 95/15 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 500 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 108 188 120 152 216 243 204 321 89 204 321
1,6 92 160 102 129 184 207 174 273 76 174 273
2,5 77 134 86 109 155 174 146 230 64 146 230
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
220 230 245 220275245235
120165135130
185150140
10,6NAL2* 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 310 170205180
230210
13,6NAP2 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 300 325 350
CONDUCTORS Al/č 95/15 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 600 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 104 183 116 147 210 236 199 313 87 199 313
1,6 88 155 99 125 179 201 169 266 74 169 266
2,5 74 131 83 105 150 169 142 224 62 143 224
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
220185175
180250205195
215185175
230195185
90135110100
155120110
10,6NAL2* 9 11 – 15
satisfi es all stated electric spans 260 135165150
190165
13,6 NAP2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans 267 300
8,0ZAE2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 750 N/m2)**
310240
10,0ZAH2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 750 N/m2)**
480380
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
30
CONDUCTORS Al/č 95/15 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 750 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 99 178 111 142 204 229 193 304 84 19 304
1,6 85 151 95 121 173 195 164 259 72 165 259
2,5 71 127 80 101 146 164 138 218 60 138 218
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2 11 13
165140130
180145135
195155145
165135130
180145135
90 75 70
1058075
1159080
10,6NAL2* 9 11 – 15
190 200235215
205190
225200
100125 110
145125
13,6 NAP2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans 210 235
8,0ZAE2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 900 N/m2)**
380310
190155
210170
240195
10,0ZAH2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 900 N/m2)**
380320
CONDUCTORS Al/č 95/15 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 900 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 96 174 108 138 199 224 190 299 83 190 299
1,6 82 148 92 118 170 190 161 254 70 161 254
2,5 69 125 78 99 143 160 136 214 59 136 214
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
135105100
145115105
155120110
13510585
14511590
755540
806545
957050
10,6NAL2 9 11 – 15
165150
155190165
165145
175155
9080
10090
11695
13,6 NAP2 9 – 15 satisfi es all stated electric spans 170 195
8,0ZAE2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 1100 N/m2)**
310295
155120
170140
195155
10,0ZAH2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans (W = 1100 N/m2)**
280220
320265
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
31
CONDUCTORS Al/č 95/15 mm2
BASIC WIND LOAD
W = 1100 N/m2
Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
ELECTRIC SPANS (m)
HEAD TYPE
ADDITIONAL LOAD
G2 G4 D11 D21 D12 D22J11
J21 J22 B21 B22 B23
1,0 94 172 106 135 195 220 187 294 81 187 294
1,6 80 146 90 115 166 187 159 250 69 159 250
2,5 67 123 76 97 140 157 134 210 58 134 210
dop∑V
z
(kN)tower type
ALLOWED SEMI-SUM OF ADJACENT SPANS (m)(wind span)
8,0 9NAH2* 11 13
1008040
1108540
1159040
–––
–––
55 60–––
.10,6NAL2* 9 11 – 15
125110
135120
145125
125110
135115
7030
7535
8535
13,6NAP2 9 – 13 15
210 230 250 220 235125105
135115
155130
8,0ZAE2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans
(W = 1300 N/m2)**
255
185
235
180
255
185
120
90
140
95
165
100
10,0ZAH2 9 – 15 (17 – 21)**
satisfi es all stated electric spans(W = 1300 N/m2)**
220190
265220
* => Tower type NAH2 (for all head forms) and tower NAL2 with cross-arm length over 1.20 m does not
satisfy the required mechanical resistance and stability requirements in case of exceptional load
i.e. in case of conductor breaking.
** => Allowed wind spans are defi ned for the higher wind area due to the fact that towers have over 15
m. For the defi ned wind it is also necessary to use adequate electric spans.
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
32
5. 3. CONDUCTOR TENSION SETS
CONDUCTORS Al/č 95/15 mm2Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
TOWER HEAD TYPE TOWER TYPETHE PURPOSE
OF THE TOWER
IN THE TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE
ALLOWED WIND SPANS FOR THE
STRUCTURE(CONTROL ELECTRIC SPANS)
aw
=(l1+l
2)/2 (m) W (N/m2)
G2, G4
(G1, G3)
ZAL2Ka 90°
260≤ 1100KR 120° – 180°
ZAJ2 KR 145° – 180° 200
D11, D21
(D31, D41)
ZAL2Ka 90°
320 ≤ 1100KR 120° – 180°
ZAJ2 KR 130° – 180°160 1100
210 ≤ 900
D12, D22
(D32, D42)
ZAL2Ka 90°
370 ≤ 1100KR 120° – 180°
ZAJ2
Ka 90° i
KR 120° – 124°
130 1100
180 900
230 ≤ 750
KR 125° – 129°
160 1100
220 900
280 ≤ 750
KR 130° – 139°200 1100
260 ≤ 900
KR 140° – 180° 270 ≤ 1100
J11, J21
(J21*)
ZAL2Ka 90°
320 ≤ 1100KR 120° – 180°
ZAJ2
KR 130° – 134°165 1100
220 ≤ 900
KR 135° – 180°200 1100
260 ≤ 900
J22
(J22*)
ZAL2Ka 90°
380 ≤ 1100KR 120° – 180°
ZAJ2
KR 125° – 129°
170 1100
185 900
240 ≤ 750
KR 130° – 139°
210 1100
270 900
340 ≤ 750
KR 140° – 180°280 1100
350 ≤ 900
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
33
CONDUCTORS Al/č 95/15 mm2Maximum conductor working stress, σ = 95 N/mm2
Conductor suspension sets
TOWER HEAD TYPE TOWER TYPETHE PURPOSE
OF THE TOWER
IN THE TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE
ALLOWED WIND SPANS FOR THE
STRUCTURE(CONTROL ELECTRIC SPANS)
aw
=(l1+l
2)/2 (m) W (N/m2)
B21
(B31)
ZAM2 KR 155°-180° 230≤ 1100
ZAM2
σ = 70 N/mm2
Ka 90° iKR 120°-180°
150
B22
(B32)
ZAM2 KR 150°-180° 250 ≤ 1100
ZAM2
σ = 80 N/mm2
Ka 90° iKR 120°-180°
130 110
160 900
200 ≤ 750
ZAL2 R 180° 300 ≤ 1100
B23
(B33)
ZAM2 KR 125°-180°
135 1100
175 900
220 ≤ 750
ZAM2
σ = 80 N/mm2
Ka 90° iKR 120°-180°
170 1100
210 900
270 ≤ 750
ZAL2 KR 165°-180° 330 ≤ 1100
ZAL2
σ = 80 N/mm2 KR 125°-180°
140 1100
180 900
225 ≤ 750
Vertical forces must not exceed the allowed vertical forces for certain load scenarios and for specifi c cross-arm
lengths, as defi ned by the strength capacity table i.e. by the allowed load for a specifi c tower.
The defi ned wind spans allowed for the sharpest route deviation angle, is increased for other angles and can be
controlled according to the tower strength capacity table
Head types marked with * (J21*, J22*) are applied in cases when the torque at the basic load exceeds the values
from the strength capacity table. In this case the MT value relates to the length of the higher, and not lower
cross-arm.
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
34
When place orders for towers it is necessary to state the required number of a certain type of towers, their height, as
also to required number of cross-arms.
Cross-arms are defi ned by a specifi c type of tower, by the head type and arrangement of conductors suspension on
the tower.
E.g.
For the transmission line route with suspension insulator strings, hanged over hinges, type of the head J21 and J22,
towers type NAL2 – 5 pieces and ZAE2 in the function of suspension tower – 1 pc., and the tension towers, head type
D21 and D22, tower type ZAJ2 – 2 pcs., and head type J21, tower ZAE2 – 1 pc., it is necessary to place the following
order:
Towers:
tower NAL2 – 13, 3 pcs.
tower NAL2 – 15, 2 pcs.
tower ZAE2 – 17, 2 pcs.
tower ZAJ2 – 11, 2 pcs
Konzole za nosivo zavješenje vodiča preko zastavica:
NAL2: 2 – 10 pcs.
J3 – 5 pcs.
ZAE2: J2 – 2 pcs.
J3 – 1 pc.
Cross-arms for tension of conductors over hinges:
ZAJ2: TOP – 2 psc.
D2 – 2 pcs.
G3 – 1 pc. (tap-off )
ZAE2: J2 – 2 pcs.
J3 – 1 pc.
For the structure (cross-arm, application of stays or props, auxiliary equipment girder) that is not covered by the
catalogue, it is necessary to deliver the request accompanied with relevant technical documentation, i.e. description
based on which it is possible to make a proposal and prepare an off er for the elements required.
The standard corrosion protection of the structures is performed by hot dip galvanizing for normal atmospheric
conditions. Still it is also possible to deliver structures without corrosion protection or with additional protection
(painted), and this is necessary to be clearly stated when placing your order.
When taking over the structure, the client is delivered the building blueprints and documentation proving the quality
of the material, structure and corrosion protection of both the installed elements and of the structure as whole,
according to the static calculation of the tower.
6. ORDERING INFORMATION AND STRUCTURE TAKEOVER
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
35
DETAILS OF THE CROSS-ARM TOP
SUSPENSION TOWERS
Standard suspension over the post type insulator or shackles
Standard suspension sets over hinges(delivery with note - suspension sets over hinges)
PLATES FOR SINGLE SUSPENSION
(Delivery without notes)
ADDITIONAL PLATES FOR DOUBLE SUSPENSION
(delivery with note - for double suspension)
TENSION TOWERSStandard suspension over hinges
(Delivery without notes)
FOR ALL CROSS-ARMSWhen placing orders for cross-arms (for suspen-sion over “V” extension links or isolators, that is for suspension equipment where the standard elements are not adequate) it is necessary to ad-ditionally state the suspension mode and type, i.e. the suspension equipment catalogue number
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
36
The foundation part of the structure is placed within the foundation excavation, it is centred and fi xed, and then the
concrete is cast in the foundations. Further assembly is made after the concrete solidifi es. The structure can be mounted
element by element (one element at the time), in parts (sections) or in one piece (complete).
Sections of the towers are composed of main legs of max. length 6m connected with diagonals, and the same section
is used for towers of diff erent heights without requiring additional works on the structure as such. In this way the
storage (number of positions) and assembly of towers is simplifi ed. It makes possible to very simply use them on
diff erent locations in case the existing tower is to be disassembled, as also makes possible to use then for lower heights,
that is the foundation section can be used for both equal and for higher towers.
7. ASSEMBLING THE STRUCTURE
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
37
SE
CT
ION
1
SE
CT
ION
1
SE
CT
ION
2
SE
CT
ION
2S
EC
TIO
N 3
FO
UN
DA
TIO
N S
EC
TIO
N
FO
UN
DA
TIO
N S
EC
TIO
N
DALEKOVOD - PROJEKT
38
8. FOUNDATIONS
The foundation dimensions are recommended for each type of tower, according to the nominal load and height of the
tower in question. Foundations are calculated according to the Sulzberger method for several diff erent characteristics
of bearing, non-aggressive and stable soil.
Soil characteristics are established according to the abovementioned Regulation for Overhead Power-lines obtained
by geo-mechanical tests used in designing transmission lines over many years of experience for:
gravel and gravel-sand soils, sandstone, fl ysch, etc.
free of groundwater, σdop = 250 kN/m2
with groundwater, σdop = 200 kN/m2
clay and clay-sand soils
free of groundwater, σdop = 150 kN/m2
with groundwater, σdop = 120 kN/m2
for foundations on solid rock the strength capacity, ódop > 500 kN/m2 the minimum dimensions are
conditioned by the geometry of the foundation, tower structure and method used in making the foundations.
The foundation is made for simple structure as a not-reinforced concrete block without shoe, into which is placed
the foundation part of the structure. To insure simpler installation in cases of deep foundations, the construction of
foundation extensions is proposed, in this case it is possible to use smaller profi les than the dimensions of tower main
legs. It is required to use concrete, pressure strength class C20/25, that does not lose strength by ageing.
By standard the foundation is made with crown d = 20 cm over the ground. If required (fl ood water, increased security
height of the conductor, construction on inclined plateau, etc.) the structure is made with appropriate heightening of
the foundations.
For soils of lower/poorer characteristics and conditions, deviating from the defaulted ones, as also for diff erent
technology used (e.g. shallow foundations), the adequate foundations shall be recalculated. In this case it is also
necessary to take into consideration the standard length of the foundation part of the structure (L) characteristic for
each tower, or consult the manufacturer of the structure for possible manufacturing of customised foundation section
(e.g. for anchoring screws).
l => useful length of the foundation extension
L => foundation part of the structure
d ≥ 20 cm (as required)
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS FOR 10, 20 AND 35 kV TRANSMISSION LINES
39
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE RECOMMENDED FOUNDATION DIMENSIONS
SOIL CLAY-SANDGRAVEL-SAND, FLYSCH,
SANDSTONE, etc.ROCK
GROUND WATERS NO YES NO YES NO
min σdop
(kN/m2) 150 120 250 200 >500
min γ (kN/m3) 18 9 18 9 19
min Ct (kN/cm3) 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.06 0.17
min b (degrees) 10 7 14 11 20
min mb
0.40 0.35 0.4 0.35 0.45
ROCK LOOSE SOIL AND SOILS IN GROUND WATERS
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
RE
XC
AV
AT
ION
PE
RIM
ET
ER
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
R
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
R
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
R
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
R
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
R
EX
CA
VA
TIO
N P
ER
IME
TE
R
ANGLE TENSION TOWER, KRα - line route deviation angle
END TOWER, Ka 90º
President of the Management Board: Davor Đurđević • Project Designer: Branka Podobnik • Collaborator: Tomislav StojčevićDALEKOVOD-PROJEKT d.o.o. • design, control, consulting and engineering • 10000 Zagreb, Marijana Čavića 4
e-mail: [email protected] • Tel: +385 1 24 11 100 - Operator • Fax: +385 1 24 52 381
Publisher: DALEKOVOD-PROJEKT d.o.o., 2010.e-mail: [email protected]
Steel lattice towers for 10, 20 and 35 kV transmission lines
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DEPLOYMENT OF TOWERS
www.dalekovod.com
PROJEKT
Ovitak engleski.indd 1Ovitak engleski.indd 1 3/26/10 2:20 PM3/26/10 2:20 PM