Static and Dynamic Concepts for Setting-out Multi-storeyed

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Thomas A. WUNDERLICH

Static and Dynamic Concepts for Setting-outMulti-storeyed Buildings

Technical University of Munich

Faculty of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering

Chair of Geodesy

IDS3Geo, Dubrovnik, May 9th 2018

Buildings follow the concept of verticality– usually…

Coop Himmelb(l)au

2Prof. Wunderlich | Static and Dynamic Concepts | IDS3Geo 2018 | Dubrovnik, May 9th 2018

Tall buildings demand verticality and it‘s the duty of

engineering surveying to make the construction obey!

Vertical is defined as the direction of the plumbline

– so precision plumbing seems to be indispensable

but: when is vertical for a rising structure, steadily

subjected to systematic and random forces?


Acting Forces


Self climbing platforms and self climbing formwork


Additional problems: compression and creep of columns

[Bachmann, 2013]


Differential deviations affect glass facade mounting and complicate elevator stops!

[Bachmann, 2013]


• Vertical transfer of a network or grid

requirement: universally (space, time) unobstructed plumbing shafts; min = 3

requirement: high precision plummets, convenient target devices, skilled team

• Observations only at stationary (idle) phase of the structure

Early morning before sunrise

No wind (calm)

• Checking the transferred points (network) at the storey

• Only relative staking out on a storey by TPS (compensator check!)

• Continuous Monitoring of structural motion by

GNSS-receivers at the current highest storey (translation and attitude)

Vertical chain of inclinometers (deflection curve)

• Additional problems in case of deflections attributed to extravagant

architectonical design and twin towers with braces to fit exactly

How to stake out on instable platforms?


Optical Plumbing plus or versus RTK-GNSS ?

We have either to complete our precision plumbing during an

idle phase of the structure (i.e. before sunrise and construction

work on a calm day) plus weekly monitoring [static concept]…

… or continuously monitor the exact position (and attitude) of

the working platform by RTK-GNSS and communicate

predicted instantaneous co-ordinates to the TPS there for free

stationing and staking out [dynamic concept].



Static versus Dynamic Concept of Setting-out

Static: Transfer grid from ground floor to

present top level at stable condition of

structure; set-out from nominal position of

top floor stations during unstable status

Advantages: robust, low data load

Disadvantages: cumbersome, expensive in

time and workforce

Dynamic: Establish TPS station on top

level and determine instantaneous position

with respect to special GNSS-targets; set-

out from predicted instantaneous position

Advantages: economic from time and

workforce; reasonable investment needed

Disadvantages: at the mercy of capable

communication link; high data load

Precision Plumbing – cumbersome but reliable


tolerance of completion = up to 5 * tolerance of stake out!

common values in plane: ± 4cm (core), ± 2,5 cm ( shell)

→ ± 8 mm resp. ± 5 mm tolerance left for the surveyor

→ < ± 3 mm resp. ± 2 mm precision has to be reached

relative accuracy of ± 2,8 mm can be achieved!


Extra problem EZB: changing plane sections and torsion design demand deformation response

[Züblin, 2011,

simplified figure by

Amtmann, 2013]


From 100m height on 4 GNSS-receivers on top storey +

reference service & 3 dual axis inclinometers in a line


The surveying environment on rigs is non-cooperative!

[photos: Almesberger, IGL; table: Amtmann, 2013]


In course of monitoring the EZB-twin towers the ability of RTK-GNSS for supporting staking out by TPS without plumbing was tested by Amtmann, 2013.

The ability was confirmed principally, but reaching the very high accuracy demands by means of a reference service network took up to 45 minutes due to obstructions by sheltering wind shields and multipath effects caused by core and cranes.

Nevertheless, applying GNSS solves both the tasks of staking out and of monitoring at a time. To master the permanent data communication and remote processing amount proves imperative!


Why not continuously monitor the rig and correct TPS?

[Van Cranenbroeck, 2009 & 2010, Whitworth, 2012]

Leica

Core & Wall Survey

Control System with

collocated active prisms


Combination of Sensors for an „Active Point“


J. V

an C

rane

nbro

eck, Leic

a (

20

09)

With or without inclination sensor

and at least 3 of them

J. V

an C

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nbro

eck, Leic

a (

20

12)

Leic

a G

eosyste

ms

Tri

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/ K

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European Central Bank / Frankfurt - EZB

Coop Himmelb(l)au,

Vienna – Los Angeles

Ed Züblin AG

Ingenieurges.

Gemmer und

Leber mbH


EZB: Built according to CAD within tight tolerances!


Vertical or not vertical only has one answer: Surveying!

Documents

Static and Dynamic Concepts for Setting-out Multi-storeyed