Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
10 μM Cd
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time (min)
Cd
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 )
300 μm 1000 μm
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
10 μM Pb
300 μm 1000 μm
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time (min)
Pb fl
ux (p
mol
es c
m-2 s-1 )
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
10 μM Cu
C
u flu
x (p
mol
es c
m-2 s-1 )
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time (min)
300 μm 1000 μm
Figure S1 Real-time Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ flux recorded at the root position of 300 μm and
1000 μm from the root apex of Typha latifolia immediately upon addition of 10 μM Cd,
Pb and Cu.
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Cd
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 )
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time (min)
300 μm 1000 μm
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Pb fl
ux (p
mol
es c
m-2 s-1 )
300 μm 1000 μm
10 μM Pb
Time (min)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
10 μM Cu
300 μm 1000 μm
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (min)
Cu
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 )
Figure S2 Real-time Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ flux recorded at the root position of 300 μm and 1000 μm from the root apex of Canna indica immediately upon addition of 10 μM Cd, Pb
and Cu.
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
10 μM Cd
1000 μm 200 μm
Time (min)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Cd
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 )
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
10 μM Pb
Pb fl
ux (p
mol
es c
m-2 s-1 )
1000 μm 200 μm
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time (min)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
10 μM Cu
Cu
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 )
Time (min)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1000 μm 200 μm
Figure S3 Real-time Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ flux recorded at the root position of 200 μm and
1000 μm from the root apex of Phragmites australis immediately upon addition of 10 μM
Cd, Pb and Cu.
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
200
250
300
350
400
A
O
utpu
t (m
v)
log Pb2+ activity (M)
without pharmaceuticals 100 μM TEA 10 μM bafilomycin 50 μM Nifedipine 50 μM Verapamil 100 μM NEM 50 μM DNP
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
B
without pharmaceuticals 100 μM TEA 10 μM bafilomycin 50 μM Nifedipine 100 μM NEM 50 μM Verapamil 50 μM DNP
O
utpu
t (m
v)
log Cu2+ activity (M)
Figure S4 Test for pharmaceuticals effect on Pb2+ (A) and Cu2+ (B) microelectrode. The microelectrodes were calibrate with and without different drugs added to the calibration solutions containing 0.1 mM KNO3, 0.1 mM Ca(NO3) 2, 0.1 mM MgSO4, 1.0 mM NaCl
Figure S5. Response curves of Pb2+ (A) and Cu2+ (B) microelectrode obtained according to Bakker’s method toward the interfering ions. The electrodes were
conditioned in 10 mM NaCl solutions overnight before measurement.
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800A
Pb2+
log a
Out
put (
mv)
Cd2+
Mg2+
H+
Zn2+
K+ Na+ Cu2+
Ca2+
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Cu2+
log a
Out
put (
mv)
Cd2+
Hg2+
H+
Pb2+ K+
NH4+
Mg2+ Na+
B Ca2+
0
10
20
30
40
50A
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Time (min)
50 μM Cu2+50 μM Cd2+
50 μM Cu2+50 μM Cd2+
50 μM Zn2+
50 μM Zn2+
Pb
flux
(pm
oles
cm-2
s-1) x= 30 μm
x= 60 μm
0102030405060708090
100B
0 5 10 15 20 25 30Time (min)
50 μM Pb2+50 μM Cd2+
50 μM Pb2+50 μM Cd2+
50 μM Zn2+
50 μM Zn2+
C
u flu
x (p
mol
es c
m-2s-1
) x= 30 μm x= 60 μm
Figure S6. Pb2+ and Cu2+ flux measured at each known position with the addition of
0.05 mM Zn, Cd and Pb/Cu
Figure S7 Measurement of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ flux (mean ± standard error) across the root surface of Typha latifolia. Each point represents the mean of five seedlings and bars represent the standard error of the mean, measured at each position. Roots were scanned in segments of 300 μm
from the root tip
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
N
et C
d2+ fl
ux (p
mol
es C
d2+
cm-2 s-1 )
Distance from the root tips (μm)
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Net
Pb2+
flux
(pm
oles
Pb
2+cm
-2s-1
)
Distance from the root tips (μm)
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Net
Cu2+
flux
(pm
oles
Cu2+cm
-2s-1
)
Distance from the root tips (μm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9001000
-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10
-505
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9001000
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
Cd fl
ux (p
mol
es
cm-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9001000
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Cu
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
Cu
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
900 1000300 400 500 600 700 800
0 100 200
Cu fl
ux (p
mol
es c
m-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
900 1000400 500 600 700 800
0 100 200 300
Pb
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
900 1000400 500 600 700 800
0 100 200 300
Cd
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9001000
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
Pb fl
ux (p
mol
es c
m-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9001000
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
Pb
flux
(pm
oles
cm
-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Cd fl
ux (p
mol
es c
m-2 s-1 ) Distance from the root tips (μm)
Figure S8 Measurement of fluxes (outward positive) of Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ (mean ± standard error) across the root tips of three common wetland plant species, Typha latifolia (a) Canna indic (b) and Phragmites australis (c), using Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ ion selective microelectrodes and the scanning ion-selective electrode technique. Flux measurements were carried out in a extracted solution from soil in the locations where the plants normally grow. Roots were scanned in segments of 100 μm
Figure S9 Potential vs. time dependences recorded for Pb2+ (a) and Cu2+ ISME (b) in DI water
containing 1 × 10−3 M and 1 × 10−4 M Pb2+ or Cu2+ with the addition of 1.0 mM K+ and/ or Mg2+
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
50
100
150
200
250
DI water 0.1 mM K++0.1 mM Mg2+
1.0 mM K++1.0 mM Mg2+
O
utpu
t (m
v)
log Cu2+ activity (M)
Figure S10 Calibration curve for Pb2+ (a) and Cu2+ ISME (b) in DI water and a background containing
different concentrations of K+ and Mg2+
b
0 20 40 60 80 100 120250
300
350
400
450a
25 mv
1.0 mM Mg2+1.0 mM K+
1.0 mM Mg2+1.0 mM K+
Time (s)
Out
put (
mv)
1.0 mM Pb2+
0.1 mM Pb2+
0 20 40 60 80 100 120100
150
200
250b
25 mv
1.0 mM Mg2+1.0 mM K+
1.0 mM Mg2+1.0 mM K+
Time (s)
Out
put (
mv)
1.0 mM Cu2+
0.1 mM Cu2+
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
200
250
300
350
400
a
DI water 0.1 mM K++0.1 mM Mg2+
1.0 mM K++1.0 mM Mg2+
O
utpu
t (m
v)
log Pb2+ activity (M)
Table S1. Composition and slopes for Pb2+ cocktail based on different ionophore. The slopes recorded were based on Pb2+ ISME reading in 10 and 100 μM Pb2+ in DI water.
Ionophore (%) Solvents
(%)
Lipophilic salt (%) Slope
(mv/
decade)methylene-bis-N,N
-
diisobutyldithiocar
bamate
tetramethylene-bis-
N,N
-
diisobutyldithiocar
bamate
o-
NPO
E
DB
P
NaT
PB
tetradodecyl
ammonium
tetrakis(4-
chlorophenyl)
borate
10 – 79 – 8 3 29
50 – 40 – 10 – 14
20 – 70 – 10 – 26
5 – 90 – 5 – 22
– 10 80 – 8 2 26
– 20 70 – 10 24
– 5 90 – 5 16
15 – – 70 – 15 25
5 – – 80 15 – 19
– 5 – 60 – – 18
– 10 – 70 – – 22
– 20 – 60 20 – 20
– 5 – 80 – 15 13
Table S2. Composition and slopes for Cu2+ cocktail based on different ionophore. The
slopes recorded were based on Cu2+ ISME reading in 10 and 100 μM Cu2+ in DI water.
Ionophore Solvents Lipophilic salt Slope
(mv/
decade)
diphenyl
thiocarbazo
ne
N,N,N′,N′-
Tetracyclohexyl
-2,2′-thiodiacetamide
o-
NPOE
(mg)
DB
P
(mg
)
NaTP
B
(mg)
tetradodecyl
ammonium
tetrakis(4-
chlorophenyl)
borate (mg)
10 – 68 – 12 10 28
5 – 80 – 15 – 19
50 – 40 – 10 – 22
– 5 80 – 15 – 16
– 10 70 – 20 – 20
– 20 60 – 10 10 23
10 – – 80 – 10 23
10 – – 70 15 15 13
– 10 – 70 – 20 24
– 10 – 80 – 10 25
Soil solution extraction and analysis
Double deionized water was added to bring soil and solution on a mass basis to a ratio of 1:10.
The suspensions were stirred in 2-L buckets for 2 h at room temperature using a motor-driven
propeller and then allowed to equilibrate for 24 h. To separate the soil from the extract, suspensions
were filtered through 0.7-mm prefilters made of borosilicate glass fiber filter using a pressure-filter
system. Soil extracts were then 0.2 μm filtered over mixed cellulose ester membrane filters using
vacuum-driven filter units. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES;
IRIS ADVANTAGE, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was used for the analysis of cations in the soil
extracts. Anions were analyzed on a waters liquid ion chromatograph (Milford, MA, USA).
Table S3. The main characteristics of soil extracted solution
Characteristic valuepH 6.5EC(dS/m) 5.7Ca (mM) 9.8Mg (mM) 5.1K (mM) 3.0Na (mM) 32.0Cl (mM) 30.0NO3 (mM) 7.6SO4 (mM) 8.1
