Bell Ringer

• Quiz one– clear your desk except for your

notebook which I will come around and

spot check

STATES OF MATTER

•The Five States of Matter• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

• Plasma

• Bose-Einstein Condensate

STATES OF MATTERDepend on:

Particle arrangement

Energy of particles

Distance between particles

STATES OF MATTER

SOLIDS•Particles of solids are

tightly packed.

•They are vibrating

about a fixed position.

•Solids have:

• a definite shape

•a definite volume. Heat

Analogy

• Desks in rows

STATES OF MATTER

LIQUID

Particles of liquids are

tightly packed…

but are far enough

apart to slide over one

another.

Liquids have:

An indefinite shape

a definite volume. Heat

Analogy

• Students in crowed hallways

STATES OF MATTER

GAS Particles of gases

are very far apart.

They move freely

and have a lot of

energy.

Gases have:

an indefinite shape

an indefinite volume. Heat

Analogy

• Bees in a jar

But what happens if you raise the

temperature to super-high levels…

between

1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything

just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTER

PLASMA

A plasma is a gas

with charged

particles.

A plasma is a very

good conductor of

electricity

Plasmas, like gases

have

an indefinite shape a

an indefinite volume.

Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its

plasma state

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in

a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not

move from place

to place

Close together

with no regular

arrangement.

Vibrate, move

about, and slide

past each other

Well separated

with no regular

arrangement.

Vibrate and move

freely at high

speeds

Has no definite

volume or shape

and is composed

of electrical

charged particles

But now what happens if you lower the

temperature way, way, down to

100 nano degrees above

“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)

Will everything

just be a frozen

solid?

Not Necessarily!In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and

Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.

Einstein Bose

+

The 5th state of matter:

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Finally, in 1995, Wolfgang

Ketterle and his team of

graduate students

discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.

Ketterle and his students

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no

longer bounce around as individual particles.

Instead they must all act in exactly the same

way, and you can’t tell them apart.

A computer image of a Bose-Einstein Condensate

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists

received the highest award in science for

discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:

The Nobel Prize

The five states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher

Temperature

Lower

Temperature

PLASMAS(only for low

density ionized

gases)

BOSE-

EINSTEIN

CONDENSATE

States of Matter

The Kinetic Theory of Gases1.All matter is composed of small particles.

2.They are in constant, random motion.

3. They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.

•Practice, practice,

practice!!!

•Density lab

• Independent worksheet

Home learning: start research

and bibliography for science

fair project

Day 2: More practice!!!

Electrolysis of water lab

Independent practice worksheet

Comic strip project

Day 3:

Bell Ringer: place the following

in scientific notation:

1. 0.000765

2. 0.00000000000555

3. 567834300000000

Take notes on the following

demonstration

Then, graph the data given and

try to answer as many of the

questions as you can.

Phase Changes and Heating

Curve of Water

Temperature• Temperature – the measure of

particles moving –Higher temperature = Fast moving particles

– Lower temperature = Slow moving particles

Thermal Energy• Thermal Energy – TOTAL energy

of all particles (KE + PE)–ALL matter has thermal energy

Heat• Heat – the amount of thermal

energy that is transferred to an object or area–EX: Cooking an egg

(Hot stove frying pan egg

States of Matter•4 States of Matter

–Solid

–Liquid

–Gas

–Plasma

Phase Properties

Phase Atoms Packed Energy

Solid Closest Little

Liquid Close Moderate

Gas Far A Lot

Phase Changes• As heat is added or taken, matter

can change its state or phase

Phase ChangesChanges States Involved

Melting Solid → Liquid

Freezing Liquid → Solid

Vaporization Liquid → Gas

Condensation Gas → Liquid

Sublimation Solid → Gas

Deposition Gas → Solid

Phase Changes

Heat Transmission

• Endothermic – Heat goes INTO an

object or reaction.

• Exothermic – Heat is RELEASED from an object or reaction.

Heat Transmission

How many types of reactions can you name that are endothermic or

exothermic?

Heating Curve of Water• Water is matter that can go through

ALL the different phase changes

Heating Curve of Water• There is NO temperature change

during a Change of Phase!

1. What is the phase change called from B to C?

2. Which letters represent a gas?

3. What is the phase change called from D to E?

4. Which letters represent a solid?

5. What is the phase change called from E to D?

6. What is the phase change called from C to B?

7. What is the temperature change when a phase change occurs?

Day 4

• Bell Ringer: draw the heating curve of water and label as many parts as you can

A Matter of Fact

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Mixtures, elements, compounds

Scientists like to classify things.

One way that scientists classify matter is by its composition.

Ultimately, all matter can be classified as mixtures, elements and compounds.

Why isn’t it a good idea to classify matter by its phases?

Because one kind of substance can exist in more than one phase – such as H20. And matter changes phases rather easily.

Why isn’t matter classified according to its physical

characteristics, such as color?

Scientists wouldn’t find it very useful to group gold, sunflowers, and the sun together.

Scientists ask themselves these questions?

Is the matter uniform throughout?

Can it be separated by physical means?

Can it be separated by chemical means?

By asking these questions scientists can classify matter into:

Mixtures – two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and can be separated by physical means. The substances in a mixture retain their individual properties. Solutions – a special kind of mixture where one

substance dissolves in another.

Elements – simplest form of pure substance. They cannot be broken into anything else by physical or chemical means.

Compounds – pure substances that are the unions of two or more elements. They can be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.

Is it uniform throughout?

If the answer is no, the matter is a heterogeneous mixture.

Considered the “least mixed.”

Does not appear to be the same throughout.

Particles are large enough to be seen and to be separated from the mixture.

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures

Sand and pebbles

Oil and water

Powdered iron and powdered sulfur

Granite is a heterogeneous mixture.

Is it uniform throughout?

If the answer is yes, the matter is homogeneous (looks the same throughout).

That leads us to another question.

Can it be separated by physical means?

If the answer is yes, the matter is a homogeneous mixture or solution.

Homogeneous Mixtures

A mixture that appears to be the same throughout.

It is “well mixed.”

The particles that make up the mixture are very small and not easily recognizable.

Examples of homogeneous mixtures

Milk, toothpaste, and mayonnaise are homogeneousmixtures. They are also colloids.

Colloids

In a colloid the particles are mixed together but not dissolved.

The particles are relatively large and are kept permanently suspended.

0

20

40

60

80

100

1st

Qtr

2nd

Qtr

3rd

Qtr

4th

Qtr

East

West

North

Colloids

A colloid will not separate upon standing.

The particles are constantly colliding, and this allows a colloid to scatter light – thus colloids often seem cloudy.

Solutions

A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another.

It is the best mixed of all mixtures. A solution always has a substance that is

dissolved and a substance that does the dissolving.

The substance that is dissolved is the solute and the substance that does the dissolving is the solvent.

Ocean water is a solution

The universal solvent: Water

Water as a solvent

Many liquid solutions contain water as the solvent.

Ocean water is basically a water solution that contains many salts.

Body fluids are also water solutions.

Types of solutions

Gas Gas Air (oxygen in nitrogen)

Gas Liquid Soda water (carbon dioxide in water)

Solid Liquid Ocean water (salt in water)

Solute Solvent Example

Solid Solid Gold jewelry (copper in gold)

Metals dissolved in metals are called

alloys.

Air is a solution of oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen

Alloys

Brass is an alloy of copperand zinc.

Stainless steel is a mixtureof iron and chromium.

Can it be separated by physical means?

If the answer is no, the matter is a pure substance.

An element

Or a compound

Elements

Elements are the simplest pure substance. An element can not be changed into a simpler

substance by heating or any chemical process.

The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is called an atom. An atom is the basic building block of matter.

There are more than one hundred known elements in the universe listed on the periodic table of elements. These elements combine in such a way to create

millions of compounds.

Elements

All elements are made of atoms.

Atoms of the same element are alike.

Atoms of different elements are different.

Elements

In 1813, a system of representing elements with symbols was introduced. Each symbol consists of one

or two letters.

Two letters are needed for a chemical symbol when the first letter of that element’s name has already been used.

Common Elements

Aluminum Al

Bromine Br

Calcium Ca

Carbon C

Gold Au

Helium He

Hydrogen H

Nitrogen N

Compounds

Compounds are also pure substances.

But compounds are made from more than one element.

Water is a compound. Water can be broken

down into simpler substances –hydrogen and oxygen.

Practice time

• Independent practice 1 +2

• Home learning: outline from the

book pages 36+37

• You should be working on

materials, methods and data tables

for your draft research plan

Day 5

• Bell Ringer: what is the difference between an element and a compound? What is the difference between a mixture and pure substance?

Mixtures Lab

• Follow the directions carefully and make sure you answer all lab questions

• When you are finished, make sure your entire area is cleaned up

Practice

• Class discussion and review for quiz next class

• Home learning: quiz next class and continue to work on science fair research plans