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States of MatterChapter 7 Lesson 2Page 264Matter Matter is divided into 3 main categories GasesLiquidsSolidsPlus the latest two Plasmas and Bose-Einstein CondensatesStates of MatterThere are three states of matter: Solid Liquid Gas

How do you describe a solid?SC.8.P.8.1

How do you describe a liquid?SC.8.P.8.1

How do you describe a gas?SC.8.P.8.1States of Matter

GasLiquidSolidNotice the distance between the particles/atoms fit in each state

SolidsSolid- has a definite shape and a definite volumeThis fixed closely pack arrangement of particles in a solid cause it to have a definite shape and volume

SolidsSolids have weight and take up spaceSolids have their own shape, they do not take the shape of its container.Its particles are packed very closely togetherThe particles are so close that they can only vibrateThere are two types: Crystalline and Amorphous

Amorphous

The particles are not arranged in a regular patterns.They dont melt at a distinct temperatureIt may become softer and softer and change into something elseExamples: glass, plastics, and rubberSolids Crystalline

Particles have a regular repeating pattern, these patterns create a crystals. Are made up of crystalsMelt at a certain tempExamples: salt, sugar, and snow

BismuthCrystal

GlassSolidsCrystalline solids- solids made of crystals (sugar, salt, snow)When a crystalline solid is heated, it melts at a distinct temperatureAmorphous solids- particles are not arranged in a regular patterThey become softer or change into another substance when heated (glass, plastics, rubber)

LiquidsLiquid- has a definite volume, but no shape of its ownBecause of liquid has not definite shape, its particles are free to moveLiquidsLiquids take the shape of their container.Liquids have weight.Liquids have a constant volumeLiquids take up space.It is particles move around but still touch.Molecules of liquids attract each other

Lets start under the surface of the liquid: Liquid molecules have like molecules all around themRead page 268

Properties of Liquids

Surface Tension:- an inward force or pull among molecules in a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together So the they cohere more strongly to those like molecules and form a surface "film" which makes it more difficult to move an object through the surface than to move it when it is completely submersed.Example a floating needle or insect walking on waterProperties of LiquidsSurface TensionAt the surface molecules have like molecules only on their sides

Adhesion the attraction of unlike molecules: ex: liquid water molecules to the glass, they are poured in. FYI:Properties of LiquidsThat attraction between molecules is known as either cohesion or adhesionCohesion is the attraction of like molecules

Properties of LiquidsViscosityIs a liquids resistance to flowingA liquids viscosity depends on the size and shape of its particles and the attraction between them.

Liquids with high viscosity flow very slowlyLikeHoneyLiquids with low viscosity flow freelyLike Olive Oil

GasGas- has neither a definite shape or volumeAs gas particles move, they spread apart filling all the space available. Thus a gas have neither definite shape or definite volumeGasesThe particles spread apart at high speedsGases spread out to fill the entire space given.Gases have weight.They have neither Definite shape nor volumeGases take up space.They take the shape and volume of their container

Properties of GasesPressure of the gas is the force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls of its container.

The firmness of a gas filled object comes from the pressure of the gas in the containerFYI :PlasmaPlasma is a lot like a gas, but the particles are electrically chargedBut the atoms are different because they are made up of free electrons and ions of the element.

Plasma

You don't find plasmas too often when you walk around. They aren't things that happen regularly on Earth.Lightning is a plasma.Used in fluorescent light bulbs and Neon lights.FYI: Bose-Einstein CondensatesAre super-unexcited and super-cold atoms. Basically when the temperature gets very close to 0*K. (few billionths of a degree above absolute zero). Atoms start to clump and become one. They start to occupy the same space.

Calcium Condensate

Rubidium Condensate

The formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate. As experts lower the temperature of the atoms, the cloud on the left gradually localizes to form a pure condensate in the right-hand image. These atoms are just one hundred billionths of a degree above absolute zero2222

TemperatureIs the measure of how hot or cold something is. But what determines an objects temperature?The kinetic energy of an atom.Simply put kinetic energy is the speed at which the atoms/particles are moving.The faster the particles are moving, the greater their energy and the higher the temperature, and vice versaKinetic Energy determines the state!

What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?

States of MatterMatter and Energy

Particles in Solids:Are packed tightly togetherHave very little energy

Remember they atoms shake in place