Everything is made of …………………particles

Ions

cannot broken down further by chemical means.

Some elements are formed of atomsFor example, argon is made up of single

Ar atoms.

Consist of TWO OR MORE atoms covalently bonded together.

Some elements and some compounds are formed of molecules.

For example;

are charged particles. Ionic compounds are formed of ions.For example,

I- (iodide) ion

K+

(potassium) ion

Potassium iodide

In liquids & gases, they move freely. In solids, they are NOT free to move.

Particles move in a random way, called “random motion.”

Cooking smells can spread out into the street.The purple color of potassium permanganate

spreads through the water when mixed w/ water.

Particles of potassium permanganate mix w/ the particles of water because of their random motion.

Less concentra

ted

In all these examples, particles mix by colliding w/ each other and bouncing off in all directions. This mixing process is called “diffusion.”From

more concentra

ted

PARTICLES ALWAYS

DIFFUSE

Doesn’t flow

Flows easily

•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. This fixed pattern is called “lattice.”•Strong forces hold particles in solids.•Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.

Heat

Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. So, not in a lattice.

The forces holding the particles together in liquids are weaker than the ones in solids.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.

Heat

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

The forces holding the gas particles are very weak(almost negligible).

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

(solidifying)

(liquifying)

A heating curve for the conversion of ice to water vapor

Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12

Figure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or coolFigure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or cooled at a constant rate. ed at a constant rate.

Movie

Depends on the strength of the forces holding the particles together.

Stronger the forces

Bigger the

amount of

energy to

melt & boil

Bigger the

melting and boiling point

A cooling curve for the conversion of gaseous water to ice

Potential energy lowers

KE lowers

Potential energy lowers

A theory that explains the properties of matter.

All the key ideas - having 3 states of matter- each state is different in terms of

arrangement, motion, and energies of the particles,

you have met so far make up the KPT.