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4/7/15 1 The Diabe.c Foot: A Mul.disciplinary Approach Kathy Frush, DPM Assistant Professor Des Moines University College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Sta.s.cs 29.1 million affected with diabetes in the US 9.3% of the US popula.on 8.1 million undiagnosed Diabe.c foot ulcers leading cause of nontrauma.c amputa.on 1025% will develop foot ulcer during life.me Why are we concerned with saving lower limbs ? Energy Cost of Amputa.on Waters et al, “Energy Cost of Walking of Amputees: The Influence of Level of Amputa.on,” JBJS, Jan 1976, 58A, 4246 “When preserva,on of func,on is the chief concern, amputa,on should be performed at the lowest possible level.” Energy Cost of Amputa.on Pinzur et al, “Energy Demands for Walking in Dysvascular Amputees as Related to the Level of Amputa.on,” Orthopedics, Sept 1992, Vol 15, p 10331037 Survival rates a‘er amputa.on Looked at 5 yr survival rate of nontrauma.c amputa.on of Diabe.c (n 100) and Nondiabe.c (n 151) 61% with DM died 53.4% without died Tentolouris et al. Diabetes Care. July 2004. 2B: PAD

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Page 1: Stas.cs& The&Diabe.c&Foot:&A& Mul.disciplinary&Approach& · The&Diabe.c&Foot:&A& Mul.disciplinary&Approach& Kathy&Frush,&DPM AssistantProfessor& ... Krajewski LP, Olin JW. Chap. 11

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1  

The  Diabe.c  Foot:  A  Mul.disciplinary  Approach  

Kathy  Frush,  DPM  Assistant  Professor  

Des  Moines  University  College  of  Podiatric  Medicine  

and  Surgery  

Sta.s.cs  

•  29.1  million  affected  with  diabetes  in  the  US  – 9.3%  of  the  US  popula.on  – 8.1  million  undiagnosed  

•  Diabe.c  foot  ulcers  leading  cause  of  nontrauma.c  amputa.on  – 10-­‐25%  will  develop  foot  ulcer  during  life.me    

Why  are  we  concerned  with  saving  lower  

limbs  ?  

Energy  Cost  of  Amputa.on  

Waters  et  al,  “Energy  Cost  of  Walking  of  Amputees:    The  Influence  of  Level  of  Amputa.on,”  JBJS,  Jan  1976,  58A,  42-­‐46    

 “When  preserva,on  of  

func,on  is  the  chief  concern,  amputa,on  should  be  performed  at  the  lowest  possible  level.”  

       

 

Energy  Cost  of  Amputa.on  

•  Pinzur  et  al,  “Energy  Demands  for  Walking  in  Dysvascular  Amputees  as  Related  to  the  Level  of  Amputa.on,”  Orthopedics,  Sept  1992,  Vol  15,  p  1033-­‐1037  

Survival  rates  a`er  amputa.on  

•  Looked  at  5  yr  survival  rate  of  nontrauma.c  amputa.on  of  Diabe.c  (n  100)  and  Nondiabe.c  (n  151)  –  61%  with  DM  died  –  53.4%  without  died  

Tentolouris  et  al.  Diabetes  Care.  July  2004.  

2B:  PAD  

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Who  is  at  risk  for  ulcers?  

•  Peripheral  neuropathy  •  PAD  •  Foot  deformity  •  Previous  amputa.on  

SWM  •  5.07  monofilament  

–  exerts  10  grams  of  pressure  

•  Apply  only  enough  pressure  to  just  bend  monofilament    

•  Pt  eyes  should  be  closed    •  Need  loss  of  4  of  10  areas  to  diagnose  

•  If  0/10  felt  keep  tes.ng  up  leg  to  knee  to  find  level  of  sensa.on  

     

PAD  Risk  Factors  

•  Diabetes  •  Smoking  •  History  of  CAD  •  Elevated  cholesterol    or  decreased  HDL    

•  Hypertension  •  Obesity  

•  Sedentary  lifestyle  •  Increased  plasma  

homocysteine    •  Increased  CRP  •  Male  gender  •  Age    •  Race    

–  Hispanic  –  African  American    

Krajewski LP, Olin JW. Chap. 11 Peripheral Vascular Diseases 2nd ed. 1996

Marso  et  al.  J  Am  Coll  Cardiol.  2006.  

Vascular  History  and  Physical  

Physical  Exam  

•  Palpable  Pulses  •  Capillary  Refill  Time  •  Cold  extremity  •  Dependent  Rubor  •  Absent  hair  growth  •  Hemosiderin  deposits  •  Dry,  atrophic  skin  •  Gangrene    

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The  Ankle-­‐Brachial  Index  

In  diabe)cs,  arterial  calcifica)on  can    lead    to  falsely  elevated  readings.  

Condi.on      ABI        Normal    Above  0.9  Mild  Obstruc.on    0.8  –  0.9  Moderate  Obstruc.on  0.5  –  0.8  Severe  Obstruc.on    Below  0.5      

ABI = Lower extremity systolic pressure Brachial artery systolic pressure

Calcified  Vessels    

Foot  deformi.es   Interna.on  Working  Group  on  the  Diabe.c  Foot  (IWGDF)  Classifica.on  

 •  Risk  0  –  no  recognizable  risk  factor  •  Risk  1  –  neuropathy  with  no  other  risk  factors  •  Risk  2  –  PAD  with  or  without  neuropathy  •  Risk  3  –  current  foot  ulcer,  history  of  foot  ulcer  or  prior  amputa.on  

 

Evalua.on  of  risk  classifica.on  from  IWGDF  

•  Lavery  et  al,  Diabetes  Care,  Jan  2008  – Aim:  to  evaluate  role  of  risk  factors  to  predict  lower  extremity  complica.ons  

– Evaluated  1666  consecu.ve  pa.ents  with  DM  for  average  of  27  months  

– Lower  extremity  complica.on  •  Ulcer,  infec.on,  amputa.on,  hospitaliza.on  

Evalua.on  of  risk  classifica.on  from  IWGDF  

•  Modified  IWGDF  by  splilng  category  2  and  3  into  subsec.ons  – 2A:  PN  with  deformity  – 2B:  PAD  – 3A:  hx  of  ulcer  – 3B:  hx  of  amputa.on  

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Evalua.on  of  risk  classifica.on  from  IWGDF  

•  Results  – More  complica.ons  with    

•  2B:  PAD  vs  2A:  PN  with  deformity  •  3B:amputa.on  vs  3A:  hx  of  ulcer  

– No  difference  in  risk  with  •  Neuropathy  with  or  without  deformity  

WHAT  TO  DO  WHEN  WOUNDS  BECOME  INFECTED  

IDSA  (Infec.ous  Diseases  Society  of  America)  Diabe.c  Foot  Infec.on    Classifica.on  

•  Infec.on  present,  as  defined  by  the  presence  of  at  least  2  of  the  following  items:  – Local  swelling  or  indura.on  – Erythema  – Local  tenderness  or  pain  – Local  warmth  – Purulent  discharge  (thick,  opaque  to  white  or  sanguineous  secre.on)  

IDSA  Diabe.c  Foot  Infec.on    Classifica.on  

•  Uninfected  – Wound  without  purulence  or  any  manifesta.ons  of  inflamma.on  

IDSA  Diabe.c  Foot  Infec.on    Classifica.on  

•  Mild    – Celluli.s  or  erythema  >  0.5cm  to  ≤2  cm  around  ulcer  or  wound  

–  Infec.on  is  limited  to  skin  or  superficial  subcutaneous  .ssue  

– No  local  complica.ons  or  systemic  illness        *should  exclude  other  causes  of  inflamma.on  (eg,  trauma,  gout,  acute  Charcot,  fracture,  thrombosis,  venous  stasis)  

IDSA  Diabe.c  Foot  Infec.on    Classifica.on  

•  Moderate  – Erythema  >2  cm,  OR  involving  deeper  structures  than  skin  or  subcutaneous  .ssue  (eg,  abscess,  osteomyeli.s,  sep.c  arthri.s,  fascii.s)  

– AND  no  systemic  inflammatory  response  syndrome  (SIRS)  

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IDSA  Diabe.c  Foot  Infec.on    Classifica.on  

•  Severe  – Local  infec.on  (as  described  previously)  with  signs  of  SIRS  as  manifested  by  ≥2  of  the  following:  

•  Temperature  >  38°C  or  <  36  °C  •  Heart  rate  >90  beats/min  •  Respiratory  rate  >20  breaths/min  or  PaCO2  <32  mm  Hg  • White  blood  cell  count  >  12,000  or  <  4,000  cells/µL  or  ≥10%  immature  (band)  forms  

IDSA  Valida.on  Wound  Depth   No  infec,on   Mild     Moderate     Severe    

Full  thickness   88.7   76.1   30.8   22.2  

Fascia  -­‐  tendon   7.2   21.1   25.0   11.1  

Bone  –  joint     4.1   2.8   44.2   66.7  

Bone  infec.on   0   0   38.5   37.0  

Lavery  LA,  Clinical  Infec.ous  Diseases.  2007.  

IDSA  Guideline  Valida.on  

Lavery  LA,  Clinical  Infec.ous  Diseases.  2007.  

Obtaining  Cultures  •  Do  not  culture  wounds  without  signs  of  infec.on  

– Wounds  naturally  have  nonpathologic  bacterial  coloniza.on  

•  Do  not  culture  intact  skin  

•  If  taken  in  clinic  or  at  bedside  –  1st  cleanse  and  debride  wound  –  Then  take  .ssue  sample  by  using  sterile  cureue,  15  blade  or  biopsy  

– Avoid  doing  swab  cultures  •  May  lose  some  of  your  organisms  

IDSA  Suggested  Abx  for  Moderate  -­‐  Severe  Foot  infec.on  

 Pathogen   An,bio,c   Comments    

MSSA;  Streptococcus;  Enterobacteria;  obligate  anaerobes  

Ampicillin-­‐sulbactam  (Unasyn)  

Adequate  if  low  suspicion  of  Pseudomonas  

Ertapenem   Once  daily  dosing.  Rela.vely  broad  spectrum,  not  ac.ve  against  Pseudomonas  

Imipenem-­‐cilasta.n   Very  broad  spectrum  (no  MRSA  coverage)  use  only  when  needed  

MRSA   Vancomycin  

Pseudomonas  aeruginosa   Piperacillin-­‐tazobactam    (zosyn)  

TID/QID  dosing.  Good  broad  spectrum  coverage  

Main  infec.ng  organism  

•  *”Head  of  snake  theory”  –  target  main  organism  and  other  organisms  will  also  be  taken  care  of  WA  Joseph,  J  Vasc  Surg  Sept  2010  

•  Staph  and  strep  are  going  to  be  main  organism  – Pseudomonas  rarely  main  pathogen  

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What  can  PCP  do  to  help  wound  healing?  

•  Monitor  and  manage  nutri.on  •  Glycemic  control  •  Edema  control  

Albumin  

•  Important  protein  in  wound  healing  •  Golinko  et  al.  Wound  Repair  Regen.  2009  

– Looked  at  clinical  variables  in  wound  healing  – Amputee  pa.ents  had  overall  lower  albumin  than  Non  amputee  pa.ents  

– No  significance  in  HgA1c  in  this  study  

Albumin  Supplementa.on  

•  Armstrong  et  al.  Diabe.c  Medicine.  2014  – Looked  at  effects  of  supplement  of  of  arginine,  glutamine  and  β-­‐hydroxy-­‐β-­‐methylbutyrate  vs  control  on  wound  healing  

•  Supplement  aided  in  wound  healing    –  Albumin  >40  g/L  –  ABI  >1    

HgA1c  and  healing  rates  

•  Christman  et  al.  J  invest  Derm.  Oct  2011  – Hypothesized  that  HgA1c  would  correlate  with  wound  healing  rates  

– 183  pa.ents  •  60%  had  PN  •  29%  had  PAD  

–  Included  any  diabe.c  wound  •  85.2%  had  foot  or  ankle  ulcer  

HgA1c  and  healing  rates  

•  Results  – For  neuropathic  foot  wounds  

•  For  every  1%  increase  in  HbA1c,  there  was  a  decrease  in  wound  area  healing  rate  of  0.022  cm2  

–  In  PAD  pa.ents  •  For  every  1%  increase  in  HbA1c,  there  was  decrease  in  wound  healing  rate  of  0.030  cm2  

HgA1c  and  healing  rates  

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Foot  management  recommenda.ons    

•  Regular  inspec.on  and  exam  of  the  at  risk  foot  •  Iden.fica.on  of  the  at  risk  foot  •  Educa.on  of  pa.ent  and  family  members  •  Appropriate  footwear  •  Treatment  of  nonulcera.ve  pathology  

Foot  Management  Recommenda.ons  

•  Regular  inspec.on  and  exam  of  the  at  risk  foot  – All  diabe.cs  should  have  foot  exam  yearly  – Those  at  risk  examined  every  1-­‐6  months  – Beware  of  the  asymptoma.c  foot  

Foot  Management  Recommenda.ons  

•  Educa.on  of  pa.ent  and  family  members  – High  risk  pa.ents  should  inspect  feet  daily  –  Check  water  temperature  – Don’t  use  hea.ng  pads  – No  barefoot  or  sock  foot  walking  –  For  xero.c  skin  “lo.on”  feet  daily  avoiding  interspaces  

– Dry  between  toes  a`er  shower  or  bath  – Don’t  use  medicated  corn  removers  –  Inspect  inside  of  shoes  before  pulng  on  

Ulcer  Management  and  Preven.on  

•  Proper  offloading  – Debridement  of  calluses  and  ulcers  – Proper  filng  shoes  

•  Accomoda.ve  ortho.cs  and  extra  depth  shoes  for  those  with  deformity  

•  Proper  nail  care  – Management  of  ingrown  nails  – Thinning  of  excessively  thick  nails  

Foot  Management  Recommenda.ons   Ulcer  Debridement  

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Ulcer  Debridement   Wound  Management  

Wound  Management  

Ques.ons?