Standard 8The student will explain the relationship

between growing north-south divisions and

westward expansion.

A

Frederick Douglas

He was born a slave in Maryland.

At the age of 21, he escaped to Massachusetts.

He then began his career as one of the greatest abolitionists in the history of the U.S.

After the Civil War, he became a proponent of women’s rights and civil rights for the freed slaves.

The Underground Railroad

A network of escape routes that provided protection and transportation for slaves fleeing north to freedom.

Estimates vary on the number of slaves rescued, from about 40,000 to 100,000.

A majority of the conductors were African American.

Turner’s Rebellion

Nat Turner, an African American preacher, led a violent uprising in southeastern Virginia.

Up to 70 slaves killed 57 white people.

The rebels were eventually captured and hung.

Crowds of frightened and angry whites rioted, slaughtering about a hundred African Americans who had had no part in the revolt.

Slavery and the Rise of Tension

Fugitive Slave Law

The new law called for

vigorous enforcement which

enflamed Northern sentiments

Literature

Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the

most influential novel of its day

and aroused the North

The Impending Crisis of the

South was another anti-slavery

book that was banned in the

South

B

The Missouri Compromise

The basic issue at stake was slavery.

Slavery would be permitted in the new state of Missouri but not in the new state of Maine.

As the U.S. expanded westward, states north on 36º 30’ N latitude would be free.

Effects of the Missouri

Compromise The compromise did not

settle the issue of whether slavery would be legal while the lands to the west were still territories.

Northerners wanted to keep the territories free.

Southerners felt the national government had no right to tell free citizens they could not take their property to the territories if they wanted to.

C

States Rights and John C. Calhoun

Remembering the Nullification Crisis under President

Jackson, South Carolina had advocated for the idea that

STATE governments were more powerful that FEDERAL

government

This was led by Senator John C. Calhoun from SC.

He was the leader of a movement called the “states-

rights” movement

This idea of “states rights” was founded in the principals

of limited Federal government

This helped lead to sectionalism, as the interests of the

North and South became more and more divergent.

D

The War with Mexico The border dispute with Mexico

erupted into war in 1846

President Polk offered to purchase

California and set the border at the

Rio Grande. Mexico rejected the

offer and countered with the

Nueces River, further North.

Polk sent General Zachary Taylor

to patrol the border near the Rio

Grande

A Mexican Army crossed and

captured an American patrol killing

11.

The War was a one-sided

American victory with General

Winfield Scott capturing Mexico

City in 1847

Consequences of the Mexican War:

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Rio Grande as Southern Border

California and New Mexico

territories transfer to U.S. for

$15 Million and assumption of

American claims against

Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

An amendment to abolish

slavery in the newly acquired

territory

Prelude to Civil War?

Wilmot was seen as raising the

stakes for the slavery issue and

sparking sectional tension

anew

Conflict in the Territories The defeat of the Wilmot Proviso left deep a sectional schism

It also left the Union without a solution to the issue of slavery in the

territories

This left three competing ideas on resolution:

The Free-Soilers

The Southern View

Popular Sovereignty

The Three PositionsFree Soil Movement

Northern Democrats and Whigs support Wilmot

This would have NO BLACKS, free or slave in the Mexican Cession

Favored this approach because they didn’t want to compete for jobs

They also advocated free homesteads and internal improvements

The Southern View

Most southerners felt any restriction of slavery was a violation of

their Constitutional rights

Moderate Southerners saw the Missouri Compromise line as

acceptable

Popular Sovereignty

This was the idea that the residents of a particular territory would

vote on whether slavery was allowed

E

The Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay Presented it:

1) Congress would admit California as a free state.

2) The people of the territories of New Mexico and Utah

would decide for themselves whether slavery would be

legal.

3) Congress would abolish the sale of enslaved people in

Washington D.C.

4) Slavery itself would remain legal in Washington D.C.

5) A Fugitive Slave Act would order citizens of the US to

assist in the return of enslaved people who had

escaped from their owners.

It would also deny a jury trial to escaped slaves.

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You do not need to write out the questions.