North South North South Divisions and Divisions and

Westward Westward ExpansionExpansion

SSUSH8: The student will explain SSUSH8: The student will explain the relationship between growing the relationship between growing

north-south divisions and north-south divisions and westward Expansionwestward Expansion

AbolitionistsAbolitionists

• Sarah and Angelina Grimke- daughter Sarah and Angelina Grimke- daughter of a southern slave-holder. Angelina of a southern slave-holder. Angelina wrote a book wrote a book An appeal to Christian An appeal to Christian Women in the SouthWomen in the South, which compelled , which compelled women to overthrow slavery as a women to overthrow slavery as a system of cruelty and oppression.system of cruelty and oppression.

• William Lloyd Garrison- abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison- abolitionist who after years of fighting slavery who after years of fighting slavery joined the women’s movement joined the women’s movement

Nat Turner’s Rebellion• Born into slavery, Nat Turner was a preacher Born into slavery, Nat Turner was a preacher

who felt he was called by God to lead people who felt he was called by God to lead people out of slavery. out of slavery.

• He led a bloody rebellion- 60 (approx.) white He led a bloody rebellion- 60 (approx.) white men, women, and children dead.men, women, and children dead.

• The retaliation for this crime was the vicious The retaliation for this crime was the vicious death of over 200 slaves at the hands of their death of over 200 slaves at the hands of their masters.masters.

• Turner’s bloody rebellion strengthened the Turner’s bloody rebellion strengthened the resolve of Southern whites to defend slavery resolve of Southern whites to defend slavery and maintain control of them.and maintain control of them.

Slavery in AmericaSlavery in America

• The people were very divided about The people were very divided about slavery: many felt that slaves were slavery: many felt that slaves were dangerous and needed to be brought dangerous and needed to be brought into submission, and many others into submission, and many others thought that slaves were desperately thought that slaves were desperately trying to break free of the bonds of trying to break free of the bonds of slavery and would be good citizens once slavery and would be good citizens once freed.freed.

• This was defined by an obvious This was defined by an obvious North/South Division North/South Division

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

• Missouri Compromise: a series of agreements Missouri Compromise: a series of agreements passed by Congress in 1820-21 to maintain passed by Congress in 1820-21 to maintain balance of power between slave states and balance of power between slave states and free states.free states.

• This meant that when a territory asked to be This meant that when a territory asked to be admitted to the Union, they would have to admitted to the Union, they would have to declare whether or not they would be free or declare whether or not they would be free or not, and the number of slave states could not, and the number of slave states could never outnumber the number of free states.never outnumber the number of free states.

• This created the Mason Dixon line dividing the This created the Mason Dixon line dividing the North from the South.North from the South.

8c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the 8c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of State’s Rights ideology; include emergence of State’s Rights ideology; include

the role of John C. Calhoun and the the role of John C. Calhoun and the

development of sectionalismdevelopment of sectionalism..• Nullification: a state’s refusal to Nullification: a state’s refusal to

recognize an act of Congress that it recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional. considers unconstitutional.

• The Nullification Crisis refers to the way The Nullification Crisis refers to the way that many states began to use this as a that many states began to use this as a way to defy the National government, way to defy the National government, especially the southern states on issues especially the southern states on issues of slavery. of slavery.

• State’s Rights: idea that every state State’s Rights: idea that every state should have the right to govern itselfshould have the right to govern itself

John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

• Vice President under both Adams Vice President under both Adams and Jackson, he, at first, was a strong and Jackson, he, at first, was a strong federalist; but after a bad year for federalist; but after a bad year for cotton crops in his home state of cotton crops in his home state of South Carolina, and the protective South Carolina, and the protective tariff he passed to raise revenue for tariff he passed to raise revenue for the government devastated the the government devastated the economy of the state he decided to economy of the state he decided to back state’s rights and nullification.back state’s rights and nullification.

SectionalismSectionalism

• Placing the interests of one’s own Placing the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole.nation as a whole.

• The South definitely began doing The South definitely began doing this, again mainly over the issue of this, again mainly over the issue of slavery.slavery.

Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso

• Wilmot Proviso- an amendment to an Wilmot Proviso- an amendment to an 1846 military appropriations bill, 1846 military appropriations bill, proposing that none of the territory proposing that none of the territory acquired in war with Mexico would be acquired in war with Mexico would be open to slavery.open to slavery.

• Popular Sovereignty: idea proposed in Popular Sovereignty: idea proposed in the Compromise of 1850, that each the Compromise of 1850, that each region should decide by popular vote as region should decide by popular vote as to whether they should be “slave” or to whether they should be “slave” or “free”“free”

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

• A series of congressional measures A series of congressional measures intended to settle the major intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and disagreements between free states and slave statesslave states

• Henry Clay, writer of the compromise Henry Clay, writer of the compromise was afraid that slavery would eventually was afraid that slavery would eventually result in disunion of the US.result in disunion of the US.

• John C. Calhoun did not approve of the John C. Calhoun did not approve of the compromise, who wanted the issue of compromise, who wanted the issue of slavery to be decided within each state- slavery to be decided within each state- not by Congressnot by Congress

Civil WarCivil WarUnit 9Unit 9

SSUSH9: The Student will SSUSH9: The Student will identify key events, issues, identify key events, issues, and individuals relating to and individuals relating to

the causes, course, and the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil consequences of the Civil

WarWar

9a: Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 9a: Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred

Scott Case, and John Brown’s raid.Scott Case, and John Brown’s raid.

• Kansas Nebraska Act-law enacted in Kansas Nebraska Act-law enacted in 1854, that established the territories 1854, that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide their residents the right to decide whether or not to allow slaverywhether or not to allow slavery

• This area was not widely populated This area was not widely populated yet- and it created a “race” among yet- and it created a “race” among people from the North and Southpeople from the North and South

Failure of Popular Failure of Popular Sovereignty Sovereignty

• Nebraska was north of the 36*30’ Nebraska was north of the 36*30’ line, so when it was voted to become line, so when it was voted to become a slave state- causing serious issues a slave state- causing serious issues in Congressin Congress

• Senator Douglas brought a bill that Senator Douglas brought a bill that proposed a repeal of the Missouri proposed a repeal of the Missouri Compromise, this ended in a bitter Compromise, this ended in a bitter dispute in Congress that spilled over dispute in Congress that spilled over into the population. into the population.

Dred Scott caseDred Scott case

• Dred Scott’s master brought him from MO Dred Scott’s master brought him from MO (slave state) into IL (free state) then tried to (slave state) into IL (free state) then tried to bring him back to MO as a slave.bring him back to MO as a slave.

• Scott argued that because he was “free” for a Scott argued that because he was “free” for a time, he should remain free.time, he should remain free.

• Supreme Court said he wasn’t a citizen, and Supreme Court said he wasn’t a citizen, and had no right to bring a lawsuit in the first had no right to bring a lawsuit in the first place.place.

• Plus: the lawsuit ended all efforts to ban Plus: the lawsuit ended all efforts to ban slavery in all states for the future, bans in slavery in all states for the future, bans in slavery were ruled unConstitutional. (5slavery were ruled unConstitutional. (5thth))

John Brown’s Raid

• John Brown was a “moral” John Brown was a “moral” abolitionist, and led many raids to abolitionist, and led many raids to gain attention for his cause.gain attention for his cause.

• Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry• He was eventually hung for treason He was eventually hung for treason

in 1859. in 1859.

President Abraham LincolnPresident Abraham Lincoln

• When Lincoln won the election of When Lincoln won the election of 1860, several southern states began 1860, several southern states began the process of seceding from the the process of seceding from the Union beginning with South Union beginning with South Carolina, followed by 6 more states Carolina, followed by 6 more states within a few weeks, forming the within a few weeks, forming the “Confederate States of America”“Confederate States of America”

• Jefferson Davis led the new Jefferson Davis led the new confederacy confederacy

North Vs. SouthNorth Vs. South

• When Southern forces opened fire When Southern forces opened fire on Union forces at Fort Sumter, they on Union forces at Fort Sumter, they began a war that would last four began a war that would last four years and take 821,000 soldiers years and take 821,000 soldiers lives.lives.

• South has greater disadvantage. The South has greater disadvantage. The North had economic and industrial North had economic and industrial superiority. superiority.

Lincoln takes charge…Lincoln takes charge…

• He suspended habeas corpus: meaning that He suspended habeas corpus: meaning that people could be arrested without being told people could be arrested without being told why: the Constitution does allow for why: the Constitution does allow for “emergency powers” such as this. (Jefferson “emergency powers” such as this. (Jefferson Davis followed his lead in the South)Davis followed his lead in the South)

• Emancipation Proclamation: proclaimed the Emancipation Proclamation: proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the South, but could not freedom of slaves in the South, but could not be enforced yet.be enforced yet.

Civil War Military LeadersCivil War Military Leaders

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

• Ulysses Grant: war hero for the North, Grant Ulysses Grant: war hero for the North, Grant fought diligently and heroically- helping the fought diligently and heroically- helping the North win the Battle of Vicksburg, a key fight North win the Battle of Vicksburg, a key fight that gave the North control over the that gave the North control over the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

• Grant believed in full-out war, and along with Grant believed in full-out war, and along with his trusted friend, his trusted friend, William T. Sherman William T. Sherman went went to work disabling the South- farm by farm to to work disabling the South- farm by farm to prevent the survival of the southern troops prevent the survival of the southern troops

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee

• Lee was an abolitionist, but because of his loyalty Lee was an abolitionist, but because of his loyalty to his home state of Virginia, he led militarily for to his home state of Virginia, he led militarily for the South.the South.

• Lee was a strong leader who brought much Lee was a strong leader who brought much destruction to the North, specifically to destruction to the North, specifically to Sherman’s troops- but he was no match for the Sherman’s troops- but he was no match for the leadership team of Grant and Shermanleadership team of Grant and Sherman

• Lee was defeated at Battle of Gettysburg, and Lee was defeated at Battle of Gettysburg, and surrendered to General Grant at the end of the surrendered to General Grant at the end of the Civil WarCivil War

““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson

• General for the South, graduated General for the South, graduated from West Pointfrom West Point

• Won the First Battle at Bull RunWon the First Battle at Bull Run• Fought alongside General Lee at Fought alongside General Lee at

Antietam and Second Bull RunAntietam and Second Bull Run• Died in battleDied in battle

Lincoln’s Second Lincoln’s Second Inaugural AddressInaugural Address

• Lincoln was reelected in 1864Lincoln was reelected in 1864• Even though he knew the North would win the Even though he knew the North would win the

Civil war, he did not boastCivil war, he did not boast• He expressed sorrow over the loss of human He expressed sorrow over the loss of human

life and sadness that they could not solve life and sadness that they could not solve things peacefullythings peacefully

• Stated that slavery was evil, but no one should Stated that slavery was evil, but no one should seek revenge on slaveholdersseek revenge on slaveholders

• Speech begged for reconstruction of a great Speech begged for reconstruction of a great union without maliceunion without malice

Major Battles of the Civil WarMajor Battles of the Civil War

• Union and Confederate forces fought Union and Confederate forces fought many battles in the 4 years of the many battles in the 4 years of the Civil war.Civil war.

• We will look at four major battles.We will look at four major battles.

Antietam- September Antietam- September 18621862

• Robert E. Lee, Antietam Creek, Robert E. Lee, Antietam Creek, Maryland.Maryland.

• 11stst Northern Battle, lasted 1 day, Northern Battle, lasted 1 day, 26,000 died- but it was a draw26,000 died- but it was a draw

• Lee withdrew to the South, and the Lee withdrew to the South, and the Union did not followUnion did not follow

• Lee’s failure to win here led to Lee’s failure to win here led to Lincoln’s Emancipation ProclamationLincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg- April 1863- April 1863

• Lee, Gettysburg, PALee, Gettysburg, PA• Chance meeting of North and South Chance meeting of North and South

troops, 51,000 died- deadliest battle troops, 51,000 died- deadliest battle of the Civil warof the Civil war

• Lee had been asking for French and Lee had been asking for French and British help- none came, he gave up British help- none came, he gave up trying to invade the North after thistrying to invade the North after this

• Led to the Gettysburg Address and Led to the Gettysburg Address and the Gettysburg National Cemetarythe Gettysburg National Cemetary

Gettysburg Address

• November 1863, 4 months after the November 1863, 4 months after the battle, Lincoln spoke eloquently battle, Lincoln spoke eloquently about the loss of this Battleabout the loss of this Battle

• The purpose of this speech was to The purpose of this speech was to raise spirits and encourage raise spirits and encourage Northerners and Southerners to Northerners and Southerners to unite once again as a great nation.unite once again as a great nation.

Vicksburg- May-July Vicksburg- May-July 18631863

• Major Ulysses S. Grant took 7 weeks Major Ulysses S. Grant took 7 weeks to defeat the Confederate army and to defeat the Confederate army and take over this strategic hill on a take over this strategic hill on a bend in the Mississippibend in the Mississippi

• Once in power over this fort, he Once in power over this fort, he controlled all traffic on the River and controlled all traffic on the River and cut off supplies to the Confederate cut off supplies to the Confederate forces in the South forces in the South

Atlanta- July- September Atlanta- July- September 18641864

• General Sherman took six weeks to General Sherman took six weeks to take control over this center of take control over this center of Confederate manufacturing and the Confederate manufacturing and the center of their RR.center of their RR.

• He burned it to the ground and He burned it to the ground and destroyed everything in his path on destroyed everything in his path on his march to the Atlantic Oceanhis march to the Atlantic Ocean

• This was when the South realized This was when the South realized they would losethey would lose

Significance of the Emancipation Significance of the Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

• As discussed earlier, there were 3 main As discussed earlier, there were 3 main reasons for the Emanicipation Proclamation:reasons for the Emanicipation Proclamation:

1.1. Lincoln knew slaves in the south would run, Lincoln knew slaves in the south would run, weakening the Confederacyweakening the Confederacy

2.2. It gave hope to the northern slaves that the It gave hope to the northern slaves that the US would eventually be a free countryUS would eventually be a free country

3.3. It gave purpose to the Union military It gave purpose to the Union military

The Disparity between the North The Disparity between the North and the Southand the South

• Make a chart of the advantages and Make a chart of the advantages and disadvantages of fighting as the disadvantages of fighting as the North and the South.North and the South.

RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

• During reconstruction, African During reconstruction, African Americans made progress in many Americans made progress in many areas. Some gains lasted, while others areas. Some gains lasted, while others did not.did not.– Many A.A. children attended free schools Many A.A. children attended free schools

for the first time.for the first time.– A.A.’s started newspapers, served in public A.A.’s started newspapers, served in public

office and attended new colleges office and attended new colleges established for them.established for them.

– Morehouse College was established in Morehouse College was established in Atlanta in 1867 as the Augusta Institute.Atlanta in 1867 as the Augusta Institute.

Death of LincolnDeath of Lincoln

• Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865Booth on April 14, 1865

• Andrew Jackson became president, Andrew Jackson became president, and was therefore charged with the and was therefore charged with the job of continuing Reconstructionjob of continuing Reconstruction

Morehouse College Morehouse College circa: 1900circa: 1900

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau

• Created by Congress to help African Created by Congress to help African Americans (A.A.) make the transition Americans (A.A.) make the transition to freedom. They helped:to freedom. They helped:– Former slaves with food, clothing, jobs, Former slaves with food, clothing, jobs,

medicine and medical-care facilities.medicine and medical-care facilities.– Helped some former slaves acquire Helped some former slaves acquire

land.land.– Helped set up schoolsHelped set up schools

Drawing of a Freedmen’s Drawing of a Freedmen’s school during school during

reconstruction.reconstruction.

40 Acres and a Mule40 Acres and a Mule

• Although General Grant promised freed Although General Grant promised freed slaves land after the war, all land was slaves land after the war, all land was returned to its former owners.returned to its former owners.

• Congress finally set aside several million Congress finally set aside several million acres for former slaves, but the land was acres for former slaves, but the land was swampy and no good for farming.swampy and no good for farming.

• Without land, and few skills outside of Without land, and few skills outside of farming, the newly freed slaves had few farming, the newly freed slaves had few options other than sharecropping or tenant options other than sharecropping or tenant farming. This caused them to work for farming. This caused them to work for former slaveholders in much the same former slaveholders in much the same conditions as slavery.conditions as slavery.

The Significance of the 13The Significance of the 13thth, 14, 14thth and 15and 15thth Amendments Amendments..

• 1313thth: Abolished slavery in the U.S.: Abolished slavery in the U.S.• 1414thth: Gave citizenship to all people : Gave citizenship to all people

born in born in the U.S. Guaranteed no the U.S. Guaranteed no citizen would citizen would lose their rights lose their rights without due process.without due process.

• 1515thth: Removed restrictions on voting : Removed restrictions on voting based on race, color or ever based on race, color or ever

having having been a slave. Gave all men been a slave. Gave all men the right to the right to vote at age 21.vote at age 21.

Southern Resistance to Racial Equality Southern Resistance to Racial Equality During ReconstructionDuring Reconstruction

• After the 13After the 13thth Amendment abolished slavery, Amendment abolished slavery, all former slave states enacted black codes.all former slave states enacted black codes.

• These codes were laws written to control These codes were laws written to control the lives of former slaves. Black Codes kept the lives of former slaves. Black Codes kept freed slaves from:freed slaves from:– VotingVoting– Traveling without a passTraveling without a pass– Serving on juriesServing on juries– Testifying against white peopleTestifying against white people– Marrying white peopleMarrying white people

KKKKKK

• This secret society was formed by This secret society was formed by veterans of the Confederate Army to fight veterans of the Confederate Army to fight against Reconstruction. against Reconstruction.

• They used murder, arson and other They used murder, arson and other threatening actions to control ex-slaves threatening actions to control ex-slaves and white people who helped ex-slaves.and white people who helped ex-slaves.

• Some southern leaders urged the Klan to Some southern leaders urged the Klan to step down because Federal Troops would step down because Federal Troops would not leave the South as long as they were not leave the South as long as they were needed to protect the former slaves.needed to protect the former slaves.

The Impeachment of Andrew The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson in Relationship to Johnson in Relationship to

ReconstructionReconstruction• President Johnson wanted to curb the President Johnson wanted to curb the

hostile treatment of Southern leaders by hostile treatment of Southern leaders by the Radical Republicans. the Radical Republicans.

• To prevent this, Congress passed a law To prevent this, Congress passed a law saying that a President could not remove a saying that a President could not remove a cabinet member from office during the cabinet member from office during the term of the President who appointed him. term of the President who appointed him. This law was passed to protect a radical This law was passed to protect a radical republican sympathizer in Johnson’s republican sympathizer in Johnson’s cabinet. Johnson felt that this was cabinet. Johnson felt that this was unconstitutional, and dismissed the cabinet unconstitutional, and dismissed the cabinet member anyway.member anyway.

President JohnsonPresident Johnson

• The Radical Republicans used this as a The Radical Republicans used this as a reason to impeach Johnson on 11 counts.reason to impeach Johnson on 11 counts.

• After a three month trial in the senate, After a three month trial in the senate, Johnson missed being convicted by one Johnson missed being convicted by one vote, and was not removed from office. vote, and was not removed from office.

• This was a victory for democracy, because This was a victory for democracy, because Johnson was not impeached just for Johnson was not impeached just for having political opinions that were having political opinions that were unpopular with politicians who had the unpopular with politicians who had the power to impeach himpower to impeach him