STANDARD 3a

• Students know the structure of the atom and know it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Structure of Matter• All matter is made up of small

particles called atoms• An atom is the smallest unit of an

element• Composed of three particles

– Protons – positively charged particles in the nucleus (center)

– Neutrons – particles with no charge located in the nucleus

– Electrons – negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus in shells also known as energy levels

• Most of the atom’s mass is located in the nucleus

Structure of Matter

18. Which of the following best describes an atom?

A Protons and electrons grouped together in a random pattern

B Protons and electrons grouped together in an alternating pattern

C A core of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons

D A core of electrons and neutrons surrounded by protons

ANSWER: C

Structure of Matter

20. The diagram above shows models of two different atoms. Which subatomic particles are represented by the black dots?A protonsB neutronsC electronsD nuclei

ANSWER: C

Structure of Matter

22. Which particles in an atom account for nearly all the atom’s mass

A electrons only

B protons only

C neutrons only

D protons and neutrons

ANSWER: D

STANDARD 3b

• Students know that compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements and that compounds have properties that are different from their constituent elements

COMPOUNDS• All matter is made of elements• In nature, most elements are found

combined with other elements because most atoms are unstable

• When atoms combine, they form a chemical bond, which is a force of attraction between two atoms

• A compound is a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio. Water molecule is always made up of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.

COMPOUNDS• Valence electrons are the electrons that have

the highest energy level and are held most loosely because they are farthest away from the nucleus

• Atoms become stable (or happy) when they have a total of 8 valence electrons. All atoms except the noble gas atoms have fewer than 8 valence electrons

• Atoms achieve 8 valence electrons by bonding with other atoms

• Two main types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds and covalent bonds

• An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge: positive or negative

COMPOUNDS

• Ionic Bond: a chemical bond that forms as a result of the attraction between positive and negative ions

• Covalent Bond: a chemical bond that forms when two atoms share valence electrons

• A molecule is a neutral group of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds

• Water is a molecular compound with a chemical formula of H2O

COMPOUNDS24. Which of the following chemical

formulas represents a compound?

A He

B O2

C HCl

D Sn

ANSWER: C

COMPOUNDS

26. The atoms in a molecule of water are joined by

A ionic bonds

B covalent bonds

C unshared electrons

D shared protons

ANSWER: B

COMPOUNDS27. Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form

MgO. Properties of MgO are most likely

A similar to magnesium

B similar to oxygen

C different from magnesium or oxygen

D similar to both magnesium and oxygen

ANSWER: C

STANDARD 3c

• Students know atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers

STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS

• Ionic compounds form solids by building up repeating patterns of ions.

• The result is a solid with an orderly, three dimensional arrangement called a crystal

• Solid ionic compounds are hard and brittle, have high melting points and when melted or dissolved conduct electricity

STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS• Molecular compounds contain atoms

that are covalently bonded, forming molecules

• Molecular compounds have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity

STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS• Some molecular compounds are

composed of polymers• A polymer is a very large molecule

made of a chain of many repeating, smaller molecules bonded together

• Many of the molecules that make up living things are polymers: proteins, DNA, carbohydrates

Amino acid NucleotideGlucose

STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS

28. Which is not a characteristic of a molecular compound?

A low melting point

B does not conduct electric current

C low boiling point

D hard, brittle solids at room temperature

ANSWER: D

STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS

29. What type of structure is shown in the diagram?

A atom

B crystal

C molecule

D polymer

ANSWER: B

STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS

30. Which of the following kinds of force helps hold the particles together?A electrical attractionB magnetic attractionC gravitational attractionD thermonuclear attraction

ANSWER: A

STRUCTURE OF COMPOUNDS

31. Some compounds found in the human body are long chains of smaller molecules. These chains are called

A carbon molecules

B covalent bonds

C polymers

D crystals

STANDARD 3d

• Students know the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) depend on molecular motion

Molecular Motion32. Which type of

motion best represents the movement of gas particles?A Motion 1B Motion 2C Motion 3D Motion 4

ANSWER: A

STANDARD 3e• Students know that in solids the

atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate; in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently

Molecular Motion• Solid LiquidLiquid GasGas

Molecular Motion• Definite shape and volume• Lowest energy• Tightly packed together• Does not take the shape of its

container Definite volume but no definite shapeDefinite volume but no definite shape Slightly higher energy than solidsSlightly higher energy than solids Molecules slide past one anotherMolecules slide past one another Takes the shape of its containerTakes the shape of its container

No definite shape or volumeNo definite shape or volume Highest energyHighest energy Molecules move throughout the Molecules move throughout the

containercontainer Takes shape of containerTakes shape of container

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

CHANGES OF STATE

• A change of state is the conversion of a substance from one physical form to another.

• All changes of state are physical changes.

• During a change of state, energy of a substance changes. Energy is either released or absorbed

CHANGES OF STATE

• Melting – from a solid to a liquid

• Freezing – from a liquid to a solid

• Vaporization – from a liquid to a gas– Boiling – takes place throughout the liquid– Evaporation – takes place only on the

surface

• Condensation – from a gas to a liquid

• Sublimation – from a solid to a gas

CHANGES OF STATE

CHANGES OF STATE

33. What occurs when liquid water becomes ice?A Energy is added to the water, so its

molecules move more slowlyB Energy is added to the water, so its

molecules move more quicklyC Energy is removed from the water,

so its molecules lock into placeD Energy is removed from the water,

so its molecules move apart

ANSWER: C

Changes of State34. The graph shows the effect of adding energy to water at

sea level. When the temperature reaches 100 degrees Celsius, what happens to the water molecules as energy continues to be added?A. The water molecules gain energy as the temperature continues to riseB The water molecules gain no energy and the temperature stays the sameC The water molecules become more ordered as the state changes to a gasD The water molecules move farther apart as the state changes to a gas

ANSWER: DANSWER: D

CHANGES OF STATE35. The diagram illustrates the particles of

a solid substance held in a container. What would happen if the substance gained enough energy so that it melted completely?A The particles would remain locked together in the same shapeB The particles would spread out

into a layer that fills the bottom part of the container

C The particles would spread apart widely and fill the entire containerD The particles would chemically

change into new substances

ANSWER: B