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11/4/2014
1
Stan Kellar, MDChief of Clinical Affairs, BH NLR
Pulmonary Medicine
Sleep Medicine
COPD
Physiology
• The lungs are filters
• Filter in oxygen
• Filter out carbon dioxide
• (Vascular filter, not part of this discussion)
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Normal Conducting System
Alveoli
• Surface area equivalent to that of a tennis court.
• Very thin.
Alveolar and capillary surface
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Perfusion
• Low pressure bed, PA pressure 30/10.
• Approximately 6 billion capillaries in human lung, or about 2000 per alveolus.
• Under normal (resting) conditions there is little or no flow to the apices, a waterfall effect.
Ventilation/Perfusion
• Under normal circumstances the V/Q (ventilation to perfusion) ratio is 1.
• This is altered with decreased perfusion (PE) or decreased ventilation (obstructive lung disease or infiltrative diseases).
Transportation O2
• Primarily by hemoglobulin.
• Very little dissolved in plasma.
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Transportation of CO2
• 10% dissolved in plasma.
• 20 % carried by Hemoglobin.
• 70% in form of bicarbonate.
• CO2 dissociation curve linear.
COPD
• Chronic airflow limitation
• Airway inflammation
• Affects more than 6% of the population
• Third leading cause of death in US
• Preventable
• Treatable
COPD
• Chronic bronchitis‐chronic productive cough for three months in two successive years
• Emphysema‐permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, loss of alveolar walls
• “Asthma”‐Reversible airflow limitation
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Emphysema
Causes
• Smoking‐Duration and Amount. PACK YEARS
• Threshold? About 25 pack years
• Smoking
• Smoking
• Biomass fuel in developing countries
Incidence
• Overall 6.3% USA
• Higher in men, lower education level and socioeconomic groups
• Incidence increases with increasing age
• 3rd to 6th leading cause of death
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RISK BY AGE
Pathology
• Airway limitation‐inflammation
• Goblet cell hyperplasia
• Mucus plugging
• Loss of airway tethering
• Loss of airway rigidity
• Bronchospasm
Normal Airway
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Airway narrowing
Symptoms
• Shortness of breath
• Cough, with or without sputum
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
Dyspnea
• Lung disease
• Heart disease
• Circulatory problems
• Neuromuscular diseases
• Therefore not all dyspnea is due to lung diseases
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Wild Cards
• ACID REFLUX
• 25% of patients with significant reflux have no reflux symptoms
• Another 25% underestimate the degree of reflux
• Patients with symptoms have 2x rate of exacerbations
• Deconditioning
Physical Findings
• Wheezing
• Decreased breath sounds
• Crackles in bases
• Diminished heart sounds
• Barrel‐shaped chest
• Tobacco stained finger tips
• Clubbing is rare
Chest X‐ray
• Normal
• Hyperinflation
• Bullae
• Flattened hemi‐diaphragms
• Basilar scarring
• Unexpected disease‐pneumothorax, lung cancer
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Hyperinflation
Pneumothorax
Spirometry
• FEV1‐effort dependent
• FVC‐effort and time dependent, more than 6 seconds
• FEV1/FVC ratio‐less than 70%
• Peak flow‐useful for trends, very effort dependent
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Global initiative on chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
• GOLD 1: Mild (FEV1 >80% Pred.)
• GOLD 2: Moderate (FEV1 50‐80% Pred.)
• GOLD 3: Severe (FEV1 30‐50% Pred.)
• GOLD 4: Very severe (FEV1 < 30% Pred.)
COPD Assessment TestOK < 10
Modified Medical Research Council Guide
• Please Check Line That Applies to You• Grade 0: I only get short of breath with strenuous exercise. ___
• Grade 1: Short of breath hurrying or up slight incline. ___
• Grade 2: I walk slower on level ground as similar aged individuals
• or I stop to rest when walking on my own. ___
• Grade 3: I stop for breath when walking 100 meters or after a
• few minutes. ___
• Grade 4: I am too breathless to leave the house or I am
• breathless dressing or undressing. ___
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RISK
• Related to history of exacerbations
• Group A: Low risk, less symptoms ‐ GOLD 1‐2 and 0‐1 exacerbations
• Group B: Low risk, More symptoms – GOLD 1‐2 and 0‐1 exacerbations
• Group C: High risk, Less symptoms – GOLD 3‐4 and > 2 exacerbations
• Group D: High risk, More symptoms ‐ GOLD 3‐4 and > 2 exacerbations
Exacerbations
• Increased dyspnea
• Increased cough
• Sputum production
• +/‐ fever
• +/‐ chest pain – chest tightness
Exacerbation Treatment
• Steroids, oral or IV
• Antibiotics, oral or IV
• Additional bronchodialators
• Hospitalization
• Non‐invasive ventilation
• Ventilation
• Over 7% do not return to baseline
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Smoking Cessation
• Without help/nicotine replacement‐10%
• With help/nicotine replacement‐50‐60%
• ASK – ADVISE – ASSESS – ASSIST‐ ARRANGE
• Chantix
• Nicotine, Give enough
• Too much nicotine causes nausea
Decreased airflow + smoking
• Progressive lung disease
• 25 times normal risk for heart attack or stroke
• 8 times risk for lung, laryngeal, esophageal, stomach, kidney, bladder, oral and pancreatic cancer
• Cessation rapidly reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications
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Medications: Short actingRescue
• Beta agonists, MDI or nebulizer (albuterol)
• Techniques
• Spacers
• Cost
• Intended for rescue
• Primary side effects cardiac arrhythmia (tachycardia) and tremor
Medications: Short actingRescue
• Anticholinergics, MDI or nebulizer (Atrovent)
• Short acting
• Rescue
• Costs
• Adverse effects rare, dryness
Medications: Long acting
• Beta agonists, MDI and nebulizer
• Foradil and Serevent are the primary single agents with MDI
• Perforomist and Brovana are the nebulizedforms
• Almost never used alone
• Increased risk of death in asthma patients when use alone (Black Box Warning)
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Medications: Long acting
• Anticholinergics, MDI
• Spiriva and Tudorza
• Cost
Medications: Inhaled Steroids
• MDI and nebulizer
• Controversy
• Single agents, Flovent, Asmanex, Qvar, Pulmicort
• Anti‐inflammatory
• Adverse effects‐oral thrush, hoarseness, possible osteoporosis, increased risk of pneumonia
Medications: Steroids/Beta agonists
• MDIs
• Advair Discus and MDI
• Symbicort
• Dulera
• Breo, new, fluticasone and vilanterol
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Medication: LABA + LA Anticholinergic
• Anoro, new
Medications: Steroids
• Anti‐inflammatory
• Oral prednisone or Medrol
• Dose and length of treatment controversial
• IV for hospitalized patients, dose and length of treatment controversial
• Adverse effects – Hyperglycemia, thrush, increased risk of infection, osteoporosis, weight gain, myopathy
Medications: Phosphodiesterase‐4 Inhibitors
• Daliresp – anti‐inflammatory
• Frequent side effects with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, generalized aches, loss of appetite
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Medication: Theophyllins
• Moderate bronchodialator
• Toxicity is dose related
• Adverse effects – nausea, vomiting, headaches, seizures
• Blood levels altered by other medications, both up and down
Special Consideration
• Alpha‐1 Antrypsin Deficiency
• Earlier emphysema with a basilar predominance
• Replacement available
• Testing is free
Vaccinations
• Yearly flu immunization
• Pneumococcal vaccine for patients 65 years and older
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Oxygen
• Improve mortality
• Improve dyspnea
• Improve quality of life
• Improve cognition
• Cost – over $500/mo., 1 million patients in USA at a cost of over 2 billion dollars
Oxygen
• PaO2 , 55 mmHg or saturation, 89% at rest
• PaO2 , 60 with cor pulmonale, right heart failure or HCT > 55
• O2 saturation less than 89 % for more than 5 minutes with sleep (Look for OSA)
• Pao2 < 55 or saturation <88 with exercise
• In COPD patients check ABGs on O2 to check PaCO2
ANN Internal Med 1980; 93:391
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Lancett 11981; 1:681
Oxygen
• No benefit for saturations > 92%
• Increase in PaCO2 (Hypoventilation)
• Absorptive atelectasis
• Hyper‐oxemia can result in decreased free water clearance
• Facial burns especially in patients with facial hair
• Fall risk with the tubing
• NO SMOKING
RISK
• Related to history of exacerbations
• Group A: Low risk, less symptoms ‐ GOLD 1‐2 and 0‐1 exacerbations
• Group B: Low risk, More symptoms – GOLD 1‐2 and 0‐1 exacerbations
• Group C: High risk, Less symptoms – GOLD 3‐4 and > 2 exacerbations
• Group D: High risk, More symptoms ‐ GOLD 3‐4 and > 2 exacerbations
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Treatment RecommendationsGOLD
• Group A • Group B• Group C• Group D
• Group A
• Group B • Group C
• Group D
• S‐A Beta agonist or anticholinergic• L‐A Beta agonist or anticholinergic• ICS + LA Beta or LA anticholinergic• ICS + LA Beta +/or LA anticholinergic• ALTRERNATIVE• LA Beta or LA anticholinergic or SA Beta
with SA anticholinergic• LA Beta with LA anticholinergic• LA Beta + LA anticholinergic or LA Beta +
PD4 Inh or LA anticholinergic + PD4 Inh• ICS + LA Beta + LA Antichol. Or ICS + LA Beta
+ PD4 Inh, or LA Beta + LA antichol, LA antichol + PD4 inh
Other Considerations
• Exercise
• Mucolytics
• Antidepressants
Comorbidities
• Coronary artery disease
• Osteoporosis
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Cancer
• Heart failure
• Atrial fibrilation
• Interstitial lung diseases
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Referrences
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive lung Disease• Lancet 370; 2007, p741, “International variation…”• Lancet 378; 2011, p991, “Lifetime risk…”• MMWR 61, 2012, p938, “COPD among adults”• UpToDate• Chest 130; 2006, p1096, “Role of gastroesophageal…”• Am J Crit Care Med 180; 2009, p3, “The Natural History…”• NEJM 365: 2011, p1184, “Changes in Forced…”• Pulmonary Physiology in Clinical Medicine, Tisi• Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161; 2000, p 1608, “Time course and
recovery…”• BMJ 1; 1977, p1645, “The natural history…”• Am J Respir Crit Care Med178; 2008, p332, “Effect of pharmacotherapy…”• JAMA 309;2013, p2223, “Short‐term vs conventional…”