Name____________________________________________________________Date___________________________Period_______

Cell Specialization NotesCell Differentiation = Cell Specialization

What is Cell Differentiation?

Cell Differentiation=_____________________________ It is a ________________________. And in this process, a cell becomes “____________________” for

a specific structure or function during _____________________ development

Why is cell differentiation directly related to STEM CELLS? Well, ______________ cells are the ones able to differentiate. Stem cells are ____________________ cells. They have several abilities:

1. The can ________________ and renew themselves for______________ periods of time.2. They can __________________ undifferentiated in form.3. They can develop into _______________________ type of cell (_____________________________).

What, then, makes a blood cell different from a skin or muscle cell, or a leaf cell from a root cell in a plant? The answer lies in the way each cell “deploys” or utilizes its _______________ (______________________). In other words, the particular combination of genes that are turned _____ (expressed) or turned off

(_____________________) dictates cellular structure and ______________________.

What does this mean exactly? And how does it happen? Actually, a cell’s location within the embryo helps determine how it will differentiate. First, it is decided which genetic information will be expressed, thereby indicating the type of cell that is to be

formed. Then, through cell differentiation, those instructions are carried out and specialized cells are formed. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

When does differentiation occur? Differentiation occurs numerous times during the

_________________________ of a multicellular organism. As the organism changes from a simple ___________________ to a complex

system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation is a common process in ____________________ as well: adult

stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue __________________ and during normal cell ___________________.

Major Types of Stem Cells: ___________________________ Stem Cells

Cell can develop into all cell types. Can self-renew indefinitely Plentiful Embryos used in research is 4-5 days old: it

is a ball of cells Left over embryos from IVF procedures.

They are mostly donated.

__________________________ Stem Cells Cell can develop into a few cell types but

not all. Hard to find. Body cells (somatic) found in organs and

tissues. They are called “adult” because they are

found after an embryo develops into a fetus and are no longer an embryonic stem cell.

Examples of Specialized Cells:

1. Blood Cells:A. Red blood cells carry _______________________ to body cells.B. _________________ blood cells protect us from infection by

_____________________ foreign substances.2. Muscle Cells:

Muscle cells are specifically designed to ___________________________, to cause movement. Their long, _______________________________________________ is perfect for contracting.

3. Epithelial Cells:Epithelial cells are found on biological ________________________. They can be designed for ________________________, absorption, secretion, etc.

4. In Plants:A. Specialized “____________________________” on roots are designed to increase

_________________________ of water and nutrients, through increased surface __________.B. Other cells in ___________________ are designed for _____________________, and protection.C. Plant stems have cells that are specialized for _______________________ water, nutrients, etc. throughout

the plants.D. _____________________ of plants have many kinds

of specialized cells.1. __________________ cells open and close to let

out water vapor and allow for ____________ exchange.

2. _______________________ cells have many chloroplasts for carrying out _________________________.

Putting it all together: In all previous examples, the particular combination of genes that are turned on (expressed) or turned off (repressed) has dictated or determined:

How these cells work And what they look like…