STAAR REVIEW 2014

Go For COMMENDED!!! YOU CAN DO IT!! CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: ____________ are the smallest unit of living things Simple cells are ______________________ (bacteria) Complex cells are _____________________ (protists, fungi, plants & animals) Functions of ORGANELLES:

• Cell membrane (____________) ________________________________________________________________

• Cytoplasm (____________) ________________________________________________________________

• Nucleus (____________) ________________________________________________________________

• Mitochondria ________________________________________________________________

• Ribosomes (____________) ________________________________________________________________

• Endoplasmic Reticulum ________________________________________________________________

• Lysosome ________________________________________________________________

• Vacuole (____________) Vesicle (____________) ________________________________________________________________

• Cell wall (____________________________________________) ________________________________________________________________

• Chloroplast (_____________________________________) ________________________________________________________________

Homeostasis – describes the ____________________________ the cell maintains in response to its__________________________________. How would the cell maintain homeostasis in a salty (hypertonic) environment? ____________________________________________________________________________ What part of the cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? _______________________

Types of Transport ______________ TRANSPORT – requires the use of ______________________ to move materials across the cell membrane ______________ TRANSPORT – _______________________ required due to materials flowing from ___________ concentration to ____________ concentration (____________________)

Name:

Plant Cells Energy conversion is through ______________________________. This happens in the ___________________________. Energy from the sun is converted into a ______________ called ___________________. What is the formula for glucose? ______________________ Animal Cells Energy conversion is through ______________________________. ___________________________ release __________________by breaking down molecules like _____________________. Write the equation for cellular respiration: Write the equation for photosynthesis: How do the two compare? ________________________________________________________ Cells can create more complex molecules from simpler molecules. An example of this is __________________________________ where proteins are created by joining ________________________ together during RNA ____________________________.

Mitochondria Site of ___________ _____________

Organic molecules and O2

CO2 and H2O

PLANTSS

ANIMALS

Chloroplast Site of ________________

Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid

_______________________ = a chain of __________________________

VIRUSES VS CELLS:

HIV is particular dangerous virus because:

• It attacks human _________________as its host. These cells are critical to the human ____________________________ system.

• It is sexually transmitted. • It cannot be treated with ___________________. Why? ________________________ • It may undergo a latency period and an infected person can pass the virus unknowingly.

THE CELL CYCLE: I – Interphase: Cell grows, develops, and duplicates its DNA M – Mitosis: Cell (nuclear) division is occurring G1 – First Gap: Cell ____________________ S – Synthesis: Cell ____________________ its DNA G2 – Second Gap: More cell growth and ___________________________ for division

MITOSIS: division of the nucleus What process occurs at the end of telophase, separating the cytoplasm? ___________________ What is the end result of mitosis? ____________________________________ Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction? _____________________________ Mitosis occurs in _____________________ (body) cells

Viruses

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

Bacteria Cells

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

• _________________________________

___________

The _________________ disintegrates. The ___________ is condensing into __________________. ________________ move toward poles.

___________

The ________________ align at the metaphase plate in the __________ of the cell.

___________

The chromosomes ____________and the __________________ shortens as they move to opposite ends of the cell.

___________

The ________________ chromosomes go back into ________________ and are surrounded by nuclear membranes.

What percentage of time is spent in Interphase? _______________

What phases of the cell cycle can you identify in the picture to the right? Identify a cell in: G1 Interphase G2 Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase BIOMOLECULES: fill in the table as we go through the presentation

Name and Elements

Structure and Function Example

Carbohydrate _________________

Lipids _________________

Proteins _________________

Nucleic Acids _________________

GENETICS:

Nucleotides

• DNA is a strand of thousands or millions of ____________________________

• Nucleotides consist of: • ___________________________ • ___________________________ • ___________________________

• Three nucleotides create a _______________ or triplet

• Each _______________ will code for a particular _________________________

Characteristics of DNA

• Carries _________________ information for _____________ in an organism

• Twisted, ____________________ structure

• Coding is carried in two sets of complimentary __________________:

• _____________-______________

• _____________-______________

• Strands of millions of _________________

• Each _________________, or triplet, codes for a particular ________________________.

• There are _________ possible amino acids. • These chains of amino acids create a ______________. • Each protein will have a specific __________________

resulting in a particular ____________ in the organism.

MUTATIONS:

• DNA is altered by either:

• __________________ a nitrogen base (A, T, G, or C) into a DNA sequence • __________________ a nitrogen base (A, T, G, or C) from a DNA sequence • __________________ a nitrogen base in a DNA sequence (A G)

• A mutation may cause no effect if the codon in the DNA sequence still codes for the same ______________________________.

• A mutation will be noticed if the codon in DNA sequence codes for a _____________ amino acid. In this case the mutation may be either harmful or beneficial to the organism.

Suppose an mRNA strand has the following bases: CGA-ACU-UUA

What three amino acids would be produced? ____________________

____________________

____________________

A ______________________ occurs when a nitrogen base is either inserted, deleted, or changed from the original. A mutation can:

• Create a new trait that is ________________

• Create a new trait that is ________________

• Result in no change because the codon still results in the same ________________

Suppose a DNA strand has the following bases: UGU-CUU-GCA-AGU

However, CUU undergoes a mutation and is changed to CUA. Will this result in a change in protein synthesis? _________ why or why not? ______________________ _____________________________

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: ________________________ – ___________ reads ___________ for code

Begins in _____________________ Takes message through _________________ to _________________ _________________/triplets code for _______________

_______________________ – ______________ is made mRNA (with codons) and _____________ (with _________________ and

_______________) to make a polypeptide chain (____________) Occurs in the __________________________

MEIOSIS: What type of reproduction is meiosis? _______________________ Where does meiosis occur? _______________________ What is the end result of meiosis? _______________________ What is crossing over and when does it occur? ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

MENDELIAN GENETICS: Genetics is the study of the odds and percentages any given offspring will have a set of traits. Three Laws of Mendelian Genetics:

1. Alleles (form of a ___________) ___________________ and recombine, and one allele is inherited from each __________________.

2. Traits are ______________________ of one another (hair color does not affect height). 3. One trait may mask another trait for the same thing (________________________ over

_____________________________).

Green Dog (male) and Yellow Dog (female) meet, fall in love, and get married. Green and Yellow have four puppies. If yellow coats (Y) in dogs are dominant to green coats (y), and both parents are homozygous, what are the likely colors of their four puppies? What is homozygous? ________________________________________ What is heterozygous? ________________________________________ What is phenotype? ________________________________________ What is genotype? ________________________________________ This is an example of a monohybrid cross (___________ trait). Each of the puppies will be __________________, but __________________________. The phenotype of each puppy is __________________. The genotype of each puppy is ________, meaning that each puppy carries a _______________ green _____________. Now let’s suppose Yellow Dog has a genotype of Yy and carries a recessive green allele. What is the genotype of Green Dog? ____________ What are the possible colors of their four puppies? ____________________________________

Y Y

Y

y

Yy Yy

Yy Yy

Example of dihybrid cross (__________ traits): Yellow Dog has a short tail (recessive), and Green Dog has a long tail (dominant). Green Dog is heterozygous for a long tail.

Color – yy Color – Yy

Tail – Tt Tail - tt What are the possible colors and tail lengths of their four puppies?

Complete the dihybrid cross.

What are the odds a puppy will be: yellow, long tail __________ yellow, short tail __________ green, long tail __________ green, short tail __________

NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS: Non-Mendelian genetics do not follow the traditional laws of genetics. Non-Mendelian examples include:

• _______________________________ – a white rose and a red rose produce a pink rose. The two traits _______________

• _______________________________ – hemophilia and red-green colorblindness have a high correlation in men. Genes linked to the X or Y chromosome are _________ linked.

EVOLUTION: _______________________________ is the theory that all organisms descended from a single ancestor. Support for this idea is found in:

• ____________________________ – shows the variety of organisms that have existed over time, going from very simple to more complex organisms over billions of years

• ____________________________ – indicates that organisms that live geographically closer are more likely to be genetically similar

• ____________________________ – structural similarities among different species that serve different purposes (i.e., a bird’s wing and a human’s arm)

• ____________________________ – DNA and other molecular similarities between different species

• ____________________________ – embryonic and early developmental similarities Match the examples with the types of evidence below.

1) Fossil record 2) Biogeography 3) Anatomical homology 4) Molecular homol0gy 5) Developmental homology

Example 1:

Example 2:

The bone comparison between a human, dog, bird, and whale is an example of _____________________________________. Same structure, different function is a __________________________ Same function, different structure is a __________________________ A structure that no longer serves a purpose: _____________________

The proximity of like fossils that supports continental drift is an example of ___________________________.

Example 3: Example 4: Example 5:

What process selects for those organisms that are the best fit in their environment to survive

and reproduce? _________________________________________ Do individuals evolve? __________ Populations? ________ What leads to evolution in a

species? _____________________________. Genetic ____________ occurs when new alleles join a population and Genetic ____________

occurs when one allele is favored over another.

Australopithecus africanus

3 million years ago

Homo sapien

Current day

The ________________________

indicates that A. africanus is likely

an ancestor of humans.

99% Identical

DNA

Chimps and humans share 99% of DNA

coding, an example of

______________________________.

The fewer the differences, the

__________________ the evolutionary

relationship.

Tortoise Embryo

Rabbit Embryo

_____________________________

suggests that embryos of many

organisms share similar characteristics.

What two characteristics are found in

the embryos of all vertebrates?

_______________________________

EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION: Hierarchical ________________________ is a method of assigning organisms into groups and subgroups based on similar characteristics. D ___________________ Three Domains: __________________________________ K ___________________ P ___________________ Six Kingdoms: ____________________________________ C ___________________ ____________________________________ O ___________________ Which kingdoms are unicellular and prokaryotic? F ___________________ _____________________________________ G ___________________ Most General taxa: _________________ S ___________________ Most Specialized taxa: _______________ What two taxa make up the scientific name? __________________________________ If two organisms share the same order what other taxa do they share? ____________________ __________________________________________ ______________________ – an organism’s evolutionary history which can be used to classify it. Organism C is most closely related to which other organism? ____________________________ Organism A is most closely related to Organism D or Organism G? ________________________

Organism B

Organism C

Organism D

Organism E

Organism F

Organism G

Organism A

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS:

Which body system(s) would be used for running? ____________________________________ EX: Food is chewed, swallowed, and passed into the stomach where it is broken down into

nutrients. The nutrients are then absorbed into the blood in the small intestine and distributed

What three body systems are primarily interacting with each other in this example? _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ EX: A virus is inhaled from the nearby air and enters the lungs. Mucus is secreted and traps

the virus. T-cells then destroy the virus. A cough is triggered by the brain to remove the virus and mucus.

What three body systems are primarily interacting with each other in this example? _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ EX: A hormones in a female possum are produced that initiate ovulation. What two body systems are primarily interacting with each other in this example? _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________

EX: A drop in calcium in the blood triggers the release of a hormone called PTH from the parathyroid gland. PTH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more calcium from urine and the release of calcium from bones. The kidneys also produce Vitamin D, triggering the small intestine to absorb more calcium.

What body systems interact in this example? _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ _____________________ - ______________________________________________________ This is an example of _____________.

SYSTEMS IN PLANTS: What systems of the tomato plant are involved in the descriptions below? 1. Water and nutrients are absorbed and transported from the soil to the fruit. ____________________________ uptakes water. ______________________________ transport water and nutrients upward through the __________________________ to the fruit. 2. Sugars are produced in the leaves and transported to the roots. ______________________________ transport sugars from the leaves throughout the plant. 3. Hormones are produced triggering seed production and growth. The ________________________________ produces hormones. ____________________________________ move the hormones upward through the _____________________________ producing a flower.

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS: ECOLOGY ________________________________ is the process of building (___________________) or rebuilding (____________________) an ecosystem over time. What is primary succession? Primary Succession Opportunities

• ________________________________________

• ________________________________________

• ________________________________________

What is secondary succession? Secondary Succession Opportunities

• ________________________________________

• ________________________________________

• ________________________________________ ____________________ are called ________________________organisms and are the __________________ organisms to appear in ___________________ succession. At first, the species diversity is low, but eventually mosses, grasses, shrubs, and trees appear. The lichens cannot compete and disappear. RELATIONSHIPS – What is Symbiosis? ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________ - One organism captures and feeds on another ___________________________ - Two species struggle for a limited resource ___________________________ - One benefits, the other is harmed ___________________________ - One benefits, the other is not affected ___________________________ - Both benefit each other

Lichens Mosses Ferns/Grasses Shrubs Trees

Low Diversity High Diversity

TIME

Predation? Competition? Parasitism? Commensalism? Mutualism? Human head louse and human: _____________________________ Hummingbird feeding on nectar while pollinating a flower: _____________________________ Eagle catching fish: _____________________________ Plants in a dense rain forest: _____________________________ An egret looking for insects stirred up by the movement of the rhino: _____________________

Roles of Organisms in an Ecosystem _______________________ – Makes own food from sun’s energy _______________________ – Gets food from other organisms

• Primary – Eats plants • (_______________________________ eating PRODUCERS)

• Secondary – Eats animals that eat plants • (_______________________________ eating HERBIVORES)

• Tertiary – Eats animals that eat other animals • (CARNIVORES eating _____________________________)

What is an autotroph? What is a heterotroph?

Which trophic level has the least amount of energy?______________________ If there’s 6450 Kcal on trophic level 1, how much energy would transfer to the 3rd trophic level? __________________________

__________________ – Largest amount of energy, number of organisms, and _________________

____% of Energy

____% of Energy _____________ Consumers

___________ Consumers

Tertiary Consumers

___________%Energy

____% of Energy

____% of Energy

In the food web, identify:

• Herbivores: _____________________________________________ • Carnivores: _____________________________________________ • Producers: _____________________________________________ • Organisms at the second trophic level:

___________________________________________________________________ • Organism with the highest concentration of toxins: _________________________ • Which organism represents the highest amount of energy and biomass:

___________________________ Ecosystem Stability: Discuss the ecological impacts of draining runoff water in rivers like in the picture to the right. What populations will increase? What populations will decrease? Discuss the ecological impacts of drought like in the picture to the right. What populations would be the first to suffer? What populations are most likely to be least effected?