St Fm 2-22.3 Human Intelligence Collector Operations

8/3/2019 St Fm 2-22.3 Human Intelligence Collector Operations

1/30

FM 2-22.3

(FM

4-s2l

HUMANNTELLIGENCE

COLLECTOR PERATIONS

HEADQUARTERS, EPARTMENT

F

THE

ARMY

September

006

DISTRIBUTION ESTRICTION: pproved or

publ ic

e lease;

is t r ibut ions unl imi ted.

NOTE:

Al l

prev ious

ers ions

f th is

manual

re

obsolete. h is

document

s dent ica ln

content

to the vers ion ated6 September

006.Al l

prev ious

ers ions f th ismanual houldbe

destroyed n accordance

ith

appropr iate

rmy

polic ies

nd

regulations.

z

eovenrurue

ESrBrT

Case 4:07-cr-00575-HCE Document 21-4 Filed 06/26/2007 Page 1 of 30


2/30

This

publications

available t

ArrnyKnowledgeonl ine(, , ' . , ' , \ .'u,1.. ' , - . ' i1?"l .1' . .

General

Dennis .

ReimerTrainingandDoctrine

D gital L brary &t

(':':,

:l:

:,:

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"i:,1:ii

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l)



3/30

FM2-22.3

V i

Preface

' l 'his rnanual plovides doctrinal guidance,

techniques, and

proceclures governing

th e

e'ntployment of human intel l igence

(HLIMINT)

col lect ion

and analyt i cal assets in

st rppolt

of ' the commander"s intel l igence needs.

I t out l ines-

.

HLIN{IN'f

opei'at ions.

.

The HIfNIINT

collector's role

within

the intell igence

operat ing system.

.

'fhe

i'oles and responsibil i t ies of the HLIMINT

collectors and

the

i'oles

of those

pi'oviding

the command, controi, and technical

support of HLIMINT

coliect ion

operat ions.

Tlr is

rnanual expands upon the inforrnation

contained in FM 2-0. I t

s t rpersedes FM

34-52 and

rescinds

ST

2-22.7.

I t is consistent with

doctr ine

in

FM 3-0, FM 5-0, FM 6*0, and JP 2-0. In

accordance with the Detainee

Treatment Act of 2005,

the

only interrogat ion

approaches

and techniques

that are author ized for use against any detainee, regardless of status or

character izat ion. Are those author ized

and l is ted in

this

Field Manual.

Sorrre

of ' the

approaches and techniques

author ized and l is ted in this Field

Manual also require addi t ional speci f ied

approval before

irnplernentat ion.

' fh is

nrunual

lv i l l

be reviewed annual ly and may be amended

ol

updated f rorn

t ime to

t inre to

accour- t t

br

changes

in

doct l ine,

pol icy,

or

law,

and to address lessons earnecl .

Tli is manual

pi 'ovicles

the

doctrinal

guidance

for

HLIMINT collectors

an d

courmanclers anci s taf fs of the MI organizat ions i 'esponsible for

p lann ing

ancl

cxerctrt ing HIIMINT

operat ions.

This manual also serves

as a reference

fol

pei'sonnel

cleveloping cloct i ' ine, tact ics, techniques,

and

procedures

(TTP),

materiel

and force

stnrct t r le; inst i tut ional and

unit

t raining; ancl s tanding opera t ing

procedures

(SOPs),

lol HLINIINT operat ions

at

all anny echelons. In

accordance

with

TRADOC

Iteguiat ion

25-i16, he docti ' ine

in

this

f ield

manual is not

policy

(in

and of

itself),

bu t

is

". . . : r

bocly o{ ' thought on how Army foi 'ces operate. . . . [ t ]

provides

an authol i tat rve

gr.r icle

ol l eaclers and soldiers, while allowing freedom

to adapt to circumstances."

This manunl applies to the Active Army, the Ai'my National Guard/Army National

( iuzrrcl

of ' the Llnited States, and the Llnited States Army Reserve unless

otherwrse

stated. This manual also appl ies to DOD

civ i l ian employees and contrac tors with

responsibil i ty

to engage

in HIIMINT

collect ion act ivit ies.

It

is also intended

fbr commanders and staffs of

ioint

and cornbined commands, and Service Component

Conrmands

(SCC).

Although this is Army doctrine, adaptat ions wil l have

to be made

b)' other

Vli l i tary Depai'tments,

based on each

of

their organizat ions and specif ic

r loct i ' rne.

\ {atcnal i r - r h is mantral

appl ies

to the ful l lange

of

rni l i ta ly

opel 'at ions. Pl incrples

otr t , l ine.c l

lso are

val ic l under cond it ions involv ing use

of elect ronic wai ' fare

(EW)

or '

nucleai ' . b iological , o l chemical (NBC) weapons.

' f

hi.q nranlral is intencled for use by rnil i tary,

civil ian, and civil ian contractor

HLr\ ' l IN'l ' collectors, as well as commanders, staff off icers, and military intell igence

(\ '11)

personnel

charged with the

responsibil i ty

of the HTIMINT collect ion effort.

HII\"I INT opei'at ions vary

depending

on the soul'ce of the information. I t is essential

that all HLINIINT coilectoi 's understand that, whereas operat ions and soulces may

6

September

006



4/30

FM2-22.3

difT'ei. ,

5e

6andling

ancl

breatment

of

sources

rnust

be

accomplishecl

in accordance

rvit l i arpplicable

aw ancl

policy. Applicable

law

and

poiicy

include

LIS

law; the

law

of

n,ar.:

.elevant

international

law;

r 'elevant

dilect ives

including

DOD

Direct ive

3115-09,

"DOD

Intel l igence

Interrogat ions,

Detainee

Debr ief ings,

and

Tact ical

Quest ioning";

I )OD

Dir ,ect ive

2310. lE,

"The

Department

of

Defense

Detainee

Program";

DOD

instr.uct ions; 2ncl rnil i taly execute orders including fragmentary ordei's (FRAGOs).

Inter.r 'ogation,

the

HLIMINT

subdiscipline

i'esponsible

for MI

exploitat ion

of enemy

1r"r. .o.r iul

ancl

their.

clocuments

to

answer

the

supported

specif ic

information

,.eq.,1re,1e1ts

(SIRs),

requires

the

HLIMINT

collector

to

be

fully

familiar

with

both

t,he

classif icat, ion

of the

solrrce

ancl

applicable

law.

The

principles and

techniques

of

HLI\, I INT

collect ion

are to

be

used

within

the

constraints

established

by US

la w

inclr.rcl ing

he

following:

.

'fhe

Llnifbrrn

Cocle

of

Military

Justice

(LICMJ).

.

( r i t ,neva

Convent ion

fbi

the

Arneholat ion

of the

Condit ion

of '

the

Wount led

ancl

Sicli

ir-r. \r.mecl

F-orces

n the

Fielcl

( inclr,rding

Cotnmon

Art icle

II I),

August

12 ,

1919:

herernaf ter

ref .en'ed

o as

GWS.

o

Q6'11s1.a

onvention

Relat ive

to

the

Ti'eatment

of

Pri.soners

of

War

(incltrding

Conmon Art ic le I I I ) , August 12. 1949; hereinaf ter referred to as GPW.

.

Geneva

Convention

Relat ive

to

the

Protect ion

of

Civil ian

Persons

in

Time

of

War

(incluciing

Common

Art icle

II I),

August

12,

1949;

hereinafter

referled

to

as

GC

.

Detaine.e

Tleatment

Act

of

2005,

Publ ic

Law

No.

109-

163,

T i t le

XIV'

HLIN,{INT

collectors

rnust

understand

specif ic

terms

used

to

identify

categories

of

pc.r.solnel

when

refer.r ing

to the

pi' inciples

and

techniques

of

inte|r 'ogation.

I)etei.minatron

of a

cletainee's

status

may

take

a

signif icant

t ime

and

may

not

be

coprpletecl

unti l

well

zrf ter.

he

t ime

of

capture.

Therefore,

there

will be no

dif 'ference

ir-r he

tr.eatment

of a

detainee

of any

status

f lom

the

motlent

of

capture

unti l

such

a

rlctei.ninat ion

is

rnacle.

The

following

terms

are

presented

here and

in the

glossary'

.

Civil ian

Inter.net-. :

A

person

detained

or

interned

in the

United

States

or

in

occr.rpied

erritory

fol

security

reasons,

or

for

protect ion, or

because

he oI

she

ha s

colrmittecl

an

offense

against

the

detaining

power,

and

who

is entit led to

"pi 'otected

person" status

under

the

GC'

o

Enerny

Pi. isoner,

of

War'

(BPW):

A detained

pelson,

as

definecl

in Alt icles

4

ancl

5

of ' t6e

GPW.

I1

part icular , one

who,

whi le

engaged

in combat

under

orc lei 's

of

6is

or .

her.

gover,nment ,

s

captuled

by

the

armed

forces

of

the enemy.

As such,

he,

or .

she '

s ent i t led

to

the

combatant 's

pr iv i lege of

immunity

f rom the

nrunic ipal

lan,ot ' t5e

captui ing

state

fbr

war l ihe

acts

that

do

not

amount

to

breaches

of

the

larv

of 'ar .mecl

con{ l ic t .

Fo l

example,

an

EPW

may

be,

but

is not

l imitec l

to,

any

I )er .so1

e long ing

to

one

of the

fbl lowing

categoi ' ies

of

pelsonnel

who

have

f al len

i . to

the

powey

of ' the

enemy;

a

mernber

of

the almed

forces,

organized

mil i t ia

o|

volunteer.

cor.ps;

a1

person who accotnpanies

the

armed

foi'ces,

without

actually

beir-rg

a

lrernber.

thereof;

a

member

of

a

merchant

marine

oi' civi l ian

ailcraft

clew

not

qualifying

for

more

favorable

treattnent;

or

individuals

who, on

th e

appi.oach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist invading forces'

.

Othei.

Dertainees.

Persons

in the

custody

of the

US

Armed

Foi'ces

who

have

no t

beel

classif iecl

as

an

EPW

(Art icle

4, GPW),

retainecl

pei'sonnel

(Art rc le

33, GPW),

anct

Civ i l ian

Internee

(Alt ic les

27,

41,

-18,

and

78,

GC)

shal l

be

t r ,et r tec l

s

EPWs

unt i i a

lega l

status

is ascertained

by

competent

author i ty ;

fot 'exatnple,

by

Art icle

5

Tribunal.

.

Retainecl

Pei'sonnei:

(See

Art icles

24 and

26, GWS')

6 September

006

vi l



5/30

FM2-22.3

OfTic ir i l medical

personnel

of

the armed forces

exclusively

engagecl in the

sca i 'c l i

f b i ' , o i '

t ,he

col lect ion.

t ransport

or t leatment

of

wounded

or s ic l i ,

or rn

the

1r i 'event ion

o{ 'd isease,

and staf f exclusively

engaged in

the

administ rat ion

o1 ' rer l ica l

uni ts

and

f 'ac i l i t res.

( ' l rap lu ins

at tachecl to the armed fbi 'ces.

Staf f o f Nat iona l Red Cross Societ ies and that of other Volunteel Aid

Societ ies,

cluly

lecognized

and

authorized

by theii '

governments

to assist

Nledical

Service

personnel

of their

own armed forces,

provided

they are

exclusively engaged in

the search for', or

the collect ion,

transport or treatment

of lvouncled oi'

sick, or

in

the

prevention

of disease, and

provided

that

th e

staff of such societ ies are subject

to mil itary laws

and regulat ions.

.

Protectecl Persons: Inc lude

civ i l ians

ent i t led to

protect ion

under

the GC,

including

those we retain in the

course of a confl ict , no

rnattel what

the

i'eason.

.

Enemy Conrbatant : In

general ,

a

person

engaged in host i l i t ies

against

t l ie

Lhritecl States

or its coalit ion

pai'tners

dui' ing an

armed confl ict . The

term

"enemy

conbatant" includes

both

"lawful

enemy combatants"

and

"unlawful

enel] ly combatants. " Al l

captured or detained

personnel,

regardless

of status,

shall

be t i 'eated

humanely,

and in

accordance with

the Detainee Treatment

Ac t

of 2005 and DOD Direct ive

2310.1E,

"Department

of Defense Detainee

Progratn",

and no

person

in

the custody

or

under

the control

of DOD, regardiess

of nat ionality or

physical

location,

shall be

subiect to torture

or cruel, inhuman,

oi' cleglat l ing treatment

oi'punishment. in accordance

with and

as defined in

LI S

l a w .

Lawful Eneml'

Combatant: l,awfr-r l

eneny combatants, who

ale entit lecl t


6/30

FM2-22.3

Chapter

Approach

Techniques

nd Terminat ion

t rateg ies

8-1. Regai'dless

of

the type of operation,

the init ial impression

that the

HUMINT

collector makes

on the

source and

the approach

he takes

to

gain

the

source's cooperation will

have

a lasting

effect

on the continuing

relationship

and

the degree of

success in

collecting information.

Th e

approach used wi l l vary

based

on the

type of operat ion;

the operat ional

envi ronment ; he

status of the source;

he

personal i ty,

posi t ion,

and ident i ty

o{' the sorrrce;

and the

personality

and experience

evel of

the HUMINT

collector

and the time

available.

8-2. The MPs will not take any actions to set condit ions for interrogations

(foi'

example,

"softening

up" a detainee).

Additionally,

in

accordance

with

DOD

Directive

3115.09,military

working

dogs,contracted

dogs,or any

other'

dog in

use

by a

government

agency shall

not be used

as

a

part

of

an

interrogation

approach nor

to harass, intimidate,

threaten,

or coerce

a

cletainee for interrogation

purposes.

Leadership

throughout

the chain

of

comurand is

responsible

to ensure

that HIIMINT

operations are in

compliance with

these

governing

regulations

and

guidelines,

whethel

the

HI |MINT

col lect ion s to

take

place

as

part

of

HCT

operat ions

or in

an

rnte lnment

faci l i ty .

S- i l . The

only authoi ' izecl

nte i ' r 'ogat ion

pproaches

nd

techniquesare

those

at r thol ized

by and l is ted

in

th is manual , in

accordancewi th

the

Detainee

'freattnent

Act

of

2005.

Two

approaches,

Mutt and

Jeff and False

F'lag,

require approvai by the first 0-6 in the interrogabor"s

hain of cornmand.

Th e

lestrictecl

nterrogation

technique

"Separation"

equires

COCOM

commander'

approvai

or

use, and

approvalof each nterrogat ionplan

using

"separat ion"

by

the

filst

General

Officer'/FlagOfficer

(GO/FO)

n

the chain of

cornmand.

Coordination

may also be required

with

the C/J/G2X,

security, egal,

or other

pet'sonnel.

Regardless

of the coordination

efforts required, use

of

al l

tt-'cittriclues

t all locations must

carefully cornply

with this manual

ancl

: rc ld i t ronalnst ruct ions

contained

n the latest

DOD and

COCOM

pol ic ies.

NO'I 'E:

The r,r'oi 'd

sollrce"

will

be

used

n this

chapter to mean

any

pelson

who is

the obiective

of the HIIMINT

collector"s

approach, and is

applicable

in any

c:ollection

situation unless otherwise

noted

in the text. This

use

of the term

"sourcc."

is consistent

with US Arrny Intell isence

Center HUMINT

collcctor

t,rair-ring.

APPROACH

PHASE

8-4.

Dtrring

the

approach

phase,

the HTIMINT

collector

establishes

the

conclit ions

of' control and rapport

to

facil itate

information

collection. The

i tppi 'o t tch

egins wi th

in i t ia l

contact between

he source

and

the HUMINT

collector. Extrerne

cale is required

since the

successof'

the collection

ef1brt

6 Septenrber

006

8-1



7/30

FM

2-22.3

APPROACH

TECHNIQUES

8-17.

The

appi'oaches

listed

are

not

guaranteed

solut ions

for

ever.y

situat ion.

Sotne individual approaches that may be suitable for one operat ing

environment,

such

as when

conducting

HUMINT

contact

operat ions,

may

be

ineffect ive

in

another,

such

as interrogation.

Some

will

be

successful

with

one

sotlrce

and

ineffect ive

with

another.

In

any

case,

everything

th e

HLIMINT

collector

says

and does

must

be in

compliance

with

the

applicable

larv

ancl

policy

ttnder

which

the

HUMINT

collector

is

operat ing.

Applicable

larv

and

pol icy

inc luc le

LIS law;

the

law

of

war ' ;

i 'e levant

inter .nat ional

law:

lelevant

di i 'ect ives

inchrding

DOD

Direct ive

3115.09,

"DOD

Intel l igence

lntei ' r 'ogat ions.

Detainee

Debr ief ings,

and

Tact ica l

Quest ioning";

DOD

Di lec t i ve

2310 . 1E ,

"The

Depa i ' t m en t

o f 'De f ense

De t a inee

Pr , og ram " :

DOD

inst luct rons;

and nr i l i tary

execute

orders

including

FRAGos.

8-18.

' fhere

are 18

approach

techniques

that

can

be

empioyecl

on

any

cletainee

regarclless

of

status

or

characterrzatron,

including

EPWs.

Aclclit ionally, there is one restricted interrogation technique called separat ion

(see

Appendix

M).

Separat ion

cannot

be

employed

on

EPWs.

With

th e

exception

of the

direct

approach,

which

may

be effect ive

by

itself ,

appr.oach

techniques

are t tsed

in

combination

with

other

approaches

and

techniques.

Ti'ansit ions

from

one

apploach

to

another

must

be

smooth,

logical,

an d

convincing.

D I RECT

APPROACH

8-19.

( Interrogat ion

and

Other

MSO)

Almost

al l HUMINT

col lect ion

begins

rvith

the direct

approach.

The

exception

to

this

is

during

elicitation

opei'ations

that

by theii '

very

nature

are indirect.

In

using

the clirect

approach,

he

HUMINT

collector

asks direct questions

(see

Chapter

g).

Th e

init ial questions

may

be administrative

or nonpertinent

but

the HUMINT

collectoi'quickly begins asking pertinent questions.The HUMINT collector

will

continue

to use

direct

questions

as long

as

the source

s

answering

th e

qtrestions

n

a truthful

manner.

When

the

source

refuses

to answer.,

avoicls

Itttstl 'e|ing,

ot'

falsely

answel's

a

pertinent

question,

the HUMINT

collector

u'i l l

begir-r

an

ii ltei 'nate

appi'oach

strategy.

The fact

that

the

sour.ce

s

tttrsweringquestions

does

not

pleclr-rde

he HUMINT

collector.

i,orn

pr,oviding

arn ncentive

to

i'eward

the

sottrce

and

continue

his cooperation

as long

as

that incent ive

does

not

slow

down

the

col lect ion.

For

example,

a

HLIMINT

collectol

ntight

off 'er

he

soui'ce

offee

or cigarettes

o r.ewar.d

is

cooper.ation.

See

Chapter

I

for

the use

of

Repeat

and

Control

questions

in

cletecting

decept ion.

8-20.

Stat ist ics

from

interi 'ogation

opelations

n

Worlcl

War

I I show

that

the

clirect

approach

was

effective

g0

pei'cent

of

the time.

In

Vietnam

and

in

opei 'at ions JRGENT FURY (Grenada,1983), UST CAUSE (panama,19g9),

anr l DESERT

STORM

(Kuwai t

and h.aq,

1gg1),

he

di r .ect

appr.oach

as

g5

Ilelcent

eff 'ective.

The

effectiveness

of the

direct

approach

in

Operations

ENDURING

FRtrEDoM

(Afghanistan,

2001-2002)

and IRAQI

FRBtrDoM

(Ii 'aq,

2003)

are

stil l

being

studied;

however',

unofficial

studies

indicate

that

in

these

operations,

the

direct

approach

has

been

dramaticaily

Iess

sttccessful.

The

direct

approach

is frequently

employed

at lower.

echelons

lvhen

the

tactical

situation

precludes

selecting

other

techniques,

and

where

8-6

6

September

2006



8/30

FM2-22.3

the EPW's o r detainee's mental s tate is one

of confusion oi ' ext rerne shock.

However', the HIIMINT collector must remember

that

just

because a sorn'ce

is answer ing a direct quest ion does not mean he is being t ruthful .

INCENTIVE APPROACH

8-21.

( Interrogat ion

and Othel

MSO) The incent ive

approach is t rading

something

that the source wants for information. The

thing that

you give

up

may

be a

material reward, an

emotional

reward,

or the removal of a real or '

perceived

negative st imulus.

Tire

exchange of the incentive may

be

blatant

or '

subtle. On

one extreme, the exchange may be

a

formal

cash

payment

for'

infbrrnation

during

some contact operat ions while

on the other extreme it

may be as subtle as offering the source a cigarette. Even when

the direct

approach

is

successful,

the HUMINT

collector

may

use

incentives

to

enhance

rappolt

and to

reward

the source

for

cooperat ion and truthfuiness. The

HUMINT collectol rnust be

extremely careful

in

select ing the options offered

to a c leta inee source. He cannot denv th e detainee anvthine that he is

er-rt it led o

b5r aw.

8-22.

The

HIIMINT col lector also

should not of f 'er

anything that

is not in

l i i s

powel

to

give.

Alt l-rough

this

might be expedient in

the

short

term,

in

the

long

i ' t rn

i t w i l l

e l iminate

soul 'ce coopei 'at ion.

When

asked to

provide

sornet ,hrng

bey'ond

his authoi' i ty, the HLIMINT collector can agree to help,

clieck

into, or '

otherwise suppolt the request without cornmittrng himself to its successf 'ul

accornplishment.

HLfMINT collectors must be cautions in

the

uscr

of '

incentives for

the

following reasons:

.

There is an inherent suspicion of the truthfulness of

"bought"

infbi 'rnat ion.

Soulces

lnay rnanufacture infoi 'mation in

orcler to

receiver

ol

maintain an incentive. Sources rnay

also

"hold

bach" information in

the

hopes of

t rading

i t at a later date for

greater

incent ives.

They

rnay

also hold back infoi 'mation i f the incentive is not irnmediatelv available

or

guaranteed.

.

The incentive must be believable and attainable. The incentive rnust be

within the capabil ity of the

HUMINT

collector"s assumed

persona

to

achieve. For exarnple, if the detainee was captui'ed after

kii l ing

a LIS

soldier', an

incentive

of

release

would

not

be realist ic or believable.

Likewise, if the interrogator is

presenting

himself as being

a

"harmless

clerk"

at the detention center, it

woulcl

be unrealist ic

to

expect

a

cletainee to

believe that a clerk

could arrange

to have

the detainee's

gir lfr iend

brought to visit hi.m. Such a visit might be

possible,

but the

intei ' r 'ogator 's

assumed

pelsona

would not

seemingly

provide

him with

the aut l - ror i ty to

rnake i t happen .

.

Tl ' re HLIMINT col lector must

provide

any

promised

incent ive. A s impler

l r rornise of an incent ive may be suf f ic ient to obtain imnrecl iate

coopei'at ion.

I f , however'. the HLIMINT collectoi ' does not fbllow

t,hrough on

pi'oviding

the incentive, he wil l lose ci 'edibil i ty and i 'appolt ,

rvith

his sollrce.

This

may end the cooperat ion of 'not only that source

but also

possibly

any

potent ia l

source who has

contact

with

that ,

soul.ce.

.

The HUMINT collector may not state

or even

imply

that the basic

hurnan r ights

guaranteed

by appl icable nat ional

and internat ional

6 September

2006

8-7



9/30

FM2-22.3

lurvs. i ' r 'gulat io ns, and agreernents wi l l be

cont ingent on a c letarner l

soul 'ce's

coopelat ion. An incent ive foi '

coopelat ion is v iable only i f ' the

HLIMINT collector has or is pelceived to have the authority to

r,vithhold the incentive if the source is not cooperat ive. A

HLIMINT

collector cannot

promise

an EPW that he wil l be treated in

accoi'dance

with the GPW if he cooperates. This statement implies

that the BPW

will

not be treated

properly

if he

does not cooperate.

Since the

trPW

must be treated in accordance with

the GPW

whether he

cooperates or'

not,

the

HUMINT

collectoi 'wil l

rapidly lose

credibil i ty.

EMOTIONAL

APPROACHES

8-23.

( Intei ' rogat ion

and

Other

MSO) Emot ional

approaches are centei 'ec lorr

how

the soulce

views himself

and

his interrelat ionships with

others. Through

soulce obselvat ion and init ial

questi.oning,

the HUMINT

collecfor can often

identrfy dominant emotions that

motivate

the EPW/detainee. The motivat ing

ernotion may be greed, love, hate, l 'evenge, or others. The emotion may be

clirected inwald

(feelings

of

pride

or helplessness) or outward

(love

of family).

The HLIMINT collector employs

verbal

and emotional ruses in

applying

pressrlle

to the source's dominant emotions. He then l i nks

the sat isfact ion of

these emotions to the soufce's cooperat ion. Often, the

presentat ion

of l ike

experrences and

presenting

the source with

an

opportunity

to expi'ess

hi s

erirot ions

is

suff icient to

i 'esult in

cooperat ion.

However',

sometimes t,he

source mtrst be

plesented

with

a

speci f ic

act ion or tangible

rnanifestat ion

of

suppor t .

8-2.1.

Al thougl i the ernot ion is the l iey factor ' , an emot ional apploach is

r-rolmally' n'orthless without an attached incentive. Th e incentive rnust meet

t.he ci ' i tei ' ia

l isted above fol the incentive approach to ensule that the

incentive

is

beliervable and attainable.

For

example, this techniqr"re can be

trsed on the EPWidetainee who has a great iove foi ' his unit ancl fellow

soldiers. Simply

having

the

source express this

emotion

is not enough. After'

the source expresses

this emotion, the HUMINT collector can take advantage

of this by tell ing the

EPW/detainee that by

providing pert inent

information.

he may shorten the

war

or bat t le in

progress

and save many of his contrades'

I ives. but his refusal to talk

may

cause

their

deaths.

This

gives

the soui'ce the

albernat ives

of fac ing the status

quo

or expressing love of comrades through

cooperat ing with the

HUMINT collector.

8-25.

Religion

is an especially dif f icult topic to

use in

any emotional

tupproach.

An

approach

using religion may encourage the source to be fui 'ther

motivated by love, remorse, fut i l i ty, or even

pride

to coopei'ate with the

interlogator'. On the other

hand, an approach using religion may also

enconrage the source

to end any rapport and cooperat ion with

the.

intelrogator. Although it is acceptable to use i 'el igion in all interrogation

apploaches, even to

express

doubts

about a religion, an interrogator is not

pemrit tecl

to denigrate a

religion's

symbols

(for

example, a I ioran,

prayer

rug,

icon, or

rel ig ious

statue)

or v iolate

a

re l ig ion 's

tenets, except

where

applopr iate

fbl health, saf 'ety, and se cur i ty I 'easons. Superv isors should

cralef i r l ly consic lel he exper ience

level of t i re ir subo rdinates befole

pennit t ing

l h e r r s e f ' r ' e l i g i o n

n

a n v

r n t e n ' o g a t i o n

p p r o a c h .

8-8

6 September

2006



10/30

FM2-22.3

8-26.

Similarly,

slrpervisors

should

question

the

appropriateness

of

clemeaning

any racial

group,

including

the source's,

to

elicit

an emotional

response during an interrogation approach.

8-27.

One common

danger

to the use

of

ernot ional

approaches

is

the

deveiopment

of

an ernotionai

attachment

on

the

part

of the

HLfMINT

collectoi '.

I t is natural

that

a source

will develop

an

emotional

attachment

to

the HLTMINT

collector'.

The

HTIMINT

collector

wil l

often foster

this

att ,achrnent.

However',

i t is vital

the HLIMINT

collectoi.

not develop

a

coi ' i 'espolrc l ing

tnot ional

at tachment

to

the source.

Th is

problem

nonnal ly '

clevelops

when

a

HLIMINT

collect,or

has contact

with

one source

or a

group

o{ '

s inr i la l sources

over

an extended

pel iod

of ' t i rne. There

is

t ransf 'erence

of ' the

sott l 'ce's

ploblerns

to the HLIMINT

collectoi '.

For

examlrle.

HLfMINT

collectors woi'king

in a refugee

camp

frequently

begin

to view

the welfar.e

of '

the i 'efugees

as a

greater

concern

than HUMINT

collect ion. The

HLIMINT

coilectoi ', while

developing

emotion within

the

source, must

act believably

bu t

at the same t ime he must remain detached. He must remember that the

ernotion

is a means

to an

end

(that

is,

information

collect ion).

Sultervisoi's

must

carefully

observe HUMINT

collectors

for

signs

of this

ernotional

at tachment

to

the source

and take

appropr iate

act ion

ranging f i 'om

cor. rnse' l ig

to reassrgnmen

.

8-28.

'fhe

following

ai'e types

of emotional

approaches.

Emot ional

Love Approach

8-29.

(Interrogation

and Other

MSO) Love

in its many

forms

(fr iendship,

comradeship,

patriot ism,

love

of farnily) is

a dominant

emotion

for

most

people.

The HTIMINT

collectoi '{bcuses

on the

anxiety felt by

the source

about

the circutnstances

in which

he f inds

himself ,

his isolat ion

from

those he loves,

ancl his f 'eelings of helplessness. The HUMINT collector directs the love th e

soul'ce f 'eeis

owarcl the

appropriate

object: family,

horneland,

ol coll l l 'ades.

If

the HLIMINT

col lectol

can show

the source what

the

source hirnsel f

can

do to

al terr or i rnplove his

s i tuat ion

or the s i tuat ion

of

the object

of

his

enrot ion, the

approach has

a

chance

of success.

8-30.

' fhe

key

to the successful

use

of th is

appi 'oach is

to ident i fy

an act ion

that can real is t ical ly

evoke

this ernot ion

(an

incent ive)

that

can be t , ied

to a

cletained

solr rce's cooperat ion.

For

example, i f

the source

cooperates,

he

can

see his family

sooner',

end the war',

protect

his comrades,

help his

countly,

help

his ethnic

group.

A

good

HLIMINT

collector

wil l usually

orchesti 'ate

sorte fr"rt i l i ty

with

an emotional love

approach

to hasten

the soui'ce's

reaching

the

breaking

point .

In

other words

i f

the source

does not

cooperate.

these

things may never

happen

or be

delayed in happeni ng.

Sincer i ty

ancl

convrct ion are crit ical rn a successfr"r l t tempt at an emotional love apploacl'r

as the HIIN{INT

collectoi ' nust

show

genuine

concel'n

fbrthe

source,

and lbr

the

object

at

which

the HUMINT

collectoi '

is direct ing

the source's

emobion.

The

emoti.onal love

approach

may be

used in

any MSO

whele

the source's

state

of

mind

indicates

that

the approach

rnay be

effect ive.

6 September

2006

8-9



11/30

FM2-22.3

Ernot ional

Hate Approach

8-; l l .

( Intei ' rogat ion

and Other MSO)

The emot iona l

hate

approach fbcuses

on any genuine hate, or possibly a desire for revenge, the source may feel.

The HLIMINT

collector

rnust

cleally identify

the

object of the

source's hate

and, if necessary,

build on those feelings

so

the ernotion overrides

the source's

i 'at ional

srde. The source may

have negative

feelings

about his

country's

i 'egime, immediate

superiors, off icers in

general,

or fellow

soldiet 's. The

entot ional

hate approach may

be

used

in

any MSO where

the soulce's

state of

mind indicates

that the approach

may b e effect ive.

8-32. The

emotional hate

appi'oach may

be effect ive

on members

of racial

or '

lel igious rninoi' i t ies

who have

oi'

feel

that

they have faced

discrimination

in

rnil i tai 'y

and civil ian l ife.

' lhe

"hate"

may

be very

specif ic. For

example,

a

sollrce rnay have

great

love

for his

country,

but may hate

the regime in

control. The HLIMINT

collector rnust

be snre to con'ect ly

identify

the specif ic

objcct of ' the hate. The

ernot ional hate

approach is rnost

ef l 'ect ive with

the

itrtnri it tu'e ol t imid sollrce who rlaSr have had no oppoi'tunity up to this point

fbr revenge,

o l

never

had the

courage to voice

his feel ings.

8- ; l ;1.As i r - r

heremot ional love

approach, the l iey

to the

successful appl icat ion

is t ,he l ink ing

of the emot ion

with a tangible

manifestat ion

of ' that

emot ion.

Tlte

HUMINT collector rnust

be extremely

careful

that he does

not

plorlrrse

anything

that

would

be

contrai 'y to nat ional

or internat ional

iaw or

fJS

intelests

or

goals.

Fol example, i f

an EPW feels

he has been

t i 'eated unfai l ly

in his unit ,

the HIIMINT

collectol can

point

out that, if the

source cooperates

:rncl divulges the location

of that unit ,

the unit

can be clestroyed,

thus

alTbi'ding the source revenge. But

he cannot

plornise

that

the

unit

i f

attacliecl

rvoulcl

not be allowed to

surrender or that

the unit if

i t surrenders wil l

be

t

ea t ed

bad ly .

8-:1.1.The HUMINT collector must be careful that he does not assnme that

cast tal negat ive

comments equate

to a st rong hate.

Many

soldiels wi l l make

negative

comments

against their

arrny but wil l

support

and defend

their

army

against any

"ott tsider."

The HLIMINT

collector

should also

not assume

generalit ies;

for example,

assuming that

a member

of an ethnic

minolity

hates

the ethnic majority

just

because most

ethnic minorit ies

hate

those in

the

ethnic rnaiority.

Errot ional Fear-Up Approach

8-115.

Inten'ogat ion

ancl Other MSO) Fe ar is

anot l - rer

dominant emot ion

that

ciur

be exploit ,ed by'

t lte Ht.fMIN'f

collectoi '. In the fear'-np

approach. the

HtTNIINT

col lectoi ' ic lent i f ies

a

preexist ing

fear

or creates

a fea l n ' i t h in

the

sotu'ce. He

then

l inks

the el iminat ion

or reduct ion

of the fear to

cooperat ion

on the part of the sottrce. The HLIMINT collector must be extremely caref ir l

that he

does not threaten

or coerce a sourc e.

Conveying

a threat may

be a

violat ior-r

of the LfCMJ. The HUMINT

collector

should

also be extrernely

caref ir l that he does not

create so much

feal that

the source

becomes

unresponsive.

The HUMINT

collector

should never act

as if he is

or-rt of

contlol ol set himself

up as the

obiect or focal

point

of the source's fear.

I f the

HUN'{INT

collector acts in this manner,

it is extremelv

dif f icult

to then

act as

8 - 1 0

6 September

2006



12/30

FM2-22.3

the ot r t let

lb r

the fear.

Supei 'v isors

should

consider

the exper, ience

evel

of '

their subordinates

before

approving

their

use

of th is

appr.oach.

8-36. I f

thele is

a

just i f iable

fear ' ,

the

HUMINT

col lector

should

pr,esent

i t

ancl

pi 'esent

a

plan

to

rnit igate

it i f

the

source

cooperates

(combination

of '

emot ional

and incent ive

approaches).

F

or exarnple,

an EPW

source

says that

he

will not

cooperate

because

if he

does

his fellow

prisonels

wil l

ki l l him

or., { '

a

contact solu'ce

says

that if

people

f ind

out he

is cooperat ing,

his family

wil l

suffei '. In

these

cases,

the HUMINT

collector

can

point

out that

the

sour.ce

has ah'eady

placed

himself

at r isk

and he

or his

farnily

rnay

suffei ' whethei.

he

cooperates

ol not

(lust if ied

fear).

But if

he

cooperates,

the

HIIMINT

collector.

wil l

do his

best

to ensure

that eithel'

no

one wil l

f ind

out ol

that he

wi l l

be

protected (incentive).

8-37. I f

thei'e is no

just if ied

fear,

the HIJMINT

collector

can make

use

of non-

specif ic feai's.

"You

know what

can happen

to

you

here?"

A fear-up

approach

is

normally

presented

in

a level, unemotional tone of voice. For example, "We

have heard

many

allegations

of atrocit ies

committed in

your

area

and

anyone

that was involved

will be

sevei'ely

punished" (non-specif ic

fear).

"I f

yo u

cooperate

with

me and

answer

all of my

questions

truthfully,

I

can rnake

sur,e

yotl

are not falsely

accused"

(incentive).

The

source

should

demonstrate

some

indicat ion

of ' fear ' , whether

ve lba l

o l

non-verbal ,

pr ior

to using

th is

appr.oach.

I f

a fear is

pre-exist ing,

the

approach

wi l l

woi 'k

and is legal .

I f ' ther .e

is no

rr- rc l icat ion

f ' f 'ear ' ,

nother

approach

should

be

considerer l .

8- :18. t ,

is of ten vely

ef f 'ect ive

o use

the

detainee's

own

irnaginat ior- r

aga ins t

hint.

'fhe

detainee can

often visualize

exactly

what he

is

afraid of

better.

thar-r

the HUMINT

col lector

can

expl 'ess t .

8-i19.

' lhe

"f 'eal'-up"

approach is

frequently

used

in

conjunction

with

th e

etuotional

love

oi' hate

aplr loaches.

For

example,

the HLIMINT

coilector,

ha s

ah'eacly established that a detainee source has a strong iove of family but is

now

separated

fi 'ont

them.

He may

state,

" I

woncler how

youi'

fanri ly

is

gett ing

along without

you?"

(f 'ear

of the

unknown).

He

then

promises

to allow

the detainee

rlore than

the rninimum

two letters

a month

reqtrired

by

th e

GPW.

Emot ional

Fear-Down

Approach

8- '40.

( Intelrogat ion

and

Other MSO)

The

emot ion

of fear

may

clorninate

he

solr lce to

the

point

where

he is

unable

to respond

rat ionaily

to

questioning,

especiaily

in interrogation

sources.

However,

the fear-down

approach

rnay be

trsed

in

any MSO

where

the source's

state

of mind

indicates

that it woulcl

be

an

applopriate

approach

to use.

In

the fear-down

approach

the

HIJMINT

collector mit igates

exist ing fear

in

exchange

for cooperat ion

on

the

par.t

of the

sotlt 'ce. This is

not normally

a

formal

or even voiced

agreement.

Instead,

th e

HLIMINT

collector

through verbal

and

physical

act ions

calms the

source'.

Psychologically,

the

source

then views

the HLIMINT

collector

as the

pr,otector.

or

the one who

is

ploviding

the calm

and

wishes

to help

the

HLIMINT

col lectol

in

grat i t t rde

and

in order

to maintain

the HLfMINT

col lector

as

the

pt 'otector ' .

When

t tsed

with

a soothing,

calm

tone of '

voice

and appr.opr. iate

bocll '

langr-rage,

a fear'-down

approach

often

creates

rapport

and nothing

else

may be needecl

to

get

the source

to

cooperate.

At

t imes,

however,

the

6 September

2006

8 - 1 1



13/30

FM2-22.3

HLrN'IINT collectol must

describe concrete act ions

that

he

will take in order

to

i 'ernove

the source's fear.

8-41. Frequently the object of the fear is

too traumatic for

the source to

face

clirect ly. While

calrning the soui'ce, the HLfMINT

collector may init ial ly

as k

nonpert inent

qr . rest ions

and avoid the subject

that has caused the

source's

fe: i r ' . This

c levelops rappoi ' t ancl establ ishes

communicat ion. The' HITNI INT

col lectol rnust remember

that

h is

goa l

is col lecf ing infoi 'mat ion,

not concern

rv i th the

psychological

wel l being of the source . He

wi l l be concerned iv i th

the

Iatter

onlS' nsofai' as it helps hirn obtain the former'. This

approach technique

nra5' baclif ire

if

allowed to

go

too far. After convincing

the source he has

r-rothing o fear', the source may cease to

be af laid and may feel secure enough

to lesist the HUMINT collector"s

pert inent question.

Emot ional-Pr ide

and

Ego-Up Approach

8-+2.

( Inter logat ion

and Othel MSO) The

emot ional-pr ide ancl ego-ul l

app loach

rnay be used in any MSO. I t

exploi ts a source' s low sel f ' -esteern.

Many HLfMINT solrrces including EPWs

and other

detainees,

retainecl

l lelsons,

civil ian internees, or refugees may

suffer

from

low self-esteem

ancl

f 'eelings of

helplessness

due to their immediate circurnstances.

Others, such

as inclivicluals ol members of social or

ethnic

glorU)s

that have been

cliscrir l inated against or low-ranking members

of

organizat ions

(including

the rnil i tai 'y), rnay also show low self-worth. In

this technique, the source is

f lattei 'ed into

providing

certain information in

order to

gain

credit ancl buiid

his

ego.

The HUMINT

collector

must

take care to use a f lattering somewhat-

in-awe

tone

of

voice,

and

speak

highly

of the source throughout this approach

rvhile

remaining believable. This should

produce posit ive

feeiings

on the

source's

pai't

as he receives desired recognit ion.

The source wil l eventually

leveal

pert inent

information to solicit more f 'avorable

comrnents f i 'om the

HtfMINT collectoi '.

8--1;1. his technic lue can also be ernployed in another

by

f lat terr ing

the source

into

admit t ing certain infblmat ion in oldei ' to

ga in

clecl i t .

For

example, n'hile intei 'r 'ogating a suspected saboteur',

the

HLIMINT collectoi '

s t t r tes:

"T 'h is

was a smooth operat io n. I have seen many

previous

at ternpts

Iai l . I

bet

you planned

this. Who e lse but a c lever

person

l ike

you

would have

planned

it '/

When

did

you

first

decide to do the

job?"

8--14. A vai' iat ion of this approach can also be used on individuals with strong

egos.

It is

basecl

on the

prernise

that everyone l ikes

to

talk about what

they

clo best. The HUMINT collector shows

interest in

and asks

the

soui'ce to

explain an aspe ct of his

iob.

The

quest ioning

begins with nonpei ' t inent

aspects of the soul 'ce's

ob.

The

HUMINT col lectol d isplays interest ancl asks

incleasingly technical and pert inent quest ions. For example, i f the soui 'ce s

an

EPW who was

a

pilot,

the HIJMINT

collector

rnight

begin by asking him

r,vhat it

is

l ike to

f ly.

As the source talks about this, the

collector'

clemonstrates i.nterest and

gradually

uses

questions

to lead

the conversation

to capabil it ies of specif ic aircraft . specif ic missions

that the

pilot

has f lown,

tact ics, or whatever topic is a

priority

for collect ion.

8-12 6

September

2006



14/30

FM 2-22.3

Enrot ional-Pr ide

and

Ego-Down

Approach

8-45.

( Intei ' rogat ion)

The

emot ional-pr ide

and ego-down

approach

is based on

attacli ing the source's ego or self '- image. The source, in defencling his ego,

reveals information

to

just ify

or rat ionalize

his

act ions. This infonnation

ma y

be valuable in

answering

collect ion requirernents

or

may

give

the HLIMINT

collector insight into

the viabil i ty

of other

approaches. This

approach is

effect ive with sources

who have displayed

weakness

or feelings

of inferiority.

A real

or

imaginary

deficiency voiced

about the source, loyalty

to his

organizat ion,

or any other feature

can

provide

a basis for

this technique.

8-46.

' lhe

HUMINT

coliector

accuses the source

of weakness

or

implies

he

is

unabler

to do a certain

thing. This type

of source is

also

prone

to

excuses ancl

rat ional izat ions,

of ten shi f t ing

the blarne to

others. An example

of '

th is

teclinique is opening the collect ion

effort with

the

qr-rest ion,

"Why

clid

yo u

st t r rent ler so easi ly when

you

could have

escaped

by c i 'ossing he nearby

fbld

in the t ' iver'?"

The sott i 'ce s l ikely

to

provide

a basis for furt l-rel

questions

or '

to leveal signif icant infoi 'rnat ion if ' l-reattempts to explain his surlenclel rn

orcler to vindicate hirnself .

He may

give

an answer

strch as,

"No

one coulcl

cross

the

fbld because

t is mined."

8-47. Tlie object ive is for

the HTIMINT

collector to use

the soui'ce's

sense of

pi ' icle

by attacking his loyalty, intell igence,

abil i t ies, leadership

qualit ies,

slovenly appearance,

ol any other

perceived

weakness. This

wil l usually

goacl

the

soui'ce into

becorning

defensive, and he wil l

t ry to

convince the HLIMINT

col lector he is

wrong. In his

at tempt to redeern his

p i ' ide

and explain hrs

act ions, the sottrce may

provide

pert inent

information.

Possible targerts

lb r

the ernot ional-pr ide

ancl ego-down

approach are

the s6q1'ss 's-

.

Loyalty.

.

Technical

competence.

. Leadei'ship abil i t ies.

.

Solclierly

qualit ies.

t

Appearance.

8-48.

'fhere

is a r isk associated with

this approach. I f

the ernotional-pride

ancl ego-down approach fails,

it is dif f icult for

the HIJMINT

collector to

recovel

ancl move to another

approach without los ing

his credibi l i ty .

AIso,

the i 'e is

potent ia l

fo i '

appl icat ion of

the

pr ide

and ego

approach to

cross the

I i r - re nto

humil iat ing

and degla cl ing t reat rnent

of the detainee.

Superv isors

shoulc l consider the exper ience

level of

their subordinates

ancl det ,errnine

speci l ical ly how

the

intelrogatol

intends

to apply

the a ppi 'oach technique

before

appi 'ov ing the interrogat ion

p lan.

Emot ional-Fut i l i ty

8-49.

( Inte i ' r 'ogat ion

nd

Other

MSO)

The emot ional - fut i l i ty

appi 'oach s

generally

used in an interrogation

setting, but may

also be used for

other'

MSO, i f indicated

by the

sonrce'sstate of mind. In

the emot ional - fut i l i ty

approach,

he

HUMINT

col lector

convinces he source

that resrstance

o

questioning

is futi le. This

engenders

a feeling of hopelessness

ancl

help lessness

n the

pai ' t

of ' the source.Again

as

wi th

the otherr

emot ional

approztches. he HUMINT

collector

gives

the source

a

"way

out"

o{' the

6

September

2006

8-13



15/30

FM

2-22.3

hcl l l less

si t t rat ion.

Fol example

" i t

i s

hopeless

for '

5 'err

folces

to

cont inue

l ight ing

becat tse

they can no longer

get

suppl ies,

but

you

can help

encl the

war and their suf fer ing." When employing this technique, the HUMINT

collectoi ' tnttst have

factual infonnation.

The

HIJMINT

collector

presents

these facts in

a

persuasive,

Iogical

manner. He

should be

aware of and

able to

exploit

the source's

psychological

and moral weaknesses,

as well

as

lveaknesses

inhei'ent in his

society.

8-50.

The

fut i l i ty

approach is e f fect ive when

the HUMINT

col lectoi 'can

play

on doubts that already

exist in the

source's mind. Factual

o i '

seemingly

fhctual inforrnat ion

must

be

presented

in

a

pers l las ive,

logical

manner.

ancl

in a mat ter-of - fact

tone of voice. Making

the s i tuat ion

appear hopeless

al lows

the sottrcer o rat ionalize

his act ions, especially

if

that act ion is

cooperat ing

rvith

the IfLIMINT

collector. When

employing

this technique,

the HLIMINT

collectoi ' nust not

only have factual information

but also

be aware of

an d

exploi t the source's

psychological ,

moral ,

and

sociological weaknesses.

Anothei' way of 'using the fut i l i ty approach is to blow things out of proport ion.

I f the soul'ce's unit

was low on, or had

exhausted,

all

food

supplies, he

can be

casily

led

to believe all of his forces

had run

out of food.

If the source is

vei'ging on cooperat ing, it rnay

aid the

collect ion effort if he

is told

all t l ie

othel soul'ces

have cooperatecl.

8-51.

The fLr t i l i ty

apploach mttst

be orchestra tecl u ' i th

o the i '

app i 'oach

t i 'cht r ic l t tes

for

exatnple. love of 'comracles) .

A source

rvho may want

to l ie l l r

sx1'ghis

comracles ' ives ma5t

be convrnced

the bat t lef ie lc l s i tuat ion

is hopeless

ancl

thel 'wi l l c l ie i l ' i thout his

assistance. The

fut i l i ty

appi 'oach is used

to

ltaint

a blc.ak

pictr,rre

for

the

pli ' isoner',

but it is not normally

ef{ 'ect ive

n and

of i tsel f in

ga in ing

the soul 'ce's

ooperat ion.

Other Approaches

8-52. Ther:e

are numerous

other approa ches but most

requi le

cons ide i 'ab le

t ime

and

lesources.

Most are more

appropriate for use with

sollrces

who are

det ,ainees,

but some, such as change

of scenel ' y , lnay have

appl icat ion for '

e l ic i tat ion oi 'MSO.

8-53. We Know Alt.

(Interi 'ogation)

In

the

"we

know

all" appi'oacli

technique,

the HUMINT collector

subtly

convinces the solr lce

that his

qtrest ioning

of the

source is

perfunctory

because

any information

that the

soulce has is

already known. This

approach may be employecl in

conjunction

with the

"f i le

and dossier'" technique

or by itself . I f used

alone,

the HLIMINT

collectol rnust f irst

become thoroughly

familiar

with

available data

coucerning the source

and the current

situat ion. To

begin

the collect ion

effolt . the HIIMINT

collector asks

questions

based on

this

known

data.

8-54. When the soulce hesitates, r 'efuses to answer, or provides an incon'ect

r-rt ' ncomplete i 'eply,

the HLIMINT

collector

provides

the

detailed answer'

hirnsel f . The

HLIMINT col lectol

may even

complete a

source's answel ' .

as i f '

he '

t s bo i 'ec lanc l

r - rst

golng

thlough the

mot ions." When

the sot rrce

begir - rs o

give

zrcctt t 'ate

ancl complete rnfbi 'matron,

the HIJNIINT

collectol

int,er ';ects

f. iert inent

cluest ions.

Questions

to which

answers are

ah'ead5' known

ar.e also

asl iec l

per iod ica l ly

to test the

source's

tmthfulness and

to maintain

the

clecept ion

that the informat ion

is aiready known.

There

are some inhelent

8-14

6

September2006



16/30

FM2-22.3

problems

with the t tse

of the

"we

know

all" appi'oach.

The HLIMINT

collector'

is lequirecl

to

pl 'epare

evei 'y thing in

detai l , which

is t i rne

consuming. He

urust cotnmit uruch of the informat ion to mer lol 'y , as work ing f rom notes rnay

show

the l imits of

the informat ion

actual ly known.

I t is

a lso on l5 ' usable

when sr-rf f icient

prior

inforrnation

exists

to convince

the source

that

"we

know

a l l . "

8-55. F i le

and Dossier .

( Interrogat ion)

The f i le

and c lossier

apploach

is a

variat ion

of the

"we

know

all"

appi'oach. The HIJMINT

collectclr

plerpal'es

a

dossier

containing all

available information

concerning the

source or his

oi'ganizat ion. The

information is

carefully

arranged within

a f i le

to

give

th e

il lusion

that it contains

rnore data

than

actually

thei'e.

The

fi le may

be

padded

with ext la

papei '

i f necessary.

Index

tabs with

t i t les such

as

eclucat, ion, employment,

crirninal record,

military

service,

and others

at 'e

part icularly

effect ive. I t

is also effect ive

if the HUMINT

collectoi ' is reviewing

the

clossier

when

the source enters the room

and

the sollrce is

able to lead his

nalne on the dos sier and sees he numerous topics and supposeclextent of ' the

li les.

8-56. The HLIMINT

collector

proceeds

as in

the

"we

know

all" approach.

He

refers to the

part icular

Iabeled

segment

of the dossier

before, during,

or after

asking a

qr,rest ion.

n the early

stages of

questioning,

the HLIMINT

coliect,or

asks

quest ions

to

which

he has

the answer. He may

answer

along with

the

sotlt 'ce,

complete the information

for

the source,

or even show

the source

whele

the

informat ion

is

entered in the

dossier . He never

lets

the source

physical ly

hand le

the dossier ' .As

the soui 'ce

becomes convinced

that i i l l t .he

infot 'mat ior l

that

he

knows is

contained within

the dossiei ' .

the HLlN, l lNT

col lerctor

i 'oceeds

o topics on which he has

no or l i t t le

inforrnat ion.

In doing

so. he st i l l ref 'ers

to the appropriate

section

of the dossiei ' ancl mav

even nocl

his

head knowingly

ol te l l the

source that the infoi 'mat ion

the

soulce

rs

pi'oviding st i l l matches what is in the dossier'.

8-57.

' fh is

technique has several l i rn i tat ions

and di 'awbacks. The

prepai 'at ion

t irne

in

developing the

dossier is extensive.

The success

of this technique

is

Ialgely

dependent on the naivet6

of the sollrce, volume

of'data on the subject,

ancl sl i i l l of

the

HUMINT

collector in

convincing the

source that

the clossier s

nlol 'e cornplete

than i t actnally is. Thele

is

also the risk t l iat

a

less

naive

soul'ce

'nvil l

refuse

to cooperat,e.

claiming that, if

the collectoi '

ah'eacly knows

everything, there is no need for

hirn

to talk. Also with

this technique,

th c

HLIMINT collector is

l imited in

the method he rl lay

use to recoi'r l

ne w

information. I f

the HUMINT collector

writes

down

information,

i t

destroys

the

il lusion

that all

the

information

has

already been

obtainecl. The

HLIMINT

collector is norrnally l irnited

to using

electronic recording

clevices

ol

his memory. The

HLIMINT

collector

can also arrange

ahead of t irne for '

anotirer interrogator or analyst to take notes for him, undetected by th e

source. Tir is

could be especially

effect ive

in a

situat ion where

a separate

rnonitoi ' ing

area

(for

oversight) is used

by the analyst.

8-58. Establ ish Your

ldent i ty .

( Interrogat ion)

In using

this approach,

the

HLIMINT

col lector ins ists

the detained

source has

been correct ly ident i f ied

as

an

inf i l tnous

ind iv idua l

wantecl

by higher

autho i ' i t ies

on ser ious chalges,

ancl

he

is

r-rot

,he

pei'sorl

he

pulpoi'ts

to be. In

an effoi 't

to clear himself 'o{ '

this

6 September2006

8 - 1 5



17/30

FM

2-22.3

allegation,

the

sout 'ce

makes

a

genuine

and

detailecl

effort

to

estabhsh

or

substantiate

his

true

identity.

In

so

doing,

he

may

provicle

the

H[IMINT

collectoi 'with infoi 'mation and leads for further development. The HUMINT

collector

should

init ial ly

refuse

to

believe

the

source

and

insist

he

is

th e

individual

wanted

by the

ambiguous

higher

authoi' i t ies.

This

wil l

force

th e

source

to

give

even

mol'e

detailed

information

in

order.

to

convince

th e

HLIX4INT

collector.he

is

who

he says

he

is .

8-59.

Repet i t ion.

( Inten'ogat ion)

The

i 'epet i t ion

appi 'oach

is used

to inc iuce

coopei'alt ion

f i 'otu

a hosti le

source.

In

one

vai' iat ion

of

this

approac[.

t f icr

HLIN'{ INT

col lector

l is tens

careful ly

to

a source's

answer.

to

a

quest ion,

and

then repeats

the

quest ion

anc l

answer

several

t imes.

He

cloes

h is w i th

each

st tcceeding quest ion

t rnt i l

the

source

becomes

so thoroughly

borecl

w i th

the

lrrocedr.t le,

he

answers

questions

fully

and

candidly

to

satisfy

the H[-IMINT

collector

ancl

gain

relief

from

the rnonotony

of

this rnethocl.

The

r.epetit ion

techniclue

mttst

be

judiciously

used,

as it

wil l

gener.aily

be ineffect ive

when

ernployed against introverted sources or those having great self-contr.ol. It

may

also

provide

an

opportunity

for

a source

to

regain

his

composure

an d

clelay

the

collect ion

effoi 't .

In

this

approach,

the

use

of mor.e

than

on e

HLTMINT

collecto.

or

a tape

recorder

has

proven

effect ive.

8-60.

Rapid

Fire.

( Inter i 'ogat ion)

The

rapid- f i i 'e

appi 'oach

is

baser l

upon

t f ie

p r i n c i p l e s

h a t -

.

Everyone

li l ies

to

be hearci

when

he

speaks.

'

It

is

confusing

to

be interlupted

in mid-sentence

with

an

uni.elatecl

qr-rest ion.

8-61.

This

approach

rlay

be

r-tsed

by one,

two,

or more

HUMINT

collector.s

o

qtrest ion

the

source.

In

employing

this

technique,

the HUMINT

collectors

as k

a series

of

questrons

in

such

a manner

that

the

source

does

not have

tirne

to

elnswer a question completely

befoi'e

the

next

one

is

asked.

This

confuses

th e

sollrce,

and

he

will

tend

to contradict

himself

as he

has

iit t le

t ime

to

foi 't l l t t late

his

answei's.

The

HUMINT

collectors

then

confr.ont

the

source

with

the inconsistencies

cat ts ing

fur thei '

contracl ic t ions.

In

many

instzrnces,

he

sot l l ' ce

wi l l

begin

to talk

f i 'ee ly

in

an

at ternpt

to explain

himself

and

cleny

he

HtIN{INT

col lectoi"s

c lainrs

of inconsistencies.

In

this

at tempt ,

the sot rr ,ce

s

li l ierly

t,o reveal

rnore

than

he

intencls,

thus

creating

aclclit ional

leacls

fo r

l i r r ther

exploi tat ion.

Th is

approach

rnay

be orchestrated

with

the

emot ional-

pr ide

z lnd

ego-down

oI '

fear-up

approaches.

Besides

extensive

prepar.at ion,

this

apploach

reqtt ires

expei' ienced

and

competent

HLIMINT

collectors,

r. l, i th

comprehensive

case

knowleclge

and

fluency

in the

source's

language.

8-62.

Silent.

(Intei 'rogation)

The

silent

approach

rnay

be

successful

when

ttsed

against

eithet '

a nervous

or

confident

source.

When

employing

this

technique, the HUMINT

collector

says nothing

to the

sour.ce,

but looks

hil i

squai'ely

in

the

eye,

preferably

with

a

slight

smile

on his

face.

It is

impor.tant

not to

look

away

fi 'om

the

source

but

force

him

to break

eye

contact

f irst.

Th e

source

may

becolne

nervous,

begin

to shif t

in

his

chair,

closs

ancl r.e-cr.oss

is

legs,

ancl look

away. He

may

ask

questions,

but the

HLIMINT

collector.shoulcl

not

answer

unti l

he

is

ready

to

bi'eak

the

silence.

The

source

may

biur.t

ou t

qt rest ions

such

as,

"Come

on

now,

what

do

you

want

with

n le?"

When

the

HLTMINT

collector

is

ready

to break

silence,

he

may

do

so with

questions

8 - 1 6

6

September

2006



18/30

FM2-22.3

sl lch as, "You

planned

this operat ion for a long

t ime, didn' t

you?

Was

i t

you l '

idea'J" The HUMINT

col lector must

be

pat ient

when using

this tec l ' rn ique.

t

rnay appeai ' the technique is not succeeding, but usual ly wi l l when given u

reasonable

chance.

8-63. Change of Scenery.

( Interrogat ion

and Other MSO) The

change-of ' -

scenery approacl-r may be nsed

in any

type of MSO to i 'ernove

the sotrlce f i 'onr

an

int imidating

atrnosphere

such as an

"interrogation"

room

type of sett , ing

and to

place

him in a sett ing wirere

he feels

more

comfortable speaking.

Bringing

a source into a formal sett ing

to conduct

an

inten'ogation

or

debi' ief ing has

psychological

implicat ions.

On the

posit ive

side, it

places

th e

HUMINT

collectol in a

superior

posit ion

since he is

operat ing on his

"home

tulf ' and has set

the condit ions for the meeting.

I t allows the HUMINT

collectoi 'conti 'ol over the immediate

environment including

the

posit ioning

of

the

part icipants,

to establish the desired

atrnosphere for the

appi'oach.

8-6-1.However ' , there

are

potent ia l

negat ive factors

in the

conduct o{ '

c luest ioning in an

"Inter i 'ogat ion

Room" environment .

The sor-r lce nay

be

int inr i t lated

ancl nrore

guarded;

he rnay

consider

t i re

folmal

set t ing rn

t ,erurs

o1'an aclversar ial relat ionship;

and he may l imit h is

answel 's

as a

rnocle

o{ '

.s l f ' -protect ion. In

some c i i 'cumstances,

he HUMINT col lector may

be able to

invite the source

to a dif f 'ei 'ent sett ing fbi '

coffee and

pleasant

convei'sat ion.

\ \ 'hen

renroved f i 'om the foi 'mal

environment, the

source

may

expei' ience a

I 'eehng

of

leaving

the inten'ogation behind. The

perceived

reduced

pressllre

may lowei'his

guarcl

and allow hirn to

attach less signif icance

to conversation

that occurs outside the folmal

sett ing, even though

pert inent

information is

st i l l being discussed.

During

the

conversation in this more

relaxecl

envilonment, the HLIMINT

collector steers the convei'sat ion

to the topic of '

intelest. Thi'ough

this somewhat indirect method,

he attempts

to elicit t , l-re

desired infbrmation. The

source may ne ver realize

he is

st i l l berine

quest ioned.

8-65. lUutt

and Jeff.

(Interrogation)

The

goal

of this technique is

to malie

the

source

identify

with one of the interrogators

and thei'eby

establish

rappolt and cooperat ion. This

technique involves

a

psychological

ploy

that

takes advantage of the natural uncertainty

and

guilt

that a soul'ce has as a

lesult

of being detained and

questioned.

Use of this technique reqr.r i i 'es

wo

experienced HIJMINT collectors

who are convincing

actors.

The

tw o

HUI\I INT coilectors wil l cl isplay opposing

personalit ies

and

att itucles towai'd

the soulce. For exarnple,

the

f irst

HUMINT collector is vei'y

folrnal and

displays an unsympathet ic at t i tude towa rd

the soui 'ce.He may, for instance,

be very st r ic t and order the source

to fol low al l mi l i tary

cotrr tes ies c lur ing

quest ioning.

Although he

conveys an unfe el ing

at t i tude, the Ht IMINT

col lect ,ol

s

ca i 'e fu l

not to threaten

or coerce he source. Conveying

a threat of '

v io lence is a violat ion of the LICMJ.

8-66. At the

point

when the interrogator

senses the source is vulnerable,

the

second HLfMINT collectol appeals

(having

received

his cue by a signal,

hidden f i 'om the soui' ce, or

by

iistening

and observing

out of view of the

soulce), and scolds the f irst HLIMINT

collector

for

his uncaling behavior

an d

orders him from the room. The

second HLfMINT

collector then apologizes to

soothe the source,

perhaps

offering him

a beverage

and a cigarette. He

6 September2006

8-17



19/30

FM

2-22.3

exp la ins

that the

act ions

of

the f i rs t

HLIMINT

col lector

were

largely

the

t ' t 'sr t l t

o1'ar-r

nfel ior

intel lect

ancl lack

of 'sensi t iv i ty .

The

infer .ence

s

that

the

st 'con( l HI IMINT col lector and the soulce share a h igh degi 'eeof intel l igence

lund sensrt iv i ty .

8-67.

The

source

is norrnally

inclined

to have

a feeling

of

gi.at it trcle

towarcls

the seconcl

HLIMINT

coilector',

who

continues

to

show

sympathy

in

an effor. t

to increase

rapport

and conti 'ol

for

the

questioning

that

wil l follow.

If

th e

sotlrce's

cooperat ion

begins

to fade,

the second

HLIMINT

collector,

can hint

that he

is

a busy

person

of high rank,

and therefore

cannot

affor.d

to

waste

t ime

on an uncooperat ive

source.

He

can

broadly

imply

that

the

f ir.st

HUMINT

coilector

might

return

to

continue

the

questioning.

The

Mutt

an d

Jeff

approach

may

be effect ive

when

orchestrated

with

Pride

and

Ego

LIp and

Down, Fear

LIp and Down,

Fut i l i ty ,

or .Emot ional

Love

or Hate.

8-68.

Overs ight

Considerat ions:

Planned

use of

the

Mut t ,

and

Jef i '

approach must be approved by the f irst 0-6 in the interrogator"s chain of

cotntnand. The

HUMINT

collector

must include

as

a

part

of the intei.r.ogation

p lan-

.

No violence,

threats,

or irnpermissible

or unlawful

physical

contact.

.

No

threatening

the

removal

of

protect ions

afforded

by law.

.

Regtrlai '

monitoring

of

the interrogation

shall

be

per.for.mecl

by

interrogat ion

personnel.

8-69. False

Flag.

( Interrogat ion)

The

goal

of th is

technique

is

to convincc '

t he 'de t a ince

t hz r t

i nchv idua ls

f i ' om

a coun t i . S r

t he i . t han

the

Un i t ed

States

r l rc ' nt ,e l t 'ogat ing

hinr .

and tnck

the detainee

in to

cooperat ing

wi th

t ls fbrces.

F 'o t '

example, t rs ing

an rnt ,en'ogatoi '

who

speaks with

a

part ic t r lar .

accent . .

rnaking

the c letainee

bel ieve

that he

is actual ly

talk ing

to repr.esentat ives

f i 'onr a dif ferent cotrntry, such as a country that is fr iendly to the detainee's

countr '5'

or

organizat ion.

The False

Flag

approach

may

be

effect, ively

orchestrated

with the F

ear Down

approach

and the

Pr ide

and Ego

IJp.

8-70.

Overs ight

Considerat ions:

The interrogat ion

chain

of command

tnust

cooldinate

an

interrogat ion plan

that uses

the

False F iag

appr.oach

wtth

the legal representat ive

:rnd the

2X,

and receive

approval

f lom

the f i i .st ,

()-6

in

the interrogator"s

chain of

command

for each

specif ic

use

of

the False

Flag

approach.

.

The use

of

the False

Flag

interrogation

strategy

and

interrogat ionplan.

approach

must

complement

the

over.al l

other

approach

techniques

listed

in

th e

.

When

a HUMINT

collector intends

Documents

St Fm 2-22.3 Human Intelligence Collector Operations