SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and

expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and

1300 CE.

a. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the

Islamic Empire.

b. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China,

Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of

this trade.

c. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and

Shia Muslims.

d. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in

medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta).

e. Describe the impact of the Crusades on both the

Islamic World and Europe.

f. Analyze the relationship between Judaism,

Christianity, and Islam.

The Rise of Islam

The Rise of Islam

Origins of Islam

EQ: What are the origins of Islam?

KQ1: Why was Muhammad’s revelations a threat to

the business leaders of Mecca?

KQ2: What is the significance of the Hegira?

KQ3: What is the significance of the Battle of Badr?

KQ4: What is the basis of Islamic law?

KQ5: What is the main difference b/w Sunni and Shia

Muslims?

Historical ContextA. Islam is the last of the major

monotheistic religions to develop

B. Spread aggressively out of Arabia during the 7th century

-Jihad and Conversion

-Religious Toleration w/ Taxation

C. Facilitated extensive trade/financial network b/w Europe, Asia, and Africa

D. Significant contributions in science, philosophy, medicine, architecture, art and literature

-Preservation of Hellenic Scholarship contributes to the European Renaissance

E. Migrations/ Invasions from the Central Asian Steppes acculturate Islamic civilization

-Establishment of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Arabian Peninsula

GeographyA. Arabian Peninsula

-Largely vacant and desolate

B. Strategic location

-Crossroads of Asian, African, and European commerce

C. Most major trading centers/cities are located on/near the coast

D. Predominantly inhabited by pastoral Bedouin nomads

MeccaA. Major trading center

located on the western coast along the Red Sea

B. Controlled by merchant aristocracy

C. A religious center to which various groups made annual pilgrimages

D. Kaaba or “Cube”- shrine temple containing the sacred Black Stone

-idols, images, and shrines

The Hajj

Muhammad the Prophet (570-632)A. Orphaned into the

commercial/religious culture of Mecca

-married a widow w/ a substantial estate and worked as a merchant

B. Received a series of divine revelations from Allah via the archangel Gabriel

C. Muhammad’s proselytizing was intensely monotheistic and threatened the business culture/social order of Mecca

D. Several attempts were made to silence Muhammad including bribery, ostracism, persecution, and murder

The Hegira

622AD

Muhammad’s migration

to Medina marks the

beginning of the Islamic

state

200 miles

Hegira (622AD)A. Medina- an oasis

community north of Mecca

-Perceived Muhammad as a wise man and invited him to settle disputes b/w tribal chiefs

B. Became a refuge for Meccanfollowers and a recruiting ground for converts

C. Muhammad’s migration to Medina marks the beginning of the Islamic state

D. Medina or “City of the Prophet” becomes the center of Islamic power on the Arabian Peninsula

Battle of Badr (624)A. Muhammad, the Emigrants, and the

Helpers from Medina (300) vs. Angry Meccan Merchants (900)

B. Decisive Islamic victory marked the arrival of Muhammad as a major military/political leader

C. Badr was the first step towards rapid Islamic territorial conquest and expansion

D. Several other battles (victories and defeats) were fought before Muhammad captured the city of Mecca in 630

E. United the Arabian Peninsula under a single ruler

-Muhammad died in 632

Battle of Badr (624AD)

The Koran

KoranA. The infallible/unedited word of

God in Arabic

-Core of every aspect of Islamic

culture

B. Sharia Law

- derived from the Koran and the

Hadith

-Regulates and establishes the

perfect pattern of behavior for all

humans

C. Basis of Islamic Theocracy

- a legal system, social organization,

and system of government

D. No separation b/w Church and State

Five PillarsA. Profession of Faith- Belief

in Allah and Muhammad as

his final prophet

B. Prostration/Prayer five

times a day towards Mecca

C. Charity to the poor and

disinherited

D. Fasting during Ramadan

E. Pilgrimage to Mecca

Umayyad

Dynasty

(661-750)

Mecca

Damascus

Umayyad

Restoration

(756)

CordobaAbbasid

Dynasty

(750-1258)

BaghdadFatimid

Dynasty

(909-1171)

Cairo

Mongols 13th Century

Turks 11th Century

Dome of the Rock

Muhammad’s Ascension

Rock of Sacrifice

Abraham & Isaac

Comparing the Three FaithsA. Monotheistic

-Idolatry forbidden

B. Islam acknowledges major

figures/prophets of the Old

Testament

-Abraham’s blessing to

Ishmael not Isaac

C. Islam recognizes Jesus as a

prophet

-denies his divinity and

resurrection

D. Share a similar eschatology

-Death, Judgment, Heaven, and

Hell

Factions of the Islamic StateA. Muhammad had no male successor

and did not name one

B. Immediate successors belonged to/selected from the leading merchant tribe of Mecca

-Sunni or followers of the prophet’s example via the Koran and the Hadith

-Rule by consent of the religious community

C. Fourth Caliph descended directly from the family line

-Shia believed in dynastic rule stemming from the Prophet

-Koran is the exclusive authority on Muhammad’s thoughts, words, and deeds

D. Islamic Civil War established the Umayyad Dynasty (661)

-Sunni

SunniA. Quarash Tribe of Mecca

(Rightly Guided)

-Abu Bakr (632-634)

-Umar (634-644)

-Uthman (644-656)

B. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)

-Responsible for the rapid expansion of the Islamic State

C. Constructed the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

-Capital at Damascus

D. Overthrown by Abbasids

-Dynastic Restoration in Spain (756)

ShiaA. Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter)

-Ali (Cousin)*

-Husayn*(680)-introduction of Martyrdom to Islam

B. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)

-High Point of Classical Islam

-Larger than the Roman Empire

-Capital at Baghdad (762)

-Subjugated by Seljuk Turks (1055)

-Eradicated by Mongols (1258)

C. Fatimid Dynasty (909-1171)

-North Africa, Egypt, and Syria

-Capital at Cairo

D. Ayyubid Dynasty (1169-1252)

-Saladin and the 3rd Crusade

E. Mamluk Dynasty (1250-1517)

-Egypt and North Africa

Shia

This slide just shows that

things are more

complicated and is probably

unnecessary. Sorry for the

inconvenience of boring

you to death.

Anatolia

Asia Minor

Turkey

11th Century

Seljuk Turks

7- 8th Century Spread of Islam

13th Century-Invasion of the Mongols

Constantinople

The loss of Anatolia

to the Seljuk Turks

was the major

cause of the

gradual fall of the

Byzantine Empire

Battle of

Manzikert

(1071)

Crusades

SSWH12 The student will examine the

origins and contributions of the Ottoman,

Safavid, and Mughal empires.

a. Describe the geographical extent of the

Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman

the Magnificent, the Safavid Empire during

the reign of Shah Abbas I, and the Mughal

Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar.

b. Explain the ways in which these Muslim

empires influenced religion, law, and the arts

in their parts of the world.

EQ: What were the fundamental characteristics of

the Islamic Gunpowder Empires?

KQ1: Which Islamic Gunpowder Empire captured

Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire?

KQ2: What was the purpose of the Devshirme System?

KQ3: What was the result of the Battle of Lepanto 1571?

KQ4: What were the military and political reforms of Shah

Abbas?

KQ5: What were the military and political reforms of Akbar?

Western Steppes of Asia

SeljukTurks

Ghaznavid Turks

Eastern Steppes of Asia

Mongols

TurksA. Nomadic Horse Culture of the

Western Steppes of Asia (modern Turkestan)

-Eastern and Western Factions

-interaction w/ Byzantine and Islamic Empires

B. Western Turks controlled territory from the Oxus River to the Mediterranean

-converted to Islam (Sunni)

-split into two groups

C. Seljuk Turks (West)- spread from Persia towards the Byzantine Empire

-practiced religious toleration

D. Ghaznavids (East)- spread from Afghanistan to India

-defeated by the Seljuks

-practiced forced conversions

Oxus River

Ottoman Empire (1281-1918)A. Descendants of the Seljuk Turks

B. Military conquests waged with gunpowder technology (artillery)

-Ghazis (warriors for Islam) or Guardians of the Islamic Frontier

-Sultans (absolute ruler)

C. Fall of the Byzantine Empire

-Capture of Constantinople

-Renamed Istanbul

-ended nomadic culture of the Turks

D. Conquer and control:

-Mesopotamia

-Egypt

-Arabian Peninsula (Mecca & Medina)

-North Africa

-Balkan Peninsula (Europe)

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

Gigantic Cannon

Mehmed II

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

Newspaper HeadlinesCh. 18 Sec 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

(pgs 507-511)

A. Create Newspaper headlines for the Expansion

of the Ottoman Empire

-Newspaper Title

-Date

-Headline

-other (advertisements, job opportunities, crime

reports, etc.)

B. Article 1: Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic

Expansion

-Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople

-Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities

C. Article 2: Suleyman the Lawgiver

-The Empire Reaches Its Limits

-Highly Structured Social Organization

(Political Reforms & Devshirme System)

D. Article 3:

-Cultural Flowering

Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman the MagnificentA. Golden Age of the Ottoman

Empire (1520-1566)

B. Powerful navy dominated the

Eastern Mediterranean

-Control of the major trade

routes b/w East and West

C. Devshirme System

- Christian slaves drafted,

educated, and trained as

soldiers (Janissaries)

-Special forces devoted to the

Sultan

-Means of social mobility

D. Religious toleration in

exchange for tribute (taxes)

-Based on the Koran

Siege of Vienna

Battle of Lepanto

Major defeats @ Vienna and Lepanto marked the

beginning of decline in the Ottoman Empire

1526

1571

Ottomans

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Holy League

Battle of Lepanto (1571)A. Ottoman expansion threatened a

divided Christian Europe on both land and sea

-Battle of Vienna (1526)- Christian victory halted Suleiman’s land advance into Europe

B. Cause: Control of the Mediterranean and broken alliances b/w Italian city-states and Ottoman Turks

C. The Holy League

- organized by the Pope of the Catholic Church to stop Islamic expansion

-Navy composed of Spanish and Venetian warships

D. Result: Decisive defeat of the Turkish Navy

-permanently weakened Ottoman Navy

-ended the perceived invincibility of the Ottomans

-marked the beginning of gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire

Oxus River

Modern Iran and Afghanistan

Western presence in the Middle East very unpopular especially Islamic extremists

Osama Bin Laden establishes Al Qaeda in Afghanistan

Attacks World Trade Center (1993) (2001)

U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan (2001) Iraq War (2003)

Removal of Saddam Hussein Bid Laden Killed (2011)

First Gulf War (Iraq)

United Nations Coalition led by the United States

based in Saudi Arabia

Iranian Revolution 1979

American Hostage Crisis

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Iraq-Iran War (1980s) Iraq Invades Kuwait (1991)

Ottoman (Sunni) vs. Safavid (Shia)

Iraq Iran

Safavid Empire (1500-1747)A. Founded by Ishmael

-conquered Persia

(modern-day Iran)

-promoted Shia Islam

B. Religious Tyranny

-no religious toleration for either

infidels (non-muslims) or Sunni

Muslims

C. War w/ Ottomans to purify Islam

-resulted in Safavid defeat

-adopted the use of gunpowder

artillery

D. Established modern borders b/w Iraq

and Iran

Ishmael

Golden Age of Shah AbbasA. Reorganized the military based on an

Ottoman Model

-Persian Army and Recruited

Christians

-Equipped w/ Artillery (Gunpowder)

B. Reformed government

-eliminated corruption

-positions based on merit

-practiced religious toleration to

encourage foreign trade

C. Established a new capital at Esfahan

-employed foreign and Safavid artisans to

build and outfit the city

-Sponsored culture and arts

-Persian Carpets

D. Weak and cruel leaders led to the

collapse of the Dynasty

Shah Abbas

Mughal Empire (1526-1707)A. Product of Islamic

invasion of the Subcontinent

B. 300 year struggle b/w Muslims and Hindus

-sowed the seeds for later conflict

C. Founded by Babur

-Descendant of the Mongols

D. Military conquests laid the foundations of the empire

Babur

Battle of Panipat (1526)

Babur defeating

Ibrahim the Sultan of Delhi

Golden of Age of AkbarA. Used gunpowder technology to

expand his power and maintain control

B. Fostered peace b/w Muslims and Hindus

-promoted cultural blending

C. Moderate rule:

-religious toleration

-replaced tribute tax w/ an agricultural tax (fair and affordable)

-granted rotating land grants to officials

D. Weak successors and the arrival of Europeans caused the collapse of the Empire

British East India Co.

Sepoy Army

French East India Co

Bengal Army

.

Arrival of EuropeansA. Decline of the Mughal Empire

-weak leadership and factionalism

B. 17th-18th Century Interaction w/

European Traders (Dutch, French,

and British)

-East India Companies take control

of major ports on the Subcontinent

C. Battle of Plassey (1757)- British

East India Company led by Sir

Robert Clive and Indian Sepoys

defeat the French

-Jewel of the Crown

D. Rise of the British Empire

-rule the Subcontinent until the

end of World War II (1945-1947)

Ottoman Empire

Founder: Othman

Golden Age:______________________

Islam: _______________________

Religious Toleration (YES/NO)______

Safavid Empire

Founder: _______________________

Golden Age: _____________________

Islam: ________________________

Religious Toleration (YES/NO)______

Mughal Empire

Founder: ________________________

Golden Age: ____________________

Islam: Sunni/ Shia/ Sikhism

Religious Toleration (YES/NO)______

Ottoman Empire

Founder: Othman

Golden Age: Suleiman

Islam: Sunni

Religious Toleration

Safavid Empire

Founder: Ishmael (religious tyranny/ forced conversions)

Golden Age: Shah Abbas (religious toleration/ foreign trade)

Islam: Shia

Tyranny to Toleration

Mughal Empire

Founder: Babur

Golden Age: Akbar

Islam: Sunni/ Shia/ Sikhism

Religious Toleration