ssubtropicalubtropical ddetached etached hhousing ousing ...eprints.qut.edu.au/12388/1/Subtropical_detached_housing_report.pdf · - Comparative analysis of a range of project homes

subtropicalsubtropicaldetached detached housing housing reportreport

Executive Summary

This report records the findings of a research project aimed to develop principles for the design of the detached house and its site, appropriate to a subtropical lifestyle.

The Centre for Subtropical Design, a partnership between QUT and the Brisbane City Council, QUT students and the architectural firm Bligh Voller Nield have worked collaboratively on this project.

Existing publications, case studies of a range of homes and participatory workshops with peak bodies, designers and students have been analysed to develop principles of subtropical design for detached housing.

The aim is to help achieve a distinct and appropriate identity for South East Queensland whilst it continues to grow and to recognise that the local and regional identity has a significant role in the formation of a sustainable built environment.

Table of Contents

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1Research Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 5Methodology .................................................................................................................................................... 7Credits .............................................................................................................................................................. 9Case Study Selections ................................................................................................................................... 15Case Study Evaluations ................................................................................................................................. 25Case Study Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 29Workshop ....................................................................................................................................................... 39Workshop Attendance ................................................................................................................................... 45Workshop Outcomes ..........................................................................................................................................Lifestyle Memories ........................................................................................................................................ 53Literature Review ........................................................................................................................................... 71

1

Introduction

In nature we encounter experiences that stretch across generations, and such experience is shaped by its historical, environmental and cultural fabric.

This project is about the identification of our unique subtropical character and the values inherent in the siting, experiences, memory, structure and materials that make up the architecture of the detached dwellings many of us live in. It is about incorporating this character and these values that not only define a place, but also provide experiences that have united generations into the fabric of our South East Queensland homes.

More fundamentally, when entering SEQ, the merging of architecture and landscape announces an encounter with a special, unique place. We need to balance the suburban sameness by and large produced by the project home market with a human-scale, sustainable architecture that will fold into its subtropical surrounds.

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In seeking to identify key elements for a subtropical home it is important to realise that communities are supported by places and recurrent landscape elements that clearly speak their identity. These may be derived from the historic responses to the natural setting, patterns of land use and social activity that over time have shaped the area’s lifestyle and form. The character of a subtropical home is distinct and sometimes subtle, yet immediately recognisable as a special place by residents and visitors alike.

Subtropical South East Queensland provides a place for rich contact with natural systems and distinctive settings. If SEQ grows in a form responsive to this setting, we will add meaning, as we become aware of the presence and beauty of the area in our daily activities. To make this happen, design principles and guidelines may help to give direction to the region’s development. On a regional and neighbourhood level, scenic landmarks and views must be preserved and created, and natural connections must be enhanced. On a more intimate scale, places must take shape that enhance and integrate into the landscape. Most importantly, ecological connections must be maintained to protect natural systems and human scale connections must be designed to create places that sustain the environment and foster community.

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5

Research Methodology

The project brings together the work of QUT students, the architectural firm of Bligh Voller Nield and the Centre of Subtropical Design, a joint partnership between QUT and BCC.

The research methodology is modelled on the social research techniques of action theory and grounded theory, but is centred on a reflective approach. The use of a focused literature review, case study analysis and consultation with peak bodies allows some discussion of nature of sub-tropical design related to real constraints, practical, political, social, and economic.

This participatory approach facilitates reflective analysis of the case studies and collected data to track the emergence of theory from practice.

To address the issue of how our approach to design may change, the analysis of existing guidelines and publications and the exploration of a small select set of case studies is structured to lead to the establishment of particular principles and lifestyle values that may be included.

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Methodology

Literature Review

- Annotated bibliography at Appendix A reviewing guidelines for information on generic best practice design strategies and subtropical strategies.

Case Studies

- Comparative analysis of a range of project homes published designs, one-off house/s, historic typology case studies.Consultation

- Participatory workshops with peak bodies, and architects, interior designers, landscape architects and students. Analysis

- Reflective analysis of the case studies and collected data.- Consolidate data and develop a preliminary set of principles, and a preliminary set of guidelines, in plain language, tailored

to target audiences’ needs.- Identify barriers to adoption of principles by owners, designers and builders, and propose strategies to overcome these barri-

ers.

8

Olivia Martin-McGuire

9

Credits

Project Leader .......................................................Mark Thomson, TBV PartnershipProject Manager ...................................................Rosie Kennedy, Centre of Subtropical DesignAuthor ...................................................................Marci Webster-Mannison, Bligh Voller NieldCSD Director .........................................................John Hockings, Queensland University of TechnologyBCC Representative ..............................................Helen Caswell, Brisbane City CouncilStudent Contributors from the CSD Elective .......Carly Coghill, Fiona Jaeschke, Ravi Karan, Mark Rees, Leah Tait, Renee Moynihan Rob NormanDirector .................................................................Shane Thompson, Bligh Voller NieldStudent Architect ..................................................Anna Rabaa, Duncan Betts, Bligh Voller NieldGraduate Architect ................................................Chhayanna Mann, Bligh Voller NieldInterior Designer ...................................................Amanda Shea, Bligh Voller NieldGraphics ................................................................Deanne Roga, Felicity De Vry, Bligh Voller NieldResearch ...............................................................Lesley Speer, Bligh Voller NieldWorkshop Participants ..........................................Refer to list in Workshop section of this reportPhotography (as referenced) .................................Olivia Martin-McGuire

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Case Study Selection

The case studies were selected to include the following:

• project home market• one-off house (small lot design)• representations of historic typology

In the case of the project homes, the selection of the case studies was based on a desktop survey which identified the project home companies which addressed lifestyle, energy, water use, stormwater management, landscape and thermal issues. Web sites were used to determine the image of the companies in relation to these issues.

The Brisbane City Council provided the small lot house design by Jim Gall, as representative of best practice for this market.

The analysis of historic typologies took the form of collecting some recorded memories of two homes, Koongalba and 12 Edmondstone Street. Koongalba is found on the National Trust website, and 12 Edmondstone Street in the literature of David Malouf.

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PROJECT HOME COMMENT

LIFE

STYL

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A/V JenningsHousing Estates

Mention that 3 house plans “capture breezes.”Estate Developments discuss lifestyleNo other mention of relevant issues on web site

� � � � � �

A/V JenningsProject Homes

Landscape included with House and Land packagesCross Ventilation accommodated in house designs

� � � � � �

Colonial Building Company

Traditional QueenslanderHouses for narrow inner city blocks, sloping blocks, slab on groundNo other mention of relevant issues on web siteLandscape is narrow inner city blocks; slab on ground

� � � � � �

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LIFE

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DJ Builders Sloping Blocks (Winner of Queensland Master Builders Awards for 2002 & 2003 Best House for Sloping Site up to $250,000). Sloping blocks and small lots catered forAlso small lot homesHave built environ friendly energy efficient office complex called the Green Corporate CentreNo other mention of relevant issues on web siteOther- have built in conjunction with L.J. Hooker commercial “Green Corporate Centre”: an environmentally friendly, energy efficient office complexThermal has standard inclusion R2.5 batts and sarkingNo plans on website

� � � � � �

Coral Homes No mention of relevant issues on web siteLandscape has compact blocks

� � � � � �

Clarendon Homes No mention of relevant issues on web site � � � � � �

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LIFE

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Oasis Homes Homes are architecturally designed for maximum climatic control while visually bringing the lush Queensland landscape into the home’s living areasThermal aspects well covered. Cross ventilation room layout, orientation, eaves, glass insulationThe landscape caters to different site orientationsEnergy is passive cooling and heatingOnly build in SE QLDArchitecturally designed homes allow for individual needs

� � � � � �

Ausbuild Talk in general terms about “catching breezes”, but no technical or in depth data to follow-upNo other relevant dataThermal has cross ventilationLandscape is for small lot houses

� � � � � �

Petrie on Pine Housing Development (developed by Stockland)Some discussion of Lifestyle issues

� � � � � �

Villa World Housing DevelopmentSome discussion of Lifestyle issues

� � � � � �

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LIFE

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Pacific Harbour Housing DevelopmentSome discussion of Lifestyle issuesAwards: UDIA/EPA 2002Sustainable Urban Development Project for Kakadu Beach Golf Course Precinct – showcases sustainable environmental PracticesCovenants to ensure homes environmentally sustain

� � � � � �

Courage Homes Will individualise plan to take account of sloping block � � � � � �

Royale Homes Nothing relevant on web site � � � � � �

Glindemann Homes Nothing relevant on web site� � � � � �

Metricon Homes Nothing relevant on web site� � � � � �

Image Homes Can do sloping blocks

Orbit Homes Architect designed homesWeb site under development

Newstart Homes Nothing relevant on web siteLandscape (build on sloping blocks)

� � � � � �

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LIFE

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GW Homes Can do sloping blocksTwo of our latest designs have attained a Five Star energy rating, the best you can achieve. (Portland 360 & 2 designs

� � � � � �

Golden Edge Homes Individually designed to suit block � � � � � �

Inka Homes Web site not useful � � � � � �

Executive Homes Web site not useful� � � � � �

Riveredge Housing DevelopmentLiveability

� � � � � �

Regatta Nothing useful on web site � � � � � �

Civic Steel Homes Sloping & Narrow BlocksWill individualise plans State houses are energy efficient, but no demonstrated evidenceMarketed to consumers as a resort style, high quality outdoors lifestyle.

� � � � � �

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LIFE

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Heran Building Group Liveable Floor PlanWill individualise house plans Irrigation in some sloping block

� � � � � �

Traditional Queenslanders

Small lots & sloping blocksBig verandas for shade

� � � � � �

Plunkett Homes WA based

Clean Earth Homes (www.cleanearthhomes.com.au)

Sydney BasedNon toxic sustainable homesGreat PhilosophyFeng Shui non toxic materials

� � � � � �

Heritage Pacific (www.heritagepacific.com.au)

Housing Estate

Eco-friendly award winning residential estate (no demonstrated evidence)

2004 UDIA President’s Award Implement Greenomart Program to encourage construction of passive solar, energy efficient housing

� � � � � �

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LIFE

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Eco Design Homes (www.edh.com.au)

EDH is an acknowledged leader in environmentally-friendly homes in Australia.Eco Design Homes has embraced the principles of Sustainable Development, Total Quality Control, and Best Practice environmental management. The firm is committed to staying at the leading edge of high quality, value for money housing.By working with you from the concept stage, Eco Design Homes can combine energy efficient and environmentally friendly features into the design of the home, often at limited or no extra cost. Great Philosophy

� � � � � �

Greensmart Village Northlake’s (QLD)(www.greensmart.com.au )

The Green Smart Village is a community of homes which demonstrate environmentally sensitive building. The homes are and will be built as a demonstration and learning site for all aspects of leading edge environmental practices in residential building and land developmentDisplay Homes Development

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Case Study Evaluation

The case studies were evaluated based on information available on the builder’s/developer’s website.

The websites were examined to establish the extent of coverage given to the issues of lifestyle, energy, water use, stormwater management, landscape and thermal comfort.

Based on this evaluation, selected companies were approached to nominate an example of best practice in subtropical design from their range.

These homes were then evaluated based on the material supplied by each company.

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PROJECT HOME COMMENT LIFE

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Small Lot House Concept for Character Residential AreaGall & Medek Architects

Split Level 2 storey FC, weatherboard and timber batten construction on concrete block base-3 bedroom.This architecturally designed house was chosen as it addressed the issue of building in a character residential area, on a small sloping site.

� � � ? ? �

Grange Model House-Samford VillageHome Solutions

2 Storey timber and tin construction on concrete slab-4 bedroom.This design was chosen as part of the QUT Subtropical Design Principles subject. It is also an example of the growing market for ‘replica Queenslanders.’

� ? � �/? � �

Equinox House-Albany CreekCivic Steel Homes

2 Storey steel frame house on concrete slab-4 bedroom.While Civic Steel Homes have since built more energy efficient designs in compliance with Greensmart and non-step thresholds since this design, 3 years ago. The Equinox was chosen for its marketing angle as a choice of lifestyle. This was one Civic Steels forerunning designs in attempting to corner the contemporary outdoor Queensland lifestyle house market.

� ? ? ? � ?

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The Watersmart HouseEco-Dezign Homes

Single storey, brick veneer, concrete slab on ground, coulourbond roof-4 bedroom houseThis house was chosen as it stood to represent the’ new’ suburban house. Typical in design and materials, but it claims to stand alone due to its efficiency in saving water. It was marketed as the Watersmart House for the Northlakes development.

� � � � � �

Pavilion House 008- Mossvale on ManlyMirvac

Single storey, brick veneer, slab on ground,coulourbond roof-4 bedroom houseThis design was chosen as part of the QUT Subtropical Design Principles subject. It is of a similar design to the Watersmart house by Eco-Dezign.

� ? � � � �

The Traditional QueenslanderTypical Timber and Tin

Raised single storey, or 2 storey (enclosed under) timber and tin construction on timber posts, with corrugated orb roof.This design was chosen as it has come to represent our unique outdoors lifestyle. In our brief architectural history it is an adaptable style that has accommodated and evolved with our needs.

� ? � � � �

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Mandalay-Project HomePlantation Homes

Single storey, concrete slab on ground, brick veneer home with corrugated orb roof. Option of 8 different façade’s.

This design was chosen as an example of the less expensive range of project homes available on the market today.

� ? � ? ? �

Typology Single level raised off ground, single skin, timber home with verandahs on three sides and a high corrugated custom orb roof served by water tanks.

� � � ? ? �

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Case Study Summary

An analysis of each nominated project home, the small lot house and the historical examples was undertaken to draw out the characteristics that appeared to demonstrate best practice in relation to subtropical design.

The selected project homes demonstrate the current market response to the ways in which design solutions can support and enhance lifestyle in the subtropics.

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Koongalba 1894

Koongalba 1894 - Home of John Anthony Low and Louisa Ann

“‘a four roomed house with verandah all round 7’ [feet] wide also kitchen 16’ x 12’ with verandah 6’ wide on one side with gangway connecting the two 6’ wide’

All nine children were born in the parents’ back bedroom and the younger children also slept there. When older, the girls used the other back bedroom (four in a double bed) and the boys slept on stretchers on the verandah. The front bedroom was kept perfect for visitors. As one child recalled later,

The verandahs were used for everything. We sat on one side to be cool in summer and another side to be warm in winter. The tool boxes, the farm gear, the mangle, the cask for salt beef, a large box of rafting ‘dogs’ were all stored on the verandahs. When Vena married … the wedding reception was held on the verandah.”

Biography: Our House, Australian Heritage Commission (2005). www.heritage.gov.au

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subtropical design for detached housing

Koongalba 1894

The timber getter's residence

Yandina Queensland

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12 Edmondstone Street

“It stood on low stilts at the front, high stilts at the back, and was essentially a nest of open rooms surrounded on three sides by wide, cooling verandahs, ironwork to the rails, in a pattern of interlocking circles, and rolled venetians above. ... the green of the enormous shade-trees - mangoes, hoop-pines, all the varieties of subtropical fig - that darken every backyard.

They have about them the improvised air of tree houses. Airy, open, often with no doors between the rooms, they are on such easy terms with breezes, with the thick foliage they break into at window level, with the lives of possums and flying-foxes, that living in them, barefoot for the most part, is like living in a reorganised forest.”

The Front Verandah “ ....the Front Verandah becomes a tolerably comfortably place of entertainment; cooler, lighter, certainly airier than the Front Room itself.”

The Parents Room “Their door is always open. ...Air circulates from room to room through a maze of interconnecting spaces;”

The Piano Room “The Piano Room is my favourite room in the house. ... in the long afternoons, since it is shaded by the leaves of an enormous mango and is always cool.”

Under the House “.... we mucked about under the house, exploring, testing ourselves against the darkness down there, pushing ourselves to the limits of our young courage to outrageous dares;”

The Garden “Easy to see how a cuisine comes into existence. It has nothing to do with the refinements of art. For one whole month there are only artichokes and broad beans; in another tomatoes, runner beans, zucchini; cherries till you cannot bear the sight of them; later strawberries.”2

2Malouf, David (1999), 12 Edmondstone Street

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subtropical design for detached housingEQUINOX by Civic Steel Homes @ Albany Creek

FLOOR AREA: 414m2 COST: $348,000 - $410,000 COST/M2 = $850CONSTRUCTION: Lightweight steel construction on concrete slab

NORTH EAST ELEVATION NORTH WEAST ELEVATION

contemporary designhip-roofed steel frame

Queensland outdoor room

SITE PLAN N

ORIENTATION

Nstre

et

streetN

views

lawn for water absorption

westernly sun buffer

view

s

northerly aspect

formal landscaping

porous pavers

house set back from street

generous garden

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

N bicycle storage

views


northerly aspect

outdoor living

control of climate

control of space / flexibility

from garage

N

northerly aspect

inadequate sun protectionto windows

qq

c r o s s v e n t i l a t i o n

safe window openingfor night ventilation

pp

EQUINOX by Civic Steel Homes @ Albany Creek

natural light

minimal east/westwindows

all weather ventilation

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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subtropical design for detached housingTHE WILLS by Colonial Building Company

FLOOR AREA: 175m2 COST: $174,500 COST/M2 = $1000CONSTRUCTION: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

FIRST FLOOR PLANGROUND FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATION

N

ORIENTATION

stre

et

street

bicycle storage

outdoor living

views

view

s

views

outdoor living

reproductionQueenslander

future possibleexpansion

pp

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t il a

tio

n

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subtropical design for detached housingPAVILLION HOUSE by Mirvac @ Manly

FLOOR AREA: XXXXm2 COST: $485,000 - $535,000 COST/M2 = $1000CONSTRUCTION: Single storey, slab on ground, brick.

FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATION

ORIENTATION

N street



northerly aspect


bicycle storage

outdoor living

N

view

sview

s

publ

icp

p

control of space /flexibility

recessed doorway

internal courtyardallows natural light

yy

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subtropical design for detached housingSMALL LOT CONCEPT by Gall & Medel Design

FLOOR AREA: XXXXm2 COST: $XXXX COST/M2 = $XXXXCONSTRUCTION: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

SITE PLAN

W

ORIENTATIONFRONT ELEVATION

Nst

reet grassed area

views

N


Queenslander s

high windows and

sloping site with grassto help waterload

northerly aspect

views

view

s

minimal east/westwindows

side set-backallows natural light

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subtropical design for detached housingSMALL LOT CONCEPT by Gall & Medel Design

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLANN N

central breezeway

northerly aspect

clothes drying area

garage recessed tominimise street impact

all weatheroutdoor living

control of space /flexibility

control of space / flexibility

cr

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on

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for night ventilationpp

publ

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priv

ate

ppriv

ate

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direct access to housefrom garage

publ

icp

outdoor living

n

northerly aspect

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subtropical design for detached housingWATERSMART HOME by Eco-Dezign Homes

FLOOR AREA: 250m2 COST: $210,000 - $280,000 COST/M2 = $840CONSTRUCTION: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

FLOOR PLANN

ELEVATIONS

ORIENTATION

N street

stre

et


bicycle storage

outdoor living

viewsviews


cr

os s v e n

til

at

i o n


rainwater tank included

water efficient taps& appliances

solar hot water system


outdoor living

publicp

p

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subtropical design for detached housingMANDALAY by Plantation Homes

FLOOR AREA: 174m2 COST: $125,000 COST/M2 = $710CONSTRUCTION: Brick on concrete slab

FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATION

ORIENTATION

N

stre

et

street

outdoor livingviews

views

c

r o s s v e n t i l a t i on


direct access to housefrom garage

publ

icp

priv

ate

p

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Workshop Programme

Two participatory workshops, in the form of a focus group discussion, were held to generate ideas about the relationship of lifestyle to subtropical climate, in the context of the detached house.

The workshop participants included peak bodies, and architects, interior designers, landscape architects and students.

The framework of the workshops follows.

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ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION DETAILS

GATHERINGCSD INTRO - Context of project - Overview of CSDPROJECT INTRO - Why are we here?

- Project description- Lifestyle values - Target group - Use of information- Literature review, case studies, workshops

- Who we are? - What may I contribute?MEMORIES - Queensland living memories - Photos and text

- David Malouf- Historical recount

Brainstorm- Individual memories of growing up in Queensland

Lifestyle - After school, Morning, Evening - Eating, visiting, reading, sleeping, playing- Special places- Weekends- Holidays, Celebrations - Work- Climate

CASE STUDIES Presentation- Case comparative analysis

- Lifestyle- Energy- Water- Stormwater- Landscape- Thermal

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ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION DETAILS

IMAGINING Discussion - Features of a sub-tropical home- Barriers to change

Special places (childhood, young adulthood, etc)- The Garden- The Verandah- Under the House- Bedroom, Kitchen,etc

Report backCONCLUSION What stands out for me in this session?

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Workshop Attendance

The list of invited participants was developed in consultation with the CSD. The first workshop focused on the experiences of a select group of architects, interior designers, landscape architects and students. The second workshop draws on a broader representation from peak bodies.

The participants, and their comments on what they ‘hoped to contribute’ to the workshop are listed on the following pages.

A deliberate effort was made to seek participants with direct experience of subtropical living, and most of the participants grew up in south-east Queensland. A full list of the invitees is available from the CSD.

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Peak Bodies - 20 July 2004 - 12:30 - 3pm Comments

INDUSTRY

Property Council of Australia Representative

**Jan Williams

- Grew up in Brisbane,

- background in community services

- does not want to see another set of boring standards

- values understanding of social issues

Urban Development Institute of Australia

Mareck

- architect

- ESD experience

Australian Green Development Forum

Cameron Hoffman

- grew up in Brisbane

- planning background

- sustainability bent

**Bendigo Bank

Craig Thomas

- grew up in Queensland

- green home loan initiative

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DEVELOPERSHeritage Pacific

***Mark Routledge

- grew up in Queensland

- engineering and building background

- interested in affordability

Urban Blueprint

Ross Lee

- grew up in Brisbane

- building and project management background

- interested in boutique developments with subtropical and sustainable qualities

QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENTEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Zoe Tkal- grew up in Queensland- Environmental science background- Loves architecture

Queensland Department of Housing

Dyan Eastman - Grew up in Queensland- Smart housing coordinator- Integration of triple bottom line accountiing

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YBE (Project Services)

Wayne Petrie - Grew up in Queensland- Architect- Interested in sustainable housing- Concerned with affordability and social outcomes

CENTRE OF SUBTROPICAL DESIGN**Prof John Hockings - Grew up in Brisbane

- Architect, CSD Director- Concerned that built form is right for the place and makes an explicit and

proper connections for the inhabitants and the environment- Homes should be exquisite

**Rosie Kennedy - Grew up in Brisbane- Architect, CSD coordinator

**Helen Caswell - Grew up in Queensland- Planner, BCC CSD coordinator- Concerned with how environments change over time

BUILDING**Building Services Authority

Doug Sparkes

- Grew up in Queensland

- In contact with industry and home owners

- Interested in architecture and disability design

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Design / Building Professionals - 15 July 10.30 Contact Details

DESIGNUQ **Dr Greg Bamford

- Grew in Brisbane- Building science background- Concerned with what people want and how people use spaces

QUTDr Jeannie Sim C/- Landscape

- Grew up in Queensland- Landscape architect- Interested in history of garden design in Qld

Australian Institute of Landscape Architects***Cathy Girard

- Grew up in Brisbane- Landscape architect- User perspective, creation of a place to live in and integration of

indoors and outdoorsBuilding Designers Association of Australia***Russell Brandon

- Grew up in Queensland- Building architect- Progress sustainable design, particularly in relation to coastal homes

ArchitectsLibby Watson-Brown

- grew up in Brisbane- architect- development from first principles of ideas about appropriate

modernism in the subtropicsArchitectCathy Bauder

- grew up in Queensland- architect- experience of subtropics

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ArchitectRobert Ridell

- grew up in Queensland- architect- preserve existing building stock, adapt for new uses and derive a

modern building form that can be inserted in character contextPublic WorksDell Jones

- grew up in NSW- heritage background- Robyn Dodds as a modern case study & ESD guideslines

BUILDING***Wisdom ConsultingJohn Moynihan

- Architectural and marketing background, involved in greensmart programme

- Interface between the development industry and the public and taking the subtropical principles to the consumers

CASE STUDIESThe Mirvac GroupBetty Tseng

- Grew up in subtropical Taiwan- Architect- Quality homes and demystification of obstacles

The Mirvac GroupRichard Riz

- Grew up in far north Queensland- Architectural background in single family homes- Subtropical design is dear to his heart

CENTRE OF SUBTROPICAL DESIGNRosie Kennedy - Grew up in Brisbane

- Architect, CSD coordinator

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Gall MedekJim Gall

- Grew up in Brisbane- Architect with a background in environmental science- Content rather than form, avoiding value judgements

Deicke Richards ArchitectsCameron Davies

- Architect- Sustainable urban design

Fiona Jaeschke - Grew up in Adelaide- Student architect- Brings a different outlook on what is unique based on experience of

other different regionsRavi Karan - Student architect

- Bring a young adult orientated outlookRESEARCHERLesley Speer - Grew up in

- Librarian- Consumer who built a home on a sloping block, and as a specialist

architectural librarian, involved in research of subtropical architecture

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Workshop Outcomes

The workshops used memories to map our connection with a subtropical lifestyle.

Images and text were used to introduce the workshop focus groups to the subject of lifestyle and it’s relationship to subtropical climate and landscapes. They were encouraged to offer accounts of their experiences of subtropical living.

Memories involving engagements with other people and experiences provide guidance throughout the design and building process in a way that is not so much about physical orientation as about value judgements.

Every aspect of experience becomes enveloped in the process of memory. It helps form our identity both as individuals, and collectively. So these memories of home, cultural and autobiographical are used as the foundation upon which to build a distinct, appropriate identity for South East Queensland whilst it continues to grow.

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OUTDOOR LIVING

THE OUTSIDE

• combines beauty and function, becomes part of house, focus of living, change it- fill it in, most important successful living area

• the garden supplied food for the family and fruit for breakfast in the morning • make dishes from garden, different at different times of the year

GARDEN

• marigolds, roses,• fruit bats, flying foxes, cane toads, snails, frogs, silk worms, budgies• ferns, mint, fat grass flowers • vegetable gardens

TREES

• places to climb• trees are like a building• birds build houses in trees• trees for shape, privacy & softening

FOOD PRODUCING

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• vege patch• chooks, scraps fed to chooks, collecting eggs, collecting insects to feed to chickens, dogs eating chickens• herbs, fruit, compost• passionfruit, mulberry, orange tree, pawpaws, bananas, monsterio, sugarcane etc.

FRONTYARD/BACKYARD/SIDE

• backyard for chatting, thunderbox in backyard, BBQ• front yard for playing ball, step dweller- front steps for discussions, reading, sitting, front steps for sliding down• side strip of garden and concrete down other side, yard on 4 sides suits all seasons, yard on 4 sides ‘pathway’ for kids to run around

PLAY

• places to explore, places to hide, undesigned shady spaces, underhouse, hidden away, secure places• imaginary playing out our lives, spaces for children• making mud pies, climbing hills, build cubbies, play tennis against wall, roller skating, hosing, carved dirt, made dams

CLOTHES DRYING

• swing on clothes hoist• clothes line (linear)• on veranda• hills hoist

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WATER

• playing with water, collapsible pool under tree, backyard pool popular • water tanks, tank stands• use water to influence microclimate, cooling

MAINTENANCE

• low maintenance, no one wants to mow lawn anymore• weed gardens, clear rampant growth

BEYOND THE HOUSE

• play in street, informal place• need to look beyond house (land, neighbourhood memories, preconceptions)

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INDOOR OUTDOOR LIVING

OPEN UP TO THE OUTSIDE

• breakfast in sunny spot• interactive house

VERANDAHS/DECKS/ETC

• casual space• sleep on the verandah when it’s hot, extra beds (with mosquito nets) for visitors, lie in bed & look at stars• roll up blinds for shade• living spaces that open up to a deck (glass of red wine in the evening/ breakfast in morning )• clothes drying area• screened area lets light in, keep insects out• window size to suit light• clean and green living

INDOOR/OUTDOOR ROOMS

• sun room, sleepouts• outdoor room that could be used in rain – reading day• sleepout with polished floors that good for long races• garage/carport used to be separate- now have become feature, storage, pit, parties, chemistry lab

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• more garage – then living in garage

MOSQUITOES

• net, box/ring, valance for net, tuck in/ cocoon inside net• nets and screens stop breeze

UNDER HOUSE

• under house used by kids/ ‘claimed’ for cubby house,• ball game under house, dirt house where kids played, bricked in area where kids could do anything, ‘steal’ things from under

house to build cubbies• fernery area• ‘workshop’ – tools, car lawn / copper• people living under house in flat• repositories of junk (e.g. old pram, boxes), place where people could leave things

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INDOOR LIVING

EATING

• large kitchen, open kitchen/dining, meals, study, talking, games, cups of tea

SLEEPING

• parents room (door open but off limits) shared bedroom, teen years -bedroom as cave, doors closed, looks were essential, darkness was a comfort

• accommodate extended family, transitional spaces or dormitories

LIVING/ SITTING /PLAYING

• cosy, ‘good room’ with couch etc. for winter, computers, TV , friends, weddings, what it means to have spaces for children

BATHROOM

• chook incubator, combined with laundry, toilet outback, cane toads• who cleans the three bathrooms, and how many can you use at once? TEMPORAL • how we want to use house - different during week / different occasions, place to live when not working (night/etc)• can’t spend that much time sitting on 3 toilets or using 3 garages, longevity- maintaining houses / gardens

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END OF DAY

• parents get together in cool spot (verandah) and talk, kids do school work at the kitchen table• bush house, shade house, orchid house

NIGHT TIME

• look at stars, spot constellations from verandah, tv on verandah• evening walks, meet other people on front steps, wander streets and park after dinner time for activities, chase cane toads

LIGHT

• abundance of natural light all spaces• light not things important

VISUAL

• when its dark its too dark to see• palm trees / tin roofs in sunset

AIR

• locate walls/openings for cross ventilation• in summer open windows early in morning and when you come home from work (shut during day)

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NOISES

• cats running under house• hear other households (activity, children, cars, rain) –makes you feel connected • noise (pipes, bathroom, floor creaking, things running across roof, roof creaking• sound of rain on tin roof• life – leaves rustling – wildlife• noise of mangoes bombing – roof & possums, flying foxes

COMFORT

• move from east side to west side during day • ‘used’ to be a lot of summer storms• cyclones• lying on lino because it was cool

SMELLS

• salty small (Wynnum)• rain• mangoes

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FLEXIBILITY

FLUIDITY

• fluid spaces • every room accessed from 3 pts, ability to re-enter rooms• efficient storage

ADAPTABILITY

• adapt to seasons• usage/occupants ( family, share etc.)• range of activities• change configuration of rooms

PURPOSABLE

• not define purpose of rooms• allow for different / diverse use • ‘fold out’ walls• allow people to inhabit space the way they want, flexibility of space makes diversity• adaptable, ephemeral, ambiguous, transmutable, transitional• lift up /fill in • house should refer to outside• over prescribed - named spaces, need undefined space• different ways of living - expressing

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• beauty, places where fantasies can reside• openability • physiological, social, cultural flexibility and choice• spaces do not have to big places for soul to play ,favourite place – smallest room

GROWTH

• motor car, patio, bbq, family room, tv, fireplace

CHARACTER

• Queenslander epitomises subtropical lifestyle- Is it sentimental?• fragile, informed about topography, placement and scale • a house may help us to understand environment • deep sills, detail • trellises / painting• 100’s of windows, coloured glass, louvres• faded curtains• high ceilings• vents around lights• fan lights• cracks between verandah boards• you can see where extension had been• houses used to comfortably achieve lifestyle• historic performance ‘mix your own paints’• flexible e.g. workers cottage – cheap, expedient, ephemeral

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• spaces that allow you and freedom to express yourself • important to who we are• ‘scary house’ ‘exciting place’• space that is not planned for a specific purpose: transmutability, ambiguity, change, freedom, creative activity, no formal con-

straints, degree of separation, unformed spaces, undefined edges, unsupervised, undersigned,

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MATERIALS

MATERIALS

• heavy core / lightweight • external qualities• roof / Shading• carpet rare – rolled up hall carpet in summer

SITE

• water flows under house• sloping • sloping blocks – variety, views open at hilltop, then change / close off, dynamic• views, trees and mountains, breezes• water waste etc.• passive solar• indoor – outdoor• zones• micro climate• connection to outdoor

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NEIGHBOURHOOD

• chatting to neighbours through windows• recreate the neighbourhood – part of how people view the openness of their houses• connection to the street by being able to see front door • being able to see front gate from inside the house• walk to amenity – public transport• part of a community i.e. close to amenity• diversity of age / family unit

PLACES I LIKE THE MOST

• under house• roller skating• budgies• hosing• carved dirt• made dams• hidden away• secure• repositories of junk• old pram / boxes• people could leave house open• couldn’t wait to get out in open after spending wet season under A-frame (mustering camp)

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BARRIERS

• covenants• status symbols• desire for children to have creative freedom• contrast to previous generation- shift to learning to live outside • design for maximum size – often not required (places for soul to play, do not need to be big)• lot configuration• reality of commercial world (that’s the way we always do it)• trying to tackle project builders head on is like trying to tell Holden to bring out a new model• ‘verandah’ often used to ‘round out’ house• habit• industry inertia• houses not designed for the site• ‘one size fits all’• cost to change: new, re-document, communication, design effort to change• easier to do what we have always done• fashion, style, tv shows• education • true cost, ‘ total cost housing’• public awareness• sense of design value• resistance of project home developers• fearful (lost touch of nature)• slab on ground disease

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WHAT STANDS OUT

• can’t just look at house (land, neighbourhood memories, preconceptions)• land development industry is asking how do we create communities, but should maybe ask how do we use memories to create

the community’• innovative value of workshop: lots of people discussing issues (creative culture)• we don’t have excuse of seasons, climate shouldn’t be a barrier (we still have opportunity to remember simple houses we lived

in)• we’re still pioneers• we are over descriptive about what we want, not necessarily focused on function – we need to be creative with space to con-

nect core values to do with how we interact with natural environment• subtropical lifestyle- we need to work less to appreciate and get in touch with what is important• workshop- range of people and process inspiring• housing only exists in context of society: can’t divorce housing from context• importance of design that caters for flexibility• our memories reflected interaction with the environment, rather than keeping it at bay• workshop: synergy, shared vision that exists around table of diverse group • maybe real issue is to get communicating – to ask right questions• we need to facilitate housing environment that creates memories• we share similar experiences, visions – we need to find out if core things are common to others• memories – all about things you cherish• most simple ideas that come at little or no cost• trying to tackle project builders head on is like trying to tell Holden to bring out a new model• control project builder through consumer• workshop format- memory evocative tool pleasant

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• focus on memories- interesting how housing has adapted in this group• how to change the future (TV ?)• memories and our connection with where we lived (e.g. houses were open to interaction)• traditional houses used to comfortably achieve lifestyle

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Literature Review

Top Picks

Brisbane City Council, Green Garden Guide

Brisbane City Council, Green Home Guide

Nick Hollo, Warm House Cool House: Inspirational designs for low-energy housing

Richard Hyde, Climate Responsive Design: a Study of Buildings in Moderate and Hot Humid Climates

Maroochy Shire Council, Maroochy Shire’s Guide to Green Building

Queensland Government, Smart Housing

Queensland Government, Energy Efficiency Provisions for Class 1 and Class 10 Buildings

Queensland Government, Queensland Residential Design Guidelines

C, Reardon, Your Home

S.V. Szokolay, Climate, Comfort and Energy: Design of Houses for Queensland Climates

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REFERENCE ANNOTATION CLIM

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ANZAAS CONGRESS. “Science and Life in the Tropics”. Section C-11 Architecture and Planning, Portfolio of Papers Presented at Townsville 24-28 August 1987, 57th ANZAAS Congress.

Collection of papers that include a discussion of the design principles and history of the “Queensland House”, as well as architecture in the tropical areas of Queensland.

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ARONIN, Jeffrey Ellis. “Climate and Architecture”. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1953.

Provides an extensive look at all climatic conditions and then discusses design principles for consideration by architects.

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AUSTRALIAN BUILDING CODES BOARD. “Part 2.6 Energy Efficiency - Building Code of Australia”. Canberra: Australian Building Codes Board. 2005.

Outlines the standards required for energy efficient building performance. Much of the data is technical, designed to be used by professionals in the building and design field.

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AUSTRALIAN COUNCIL OF BUILDING DESIGN PROFESSIONALS. “BDP Environment Design Guide” Sydney: Royal Australian Institute of Architects/Australian Council of Building Design Professionals, 2004.

This publication is the most comprehensive single source of information on environmental design issues specifically tailored to the needs of Australia’s planning and building design professionals. It provides reliable, timely and accessible information, all written with the design practitioner in mind.

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BAKER, N.V. “Passive and Low Energy Building Design for Tropical Island Climates”. UK: Commonwealth Secretariat Publications, 1987.

Provides an overview of climate with the focus on the Caribbean. Also provided are climate responsive design techniques for this area. Some technical data is included.

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BRIDGMAN, David. “Acclimatisation: Architecture at the Top End”. ACT: RAIA, 2003.

Discusses the topical climate of the Northern Territory and provides a chronological history of buildings and architecture in the Northern Territory.

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BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL, “Green Garden Guide”. Brisbane: BCC, 2003.

Provides advice for sustainable gardening in Brisbane.

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BRISBANE CITY COUNCIL, “Green Home Guide”. Brisbane: BCC, 2003.

Provides advice on how green home choices can save money and help the environment, as well as ideas about water and energy efficiency, design, materials and construction.

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COWELL, Elizabeth. “Tropical Punch.” Belle, No.70 Jul/Aug 1985 pp.109-120.

A non-technical look at 3 houses built in South East Queensland and the concessions made for the climate in their design.

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CSIRO. “Climate change projections for Australia”. Melbourne: CSIRO, 2001.http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/projections2001.pdf

Predicts climate change in Australia over the next 70 years.

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CSIRO – Divison of Building Research. “Tropical Building Research Notes”. Vic: CSIRO, 1977.

Primary aim of this publication is to study the tropical environment and its effect on building materials and its occupants. Provides an overview of research undertaken over a 10 year period. PNG is the primary example.

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DANBY, Miles. “Grammar of Architectural Design with Special Reference to the Tropics”. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.

Overview of basic architectural principles applicable to a range of climatic and building conditions. Discusses the tropical climate and adjustments that can be made to the design process to optimize comfort levels in this climate.

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De Hoedt, Ernst and STERN, H. “Objective Classification of Australian climates”. Melbourne: Bureau of Meteorology, n.d.

Provides a scientific definition of the subtropical climate and provides climatic data that defines the subtropical climate.

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DOCHERTY, Michael and SZOKOLAY, Steven V. “Climate Analysis”. Queensland: University of Queensland, 1999.

Provides a discussion of climate itself followed by material which allows an appropriate thermal design strategy to be selected. Some technical material is included.

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EMMANUEL, Rohinton. “An Analysis of the Bio-climatic Effects of Roof Cover of Domestic Buildings in the Equatorial Tropics” Architectural Science Review, vol.45, June 2002, pp.117-124

A technical article which investigates the thermal comfort effects of the most commonly used domestic roof covers in the tropical climate of Sri Lanka.

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EVANS, Ian. “Getting the Details Right: Restoring Australian Houses 1890s - 1920’s”. Queensland: The Flannel Flower Press, 1989.

Provides a collection of detailed drawings to assist with the restoration and conservation of houses of the 1820s to the 1920s.

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EVANS, Ian & The National Trust of Queensland. “The Queensland House: History and Conservation”. Australia: The Flannel Flower Press, 2001.

Looks at the history of the timber house in Queensland and provides advice to assist owners with the preservation, protection and maintenance of these buildings.

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EVANS, Martin. “Housing, Climate and Comfort”. London: The Architectural Press, 1980.

Provides data for climatic design and an overview of the design and building process to maximize thermal comfort in a tropical area.

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FISHER, Thomas. “The Well-Tempered Tropics: Design for Hot, Humid Climates”. Progressive Architecture, vol.65(4) 1984, pp.98-103

The primary focus of this article is on reducing a building’s energy consumption. Useful data is provided on ventilation, shading and insulation.

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FRY, Maxwell and Drew, Jane. “ Tropical Architecture in the Humid Zone”.London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1956.

A landmark publication which provides a general outline of factors affecting design in the humid tropics; people and their needs; climate and its attendant ills and materials and the means of building.

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FRY, Maxwell and Drew, Jane. “ Tropical Architecture in the Dry and Humid Zones”. New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1964.

Includes material published in the earlier publication which is listed above. This book provides a general outline of factors affecting design in dry and humid climates; people and their needs; climate and its attendant ills and materials and the means of building.

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HAINES, Murray and WHEELER, Tone. “Energy Conservation and Thermal Comfort for Australian Housing”. Canberra: DHC, n.d.

Covers all climatic conditions across Australia and discusses the design principles to maximize the climatic comfort in each. Includes some dated material.

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HOLLO, Nick. :Warm House Cool House: Inspirational designs for low-energy housing”. NSW: Choice Books, 1995.

An Australian publication which outlines design principles to enable us to build, renovate or purchase an energy efficient house that meets the climate comfort needs of its owners. Covers all Australian climatic conditions.

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HYDE, Richard. “Climate Responsive Design: a Study of Buildings in Moderate and Hot Humid Climates”. London: Spon Press, 2000.

This book looks at humid climates and discusses how the design, construction and building materials accommodate the “challenges” presented by the climate. Examples from S.E. Queensland are included.

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KOENIGSBERGER, O.H. et al. “Manual of Tropical Housing and Building”. London: Longman, 1973.

A significant publication discussing climatic data and offering design solutions for climatic comfort in such a tropical environment.

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KONYA, Allan. “Design Primer for Hot Climates”. London: Architectural Press, 1980.

Discussion of hot climatic conditions and a look at the design features used to increase comfort levels of those who live in these areas.

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LIPPSMEIER, Georg. “Tropenbau: Building in the Tropics”. Munchen: Callwey, 1980.

Includes material on the tropical climate and covers the design and building process in such environs. Books are now starting to acknowledge that building in the tropics encompasses structures for rich and poor people. Many of the earlier books equate the tropics with “poor natives” and the effects this has on the lack of design and building process.

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MALOUF, David. “A first place: the mapping of a world” in David Malouf: Johnno, short stories, poems, essays and interview. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1984 pp. 261-269

This book defines the subtropical characteristics of Brisbane in descriptive and poetic terms. This title evokes a feeling rather than providing scientific and relevant advice.

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MAROOCHY SHIRE COUNCIL. “Maroochy Shire’s Guide to Green Building”. Nambour: Maroochy Shire Council, n.d.http://www.maroochy.qld.gov.au/documents_2/green_building_guide.pdf

The aim of this publication is to help consumers design and build energy efficient and environmentally friendly houses.

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MARTIN-CHEW, Louise. “Tropical Mastery”. Vogue Living, March 1998, pp.78-85

Discusses the principles used in the design and construction of a house at Sunshine Beach, Qld.

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MOULIS, Antony. “Subtropical Revision”. Houses, Issue 23, 2003 pp.32-37

The primary focus is on the floorplan designed to utilize the exceptional views of the Moreton Bay location.

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OAKLEY, David. “Tropical Houses: a guide to their design”. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1961.

Looks at climatic elements of the tropics and follows the design and building process and looks at their effectiveness in a tropical climate. The focus is on Brazil and Jamaica.

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OLGYAY, Victor. “Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism”. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1963.

Provides an overview of world climate and includes a discussion of the architectural design principles for each climate type. Technical data is included. Makes use of American examples.

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QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING. “Smart Housing”. Queensland: The State of Queensland (Department of Housing), 2005http://www.housing.qld.gov.au/builders/smart_housing/

Smart Housing is a Queensland Government initiative that responds to the demand for housing that better meets people’s needs and responds to the Queensland climate while saving money. Smart Housing advocates good practice in designing, planning and building homes to make them more socially, environmentally and economically sustainable.

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QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT. DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND PLANNING. “Energy Efficiency Provisions for Class 1 and Class 10 Buildings” in Building Newsflash, 16 May 2003.http://www.lgp.qld.gov.au/docs/building_codes/energy_efficiency_standards/131.pdf

This item summarizes the new energy efficiency provisions for Queensland, including design and construction requirements.

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QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT. DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL GOVERNEMENT AND PLANNING. “Queensland Residential Design Guidelines”. Queensland: Department of Local Government and Planning, 1997.

Provides clear advice for developing residential areas in Queensland. Data is included for single detached housing.

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REARDON, C. Your Home 2001, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2001.http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/

Provides guidelines for good housing design across all Australian climates. F0r Queensland specific data please refer to the Queensland edition below.

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REARDON, C. Your Home. (Queensland Edition) Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2001.http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/

A look at environmentally friendly home designs that take the Queensland climate and the need to conserve our precious resources, such as water into consideration.

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RECHNER, Judy. “Brisbane House Styles 1880 to 1940: a guide to the affordable house”. Brisbane: Brisbane History Group, 1998.

Describes the house types built before World War II in Brisbane. It covers the popular house styles which the majority of Brisbane people could afford.

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SAINI, Balwant Singh. “Architecture in Tropical Australia”. Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1970.

An Australian publication focusing on the tropical areas of Australia. Building design and planning issues are covered and many examples from the Australian tropics are included.

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SANI, Balwant. “The Australian House: Homes of the Tropical North”. Sydney: Lansdowne Publishing, 1982.

Looks at the features of the tropical Australian house and assesses to what extent they satisfy the demands of tropical living. This book includes many colour photographs.

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SAINI, B.S. and SZOKOLAY, S.V. “Evaluation of Housing Standards in Tropical Australia: a Report Prepared for the Council of Commonwealth Public Service Organisations”. Queensland: University of Queensland Department of Architecture, 1974.

A response to a need to ensure Australian government employees were provided with an appropriate standard of housing when they were living in the tropical regions of Australia. Provides guidelines to follow.

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SALMON, Cleveland. “Architectural Design for Tropical Regions”, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999.

Discusses the elements of the tropical climate and provides an overview of the regions in the world, including Australia, which have this climate. The author then looks at the effect of the climate on building design and construction and offers a variety of solutions.

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SLESSOR, Catherine. “ Hot Issues”. Architectural Review, No.1276 June 2003, pp.40-66

A collection of five articles which provide a thought provoking look at contemporary design issues associated with building in a tropical climate.

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SU, Bing. “Estimation of Natural Ventilation around Medium Density Housing in the Humid Tropics”. Architectural Science Review, Vol.44, Sep 2001, pp. 241-250

A technical article which applies scientific principles to identify natural ventilation issues and solutions in outdoor spaces in a medium density housing development in Townsville.

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SU, Bing. “ Estimation of Natural Cross-ventilation Potential of Medium-Density Housing in the Humid Tropics” Architectural Science Review, Vol.44, Dec 2001, pp. 405-418

A technical articles which investigates the indoor cross-ventilation potentials of houses in a new subdivision in Townsville using scientific measures and a computer model. Improvement in cross-ventilation through housing design is explored.

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SUMNER, Ray. “Settlers and Habitat in Tropical Queensland”. Queensland: James Cook University, 1974.

Provides a history of North Queensland housing and the design strategies used to cope with the tropical climate.

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SZOKOLAY, S.V. “Climate, Comfort and Energy: Design of Houses for Queensland Climates”. Queensland: University of Queensland Architectural Science Unit, 1991.

A Queensland publication which provides specific information about the Brisbane climate and some design considerations for maximum thermal comfort in buildings.

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TAAC (NT) Architects and Planners. “The Tropical House”. Architecture Australia, May 1989 pp. 91, 93, 95.

Showcases the use of natural ventilation as an effective means of temperature control for a house in Darwin. Also included also is a discussion of the building materials used.

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THOMPSON, Shane. “Making a Sub-tropical Architecture”. Italy: ; l’Arca Edizioni, 2003

Provides an overview of some of the work undertaken by Shane Thompson, Principal of Bligh Voller Nield. Includes commercial and residential architecture with much located in S.E. Queensland.

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TROPPO ARCHITECTS. “Tropical Breezes”. Houses Issue 28, 2002, pp.48-51

Describes the building principles used in the construction of a project home located in the tropical area of Townsville.

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WOOLLEY, J. “SNACK:PLACE. Self navigation and creative knowledge: Passive and low energy Architecture, Climate and Education”. Queensland: Queensland Univeristy of Technology, 1997.

Provides information ranging from simple principles to indepth scientific processes relating to design for various climates.

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Documents

ssubtropicalubtropical ddetached etached hhousing ousing ...eprints.qut.edu.au/12388/1/Subtropical_detached_housing_report.pdf · - Comparative analysis of a range of project homes