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INTRODUCTION TO SPSS
Suresh T SI M.Com314
What is SPSS?
Originally it is an acronym “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” but now it stands for Statistical Product and Service Solutions It is also known by the name PASW (Predictive Analytics Software)
It is a software used for data analysis in business research. Can be used for:
o Processing Questionnaireso Reporting in Tables and Graphso Analyzing: Means, Chi-square, Regression, …and much
more..
HistorySPSS has a long heritage
Introduced in 1968. Was originally developed to facilitate statistical
analysis in the social sciences. Early versions designed to run on mainframe
computers. On July 28, 2009 IBM announced it was acquiring
SPSS Inc. for $ 1.2 billion in cash The current versions (2015) are officially named
IBM SPSS Statistics.
About SPSS Incorporated
SPSS Inc. is a leading worldwide provider of predictive analytics software and solutions.
SPSS Inc. was a software house headquartered in Chicago and incorporated in Delaware
The company was started in 1968 by Norman Nie, Dale Bent, and Hadlai "Tex" Hull
Today SPSS has more than 250,000 customers worldwide, served by more than 1,200 employees in 60 countries.
Now the company is known as
SPSS: An IBM® Company :
General CapabilitiesSPSS has a lot of great features
Can import data from many different sources, such as Microsoft® Excel and SAS®.
Provides analysis tools to generate reports, charts, plots, descriptive statistics, and run advanced statistical analyses.
In addition to user interface, provides a command syntax that can simplify certain things, such as running repetitive tasks.
Basic Operations in SPSS(Basic Steps In Data Analysis)
Variable Entry (adding or deleting a variable) Data Entry (adding or deleting the data) Saving the data Importing data from Excel file Checking the data entered Sorting the data Transforming the data
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Variables
A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable.
Ex. What are variables you would consider in buying a second hand bike? Brand Type Age Condition (Excellent, good, poor) Price
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Dichotomous variables (having two values only) Yes or No Male or Female
Income, age or a test score are the examples of continuous variables.
These variables may take on any value within a given range, or in some cases, an infinite set.
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Types of variables
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Moderating Variable
Extraneous Variable
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Measurement Scales
The process of assigning numbers to objects in such a way that specific properties of the objects are faithfully represented by specific properties of the numbers.
Types of Scales: Nominal Ordinal Scale
Interval Ratio
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Types of Scales
Nominal example: nationality, race, gender… based on a concept (two categories variable called
“dichotomous nominal”) Ordinal
example: knowledge, skill... (more than, equal, less than) rank-ordered in terms of a criterion from highest to lowest
Interval/Ratio example: age, income, speed... based on arithmetic qualities and have a fixed zero point
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Nominal Numbers
Assigned to Runners
Ordinal Rank Order
of Winners
Interval PerformanceRating on a Scale
Ratio Time to Finishin Seconds
Thirdplace
Secondplace
Firstplace
Finish
Finish
8.2 9.1 9.6
15.2 14.1 13.4
Scale
Scale Basic Characteristics
Common Examples
Nominal Numbers identify & classify objects
Gender, numbering of football players
Percentages, mode
Chi-square, binomial test
Ordinal Nos. indicate the relative positions of objects but not the magnitude of differences between them
Quality rankings, rankings of teams in a tournament
Percentile, median
Rank-order correlation, Friedman ANOVA
Ratio Zero point is fixed, ratios of scale values can be compared
Length, weight Geometric mean, harmonic mean
Coefficient of variation
Permissible Statistics Descriptive Inferential
Interval Differences between objects
Temperature (Fahrenheit)
Range, mean, standard
Product-moment
Primary ScalesPrimary Scales
Choice of Scales in SPSS
The default is Scale, which refers to an interval or ratio level of measurement.
Choose Nominal for categorical data,
Ordinal if your data involve rankings, or ordered values.
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TYPES OF WINDOWS
Data view
Variable View
Output Viewer
Pivot Table Editor
Chart Editor
Text Output Editor
Syntax Editor
Data Viewer
Entering
Editing
Displaying
DATA
No. of Respondents/Questionnaires/Schedules
Variable View
Programming
Defining
Qualitative
Questions
Number of Questions
1. Opens automatically if it runs a procedure
2. Displays Statistical results, Graphs and save it for future use.
Outline Pane
Navigate output
Highlight output
Pivot table editor
Text output edit
Chart Editor
Pivot table EditorText Edit
Double Click
Editing Options
Chart Editor
Syntax
Manually Entering DataSPSS makes it easy.
Start with the Data Editor. There are two tabs at the bottom:
Data View Variable View
Gives you two ways to enter data: Start with Data View and just start typing! Start with Variable View and define your variables
first. Think of variables as labels that describe your data.
Gender Age SA ,A ,N ,DA, DSA