Sports Science: Exercise and training Class notes 8/29/2011

• Health and fitness: What is health? (15 words MAX)

I think health is all about balance. Balance in diet, balance in exercise, and emotional balance.

• Real definition: A state of complete mental, physical and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

• Physical Well Being: Your heart, lungs and other body systems are working well.

v EKG, blood test, blood pressure etc. • Mental Well Being:

You can cope with stress. You are able to control your emotions. You feel positive about yourself.

• Social Well Being is: Having food, clothing and shelter. (Basic human needs) Having friendship and support. Feeling valued (school, job, team, family)

• What is Fitness? I think fitness is about following a consistent routine of exercise and diet, with the intention of becoming healthier. Real definition: The ability to meet the demands of the environment.

• What is the link between Health and Fitness? EXERCISE

• Different components: Performance: How well a task is completed. Exercise: A form of physical activity done primarily to improve ones health and physical fitness.

Cardiovascular Fitness: A persons ability to exercise for prolonged periods of time (CV and Respiratory systems working efficiently together). Cardiovascular Endurance (aerobic fitness): ability to exercise for long periods of time. Ability for your heart, blood vessels, respiratory system to supply oxygen to working musclesà produce energy. Ability to use oxygen is: VO:max higher=fitter Muscular Strength: The ability to exert an external force or to life a heavy weight.

v Static Strength: The greatest force the muscles can generate to overcome a resistance.

v Explosive: This is when we use our muscle to produce a very quick movement.

v Dynamic Strength: Used by a sports person to support his or her own bod weight over a period of time.

Muscular Endurance: The ability of your muscles to maintain and repeat contractions without getting tired. With the onset of fatigue our performance becomes worse. Flexibility: The range of movement at a joint. Muscles that are not stretched regularly become tight and stiff. Better flexibility will reduce the risk of injury and is sometimes called suppleness or mobility. Body Composition: Refers to the relative percentage of muscle, fat, bone and other tissues of which the body is composed. Stress endurance

Sports Science: Skill Related Fitness Class Notes 8/31/2011

• Coordination The ability to move body parts smoothly and accurately in response to what your senses are telling you.

• Agility The ability to change the body’s position and direction quickly. It can help avoid injury as well as hitting a ball.

• Balance The ability to hold a posture without wobbling or falling over.

• Power The combination of strength and speed.

• Reaction Time The time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

• Speed The ability to move your body or part of your body quickly.

Sports Science: Exercise & Training (Principles of Training) Class notes 9/5/11

• Training A program of exercise designed to help you reach your fitness goals. It is based on ideas or principles you should be able to plan an effective training program of your own. Some of these principles include:

v Specificity o Every exercise has a specific effect on

specific muscles. You must decide what

you want to improve, and then choose suitable exercises. To improve in a sport you must exercise the specific muscle used in that sport.

v Overload o To make a body part fitter you must

overload it or make it work harder than usual. Over time it adapts to the increased demands by getting faster. We can overload the body in a number of ways and these are best understood by using the FITT principle. FITT stands for:

Ø Frequency: How often you take part.

Ø Intensity: How hard you work the body.

Ø Time: How long you spend exercising.

Ø Type: What sort of activity you do. v Progression

The body takes time to adapt to increased demands on it. So you should build up exercise levels gradually, or progressively. Otherwise, you risk injury. You will notice the biggest changed early in your training program.

v Reversibility If training progressively/gradually improves fitness over along period of time, what happens if less training takes place? You will loose the benefits you earned from the previous exercise.

v You should also consider individual needs when planning a training program.

(Methods of Training) • Warm up

This could include some jogging, stretching and some sport specific familiarity work. This will help an

athlete prepare mentally, increase HR and blood flow, warms the muscles and makes them more flexible and also reduces the risk of injury to muscles and joints.

• Training activity This could be a session of continuous, fartlek, interval, circuit or weight training. A skills training session. A practice match. This will improve your fitness, sharpen your skills and improve teamwork and communication.

• Cool down A few minutes of gentle jogging, Stretching, especially of the main joints you have used. Helps to prevent soreness by keeping the circulation up… sot that more oxygen reaches muscles to clear Lactic Acid Away. Also loosens tight muscles so they won’t get stuff later.

• Aerobic and Anaerobic Aerobic: The ability to exercise or compete, for a long time, at a level that allows the respiratory system to cope physiologically without getting breathless or cramp. There are many ways to improve aerobic fitness. Anaerobic: The ability to work at a high intensity for a short period of time and then to repay your respiratory system after completing the training session or competition. Anaerobic exercise can only last for about 40 seconds and the repayment comes in the form of deep breaths at the end of the activity. This is to enable as much oxygen as possible to get back into the respiratory system.

• Methods of Training Continuous Training:

This is a good way to improve the aerobic system and involves continuously exercising at a steady pace for at least 30 minutes. A good way of introducing unfit individuals to exercise. This type of exercise could take the form of running, walking, cycling, or swimming.

v Disadvantages: o Can get boring. o Does not improve sprint speed.

Fartlek Training: Fartlek is Swedish for speed play. This method of training involves many changes of speed. It can be used to improve both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. It is very good for game players as games involve lots of changes in speed.

v Advantages: o It can be done on a variety of terrain. o Programs are flexible. o Sufficient time for rest.

v Disadvantages: o You can skip through the hard parts and

the coach does not know how hard you are working.

Interval Training: This method or training involves periods of work followed by periods of rest. The word interval can be related to a distance or a time. The rest period could be a recovery period, not walking or a walk back to the start and should be about 30 seconds in duration although it can vary. Quality in the workout is the main aim. Circuit Training: Circuit training involves a number of exercises, set out in stations and set up so to avoid exercising the same muscle group consecutively. The aim is to improve local muscular endurance and cardiovascular fitness. The exercises may be carried

out for a length of time or a set number of times and usually to music.

v Advantages: o Offers more all round fitness than other

methods. o It includes strength, endurance, power,

flexibility and speed. o Equipment is not expensive. o Suits all levels of ability. o Uses principle of Overload.

Weight training: Weight training is a form of training that uses progressive resistance, either in the form of actual weight lifted or in terms of the number of times the weight is lifted. It is used to increase muscular strength, muscular endurance speed, size and also in rehabilitation. Types of Muscle Training: Muscle training falls into different categories depending on the muscle contraction. All involve muscles pulling in certain ways and we will look at Isotonic and Isometric contractions.

v Isotonic: An Isotonic contraction occurs when the muscle both contract and works over the full range of movement. Nearly all your training will involve isotonic exercises. (press ups, sit ups, chin ups, and weight lifting.) o Advantages:

Strengthens the muscle through full range of movement, sport specific

o Disadvantages: Can make muscles sore because of stress when they lengthen.

v Isometric: An Isometric contraction is when the muscle contracts but stays in a fixed position, neither shortening or

lengthening. Isometric contractions produce static strength. (Wall sits etc…)

o Advantages: Its quick to do, and ne expensive equipment is needed.

Fitness Testing Class Notes 9/14/2011

• Assesing Cardiovascular fitness- 3 simple testing procedures. There are many more scientific methods, but these are the basic ones.

The NCF v 20m, run to other end before the next beep.

Beep intervals get shorter as test progresses. You get one life.

12 minute cooper test v Purpose: to test aerobic fitness. To see how

many laps you can run in 12 minutes. Harvard step test

v Test of how many steps onto a box you can do in a given time, or until exhaustion.

• Assessing Muscular Strength Hand grip: You squeeze the dynamometer and it will measure it for you.

• Assessing Muscular Endurance Sit-up test: How many sit-ups you can do in 1 minute. Push-up test: Number of push-ups you can do in 1 minute.

• Flexibility Sit and reach test: 前屈

• Body composition: BMI: BMI=Mass/Height2

Body fat test: Skin Fold Calipers

Grade 10 Sport Science Mini Practical Assignment

Sports Coaching and Management Processing the experience: After performing a challenging task, it is always beneficial to reflect and analyse your own performance. This enables you to do it better next time...and the next time etc.

1. Generally speaking (in a few sentences) explain whether or not you thought the assignment was worthwhile or not. It was worthwhile because we got to make special connections with the kids. They respect us now as coaches, and as other students. We also got a better idea on how that age group behaves, and how we can revolve our coaching around that behavior.

2. Presenting to small children and managing a practical

session is challenging for many people. Coaches and teachers are often very good at it. What were the challenges that you faced during the assignment? It was hard at first to gain their trust and respect. It was also hard to motivate the team when they were losing.

2a. How could you overcome these challenges for next time? I could tell them beforehand that its not a big deal that we lose, and that the most important thing is trying your best.

3. Describe briefly, at least 2, things that you thought you did well.

Getting the team excited to play. Getting each team member to contribute to the after-game discussions.

4. Start a list of “coaching tips” for future reference so as to make your job smoother and easier. Aim for about 8 at this stage. • Always have a whistle • Make sure I know all of my team members’ names. • Prepare for negativity from the players. • When I speak I should be loud and clear. Authority but still

fun. • Be positive • Encourage players to try their best. • Help players encourage each other. • Teach players how to help each other in a tricky situation. 5. Instructional Time (IT) is the time you spend instructing and explaining to your group what to do. Management Time (MT) is the time that you spend managing equipment and people. Active Learning Time (ALT) is the time that the students spend actively learning. Draw a Pie Chart of the time you spent (honestly) on each. Draw another of what you think it should look like in the perfect lesson.    Me:    MT:  30%  IT:  30%  ALT:  40%    Ideal:  

6. Feedback is when you explain to a student what they did well or not so well and how to improve. This needs to be given as soon as you can or appropriate (i.e. feedback is to be immediate). Feedback also needs to be specific to the student as well as general to the whole group. Did you give specific feedback? Describe it. I gave specific feed back to some of the students. I didn’t want to tell them what they were doing wrong because I didn't want to crush their spirit. I just introduced them to new concepts. Did you give any general feeback? Yes. I spoke to them about how they needed to have their hands up during defense. 7. In conclusion, what role did you take on during the session? Equipment Manager, People Manager, Time Keeper, Leader, Scorer, Coach, Referee etc etc

Or, did you not help out as much as what you could have?

 MT  15%  

IT  30%  

ALT  55%  

Percentage  of  time  that  SHOULD  be  spent  on  each  component  of  coaching  

I was a leader in general. I organized the other coaches as well as the kids.

Unit 2: Sport Sociology Sport and the Media Class Notes 9/28/2011

• Aims of this unit:

To understand the different roles of the media. To know the positive and negative effects of the media upon sport.

To understand the role of the media within today’s sporting society.

• Different Forms of Media TV Internet News paper Magazine Documentary

• Media promotes teams and different sports. Big sponsorships. Lots of brandings happen. Lots of money. Media has manipulation. False impressions

• Sponsorships: Major feature of sport in the 21st century. Most clubs have commercial sponsors. Name of the commercial company is usually included in the club name.

Sponsorships by cigarette companies is illegal. Sponsorships:

v Positives: o Increased publicity o Increased sales of the companies products o Free clothing for the performer o Financial support for the club.

v Negatives: o Negative actions executed by the players will

affect the company’s reputations. o Tied into events and sponsorship. o Dates, times, clothing’s may be changed to suit

the sponsor.

E.g, v Heineken Cup v Reebok Stadium

• Sport and Media Media coverage of sport is widespread. Good looks catch media’s attention. When watching sport on TV it is important to understand that the director of the program will have an influence on what is seen and said. You should always analyze what you see and develop your own opinions about events.

Media Coverage pros and cons: v Positive:

o Brings people together. o Revenue o Follow favorite players. o Better informed supporters. o Encourages participation. o Develops personalities and role models. o Gives view a better view.

v Negative: o Players’ life changes drastically. o Attendances may drop. o Unfair exposure. o Changes to playing season. o Changes to the rules.

Coaching Class notes 11/7/2011

• Coaching Styles: The authoritarian

v The coach makes all the decisions without any input from his/her athletes. The players will learn to follow orders, but will not help them develop thinking skills and personal qualities.

o Positives: They learn discipline. They become motivated. No misunderstandings. No questioning. You know exactly what you need

to do. Coach is respected. Structured and organized.

o Negatives: Players may rebel or question the coach’s intention. Players may feel defeated or lose confidence. Intimidating.

The casual coach v Lets the players run the program. Used by coaches

who are not very experienced. More of a supervisor, rather than a teacher.

o Positives: Fun, builds up leadership amongst players, independence.

o Negatives: No respect, no leadership, disorganization. No seriousness.

The cooperative coach v They have the players sharing in the decision-making

process. The coach guides the athletes with decisions and athletes buy into this style because they have an input.

o Positives: Coach is approachable. You have a voice. The players feel valued.

o Negatives: Bad balance.

• My ideal coach: I want a coach who is authoritarian, but still cooperative. He/she needs to be able to get the team pumped up and strong, but still needs to encourage team decisions. I would also like them to be encouraging me to try new skills so that I can develop more in the sport. If I were a coach, I would be like this, and be really fun and encouraging.

Muscles and Movement

• All movements happen as a result of the shortening (contracting) and lengthening (extending) of muscles.

• Our muscles enable us to : Move our body parts. Give us our individual shape. Protect and keep in place our organs. Enable us to maintain good posture. Help in the circulation of blood. Generate body heat when they contract.

• Types of Muscle. There are three main types of muscles in the body. Each type has a special purpose that is vital to the normal functioning of the body:

Smooth or involuntary muscle Found in the Bowel, the gut and internal organs. There is no direct control of this muscle. It works automatically. Cardiac muscle Cardiac or heart muscle is specialized muscle that contracts constantly and automatically. Some factors can affect the speed of the contractions suck as exercise and the release of hormones such as adrenaline. Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscles are the ones that can easily be seen as a shape under the skin. Unlike smooth muscle or cardiac muscle, we can control skeletal muscles and because of this it is sometimes known as voluntary muscle.

• Muscles and Sport Successful sporting action depends on our muscles working together to produce skillful movement. The muscles we use depend upon the activity. For example, in archery we use a limited number of muscles in the upper body to work very closely together for a short period of time. Sometimes we use different muscles at different phases of an activity. For example, when throwing the javelin we use our leg muscles in the run up and our upper body for the delivery. • How do our muscles work?

Our muscles work in different ways. There are 3 main types of muscular contraction.

Isotonic and concentric Isotonic and eccentric Isometric

• Isotonic Contraction with Muscles working Concentrically Our muscles shorten as they contract The ends of the muscle move closer together Our biceps work in this way when we do a pull up. Most sporting movements are of this type.

• Isotonic contraction with muscles working eccentrically Our muscles lengthen as they contract under tension The ends of the muscle move further apart Our biceps work in this way when we lower our body from a pull up position.

Plyometric exercise uses eccentric contractions

• Isometric Contraction Our muscles stay the same length as they contract There is no movement so the ends of the muscles stay the same distance apart

Our shoulder muscles work in this way when we pull in a tug of war.

In many sporting movements the stabilizing muscles hold parts of the body steady as other arts move.

• How do our muscles work together? Our muscles can pull by contracting but they cannot push. If one muscle contracts across a joint to bring two bones together, another muscles is needed to pull the bones apart again. Therefore, muscles always work in pairs. We need a large number of pairs of movements. Our Muscles take on different roles depending on the movement we are performing.

• Muscles can work as: Flexors-Contract to bend our joints Extensors-Contracting to straighten our joints Prime movers- Contracting to start a movement Antagonists-Relaxing to allow a movement to take place Fixators- Contracting to steady parts of the body to give the working muscles a firm base.

Synergists- Reducing unnecessary movement when a prime mover contracts. They can also fine tune our movement

• How do our muscles work in pairs? When a prime mover contracts the antagonist must relax to allow movement to take place. However, the antagonist muscle will keep some fibers contracting. This is to stop our prime mover from moving the joint so hard that the antagonists are damaged. Sometimes this system fails, for example when sprinters are running flat out. They may tear their hamstrings and quickly come to a painful stop.

• Levers in your body We move because our skeletal muscles pull hard enough on our bones to make them move. Our muscles use our bones as levers. Levers have hinge (or pivot), a load and a force working on them. In our bodies, our joints are hinges. The load is the weight of our body, together with anything else in our hands suck as a ball, racket or dumb bell. The force is the musculat power we use to move our body and the object in our hands.

There are 3 different types of lever systems:

v First class levers- the hinge is between the effort and the load. Example: raising your head.

v Second class levers- the load is between the joint and the effort. Example: standing out your toes.

v Third class levers- Most common effort is between the load and the joint. Example: Bicep curl.

• How are our muscles attacked to our bones? Our muscles are usually attacked to two or more different bones. The muscle fibre ends in a strong flexible cord, called a tendon. The tendon is fixed deeply into the bone and very strongly attached. Tendons vary in shape and size. Some of our muscles are divided up into more than one part. They may end in two or more different tendons, which may be ficed to different bones. When our muscls make the bones around a joint move, usually one bone stays fixed and the other moves. The end of the muscle that is attacked to the fixed bone is called the origin. The other end of the muscle is called the insertion. It is attacked to the bone, which moves. As the muscle contracts the insertion moves towards the origin.

• Muscle tone and posture. Muscle tone can be seen when muscles are in a state of slight tension and they are ready for action. Regular training tones muscles and helps to create good posture. In addition, muscles will hypertrophy (Increase in size) and develop better endurance. Muscle tone developed by regular exercise makes daily tasks suck as shopping and gardening easier. It also helps to prevent injury as good posture reduces the strain on muscles, tendons and ligaments. Good posture helps with sporting performance as special positions are often crucial to success. E.G, the position throughout the golf swing.

• How does Contraction of Skeletal muscles work Skeletal muscle contractions are stimulated by electrical signals transmitted along motor nerve fibres that have been sent from the central nevcous system.

Cross bridges are formed between the myosin and actin molecules. The cross bridges originate on the myosin molecule and attach themselves to the actin molecule. They then drag the actin molecule towards the origin of the muscle. It is that actin molecule that is active and moves the myosin molecules which are fixed.

Muscle contraction and energy. Every time a cross bridge is formed energy is required. This energy is provided in the form of a chemical known as Adenosine Triphosphate.

When the nervous stimulus arrives at the muscle cell ATP breaks down into a chemical known as Adenosine Diphosphate

During this break down energy is released which is used to form one corss bridge. Duration of the nervous stimulus will determine the duration of the muscle contraction. The strength of the stimulus will determine the force that the muscle contraction exerts. There is a limited quantity of ATP in the muscle and for muscle contraction to continue over a long period of time. ATP has to be re- built from ADP+P. The re-building of ATP is known as a muscle respiration and described in detail in Muscle Respiration.

• Two types of muscle fiber: Slow and Fast twitch There a physiologically different. The amounts of fast twitch or slow twitch fibers in the muscle will determine their suitability to certain sporting activity.

The amount of each fiber type in our muscles is also determined genetically, that is, we are born with it.

Training will have little effect on the altering the ratio of fast twitch to slow twitch fiber in the muscle.

This is why there are people who are natural endurance athletes; They have greater amounts of slow twitch fiber which contracts slowly with little force but do not tire easily.

Other people have greater amounts of fast twitch fibers and are naturally good at sprinting and throwing. These fibers produce larger forces but tire quickly.

• How does our body move? Extension-Our limbs straighten at a joint. Flexion-Our limbs bend at a joint Abduction-Our limbs are moved away from a line down the middle of the body.

Adduction-Our limbs our moved towards a line down the middle of the body.

Rotation-This is a circular movement where part of the body turns while the rest remains still.

Circumduction-The end of the bone moves in a circle, for example swinging our arm in a circle at the shoulder.

• What happenes to our muscular system as we exercise? There is increased flow of blood to the working muscles. Muscles take up more oxygen from the blood. The muscles contract more often and more quickly More of the muscle fibers contract

There is a rise in temperature in the muscle Our stores of ATP and CP in the muscle are used up. Waste products suck as co2 and lactic acid build up in the muscles.

The waste products may lead to tiredness and cramp-DOMS

Our stores of muscle glucose are used up. Endurance is affected.

• Muscle changes and sport Our muscles increase in size and strength when we follow a regular strength training program. This is called hypertrophy. When we do not use our muscles regularly they get smaller and weaker. This is called atrophy

• When we work out, our muscles grow. Your muscles can break down too. You damage your muscles before they grow.

• Our bodies need carbohydrates and protein to fully recover our muscles. EAT before and after work out.

• Too much muscle break down is bad. Don't work out too much.

Mini Test- What is the purpose of muscle? My answer: The muscles contract and help our bodies move to perform different actions. 2 point/7 Name the different types of muscles My answer: smooth cardiac and skeletal 3 points/3 Chest muscles are used in a forehand shat are called? My answer: Pectorals 1 point/1 Muscle conractions that cause movement My answer: Isotonic 1 point/1

What are fast twitch fibers? My answer: Pshhhh They contract quicker the generate more power and speed. 0 points/1 Name 6 different muscles: My answer: Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps, Pictorials, cardiac muscle, abdominals, 6 points/6 Non-Moving contractions are called My answer: Isometric contractions 1 point/1 Total: 14/19 11/7/2011 Class notes

Major bones I know:

Femur Pelvis Tibia Ribs Knee cap Back Bone Tail bone Collar Bone Scapula Patella Cranium Mandible Sternum Eye socket Skeleton and Joints Class Notes 12/12/2011

• The human body has 206 bones. • The skeleton is divided into two parts:

Axial skeleton v Skull

The skull is made up of 28 bones. There are also 14 bones in the face and 6 in the ear. Skull is fused together in early childhood. Protects the eyes and the ears. Balance mechanisms found in the ears.

v Vertebral Column

Cervical: Supports the head and neck, and allows the head to nod and rotate. Thoracic: Connected to the ribs, which make a protective cage. Lumber: Allows flexibility. Sacrum: Transfers force from upper body to legs.

The VC helps different people adapt to different sports. Each section has a specific role, so anyone has the natural ability to do different movements. For example, the Lumber allows flexibility. This makes it so that with enough practice, anyone would be able to touch their toes, because their VC is naturally constructed to do so.

v Sternum

A large flat bone at the front of the ribcage helps to make the ribcage stronger.

v Ribs Made up of 1 pairs joined to the vertebral column. Seven pairs are joined to the sternum. Thee pairs are joined to the seventh rib. Two pairs are unattached (floating ribs). The rib cage protects our lungs and heart

Appendicular skeleton v Shoulder girdle

Made up of two clavicles and two scapulae. Its only linked by muscles to the vertebral column. This gives us great flexibility in our arms and shoulders. However, it limits the force we can use.

v Arms Humerus, radius, ulna. 8 carpals in the wrist. 5 Meta carpals in the hand. 14 phalanges in each hand.

v Hip girdle Made up of 2 halves, each formed by three bones, which are fused together on each side. Formas a very stable joint with the vertebral column and passes the weight of the body to the legs supports the lower abdomen and provides a strong joint for the femur. The female pelvis is wider and shallower than the male pelvis. This is to make childbearing easier, but it does make running less efficient.

v Legs Femur, tibia, fibula 7 tarsals in each foot 5 meta tarsals in the foot

14 phalanges in each foot Ethics in sport 1/9/2012 Class notes

My definition of Ethics: The values set for a certain group of people/one person, by others, intending the better their standards and morals. Ethical Principles:

• Principle 1: Competence

Coaches recognize the boundaries of their particular competencies and the limitations of the expertise. They provide only those services and use only those techniques for which they are qualified by education, training or experience.

• Principle 2: Integrity

Coaches are honest, fair, and respectful to others. • Principle 3:

Respect for Participants and Dignity Coaches respect the fundamental rights, dignity and worth of all those taking part in the sport. Coaches are aware of cultural, individual, and role differences, including those of age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status.

• Principle 4: Concern for Others’ Welfare

Coaches seek to contribute to the welfare of those with whom they interact. When conflicts occur, coaches attempt to resolve these conflicts and to perform their roles in a responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm.

• Principle 5: Responsible Coaching

Coaches are aware of their responsibilities to the community and the society in which they work and live. They apply and make public their knowledge of sport in order to contribute to human welfare. Coaches try to avoid misuse of their work. Coaches comply with the law.

Access to Sport 1/25/2012

“A sporting future for all” The UK government in 2000 wrote that not everyone has the same access to sport. There are marked differences between men and women, ethnic groups, and particularly between different social classes. We want to reduce, over the next ten years, the unfairness in access to sport. To achieve this goal, we will invest in grass roots facilities and make sure that everyone involved in sport makes a concerted effort to give opportunities to those currently excluded.

Gender in sport Today it is possible for women to take part in almost any sport. Social changes have gradually given women more and more opportunities to control their own lives. This was not so in the past, as many sports were not open to women. The history of sport is mainly the history of men’s sport.

Participation levels of women are lower than men 57% compared to 72% or males. All the profile of women’s sport has continued to grow over the past two or three decades, there are still obvious reasons why sport participation by women still falls short of the of men.

Physique v Women are still viewed as the fairer, weaker sex and

some sports are deemed too dangerous for them. Social Attitudes

v Victorian attitudes that a woman’s place is in the home continue to be prevalent even in today’s society.

Role Models v For boys there are many role models in a wide range

of sports. There are fewer role models for women. Finance

v Sportswomen receive only a fraction of the sponsorship that sportsmen receive.

Media Coverage v There is less media coverage of women’s sport than

there is of men’s sport and so the profile of women in sport continues to remain low.

Married women are expected to take responsibility for the home and children. This reduces the time and energy they have for sport. Sport for a mother is a low priority in the

family life. The mother does not always have independent income to spend on sport.

Make sports dominate on TV and newspapers. These are gradually being broken down, but still mens sport prize monies are higher in some sports.

Some religions do not allow women to participate in sport. In the Olympic events of pole vault, triple jump and hammer, women cannot take part.

Race and Ethnic Minorities in sport In our multi cultural society, people from all races and ethnic backgrounds take part in sport at all levels. As a result of this we often assume they face no problems in sport. However, there is discrimination in sport as there is in everyday life.

Angry exchanges between players, abusive chants by spectators. These are the images most people associate with racism in sport.

But discrimination and inequality affect British sport at all levels.

A lower proportion of people from ethnic minorities take part in sport, compared with the national average.

A study by the English Sports Council, Sport England, revealed that many people from ethnic minorities were keen to give sport it a go- But said they did not have access to facilities.

Reasons and opportunities for participation in physical activity 2/1/2012

Leisure and Recreation Leisure time can be defined as the free time a person has when not working or sleeping.

What you choose to do will depend on your culture, age, interests, upbringing, social class, and the facilities available.

As a society we have more and more time for leisure. There are several reasons for this: o Improvements in technology means that machines are taking

over more of our work. This leaves more people unemployed or in part time work or forced to take early retirement.

o Labour saving devices also cut the time for household chores.

o Improvements in health care and the standard of living means we are living longer. The number of healthy, active, retired people is increasing.

o Some people choose to work less, to reduce the stress in their lives. Some people choose to job share with another person.

o Growth in the number of opportunities and facilities available to people.

Recreation can be defined as any voluntary activity a person might do during leisure time. o Physical recreation is any physical activity a person may

choose to do during leisure time. It does not include serious sporting activity. That is sport.

o Exercise helps prevent illness and relieve stress. o Taking up a physical activity often means joining a club or

team. This gives you the chance to meet new people and make new friends. Activities such as a skiing and sailing can be vert sociable. Some business people use golf as a good way to entertain their contacts.

Recreation versus Sport o Recreation stops being recreation and turns into sport when

it is institutionalized and competitive. Organized events with rules and regulations, and you set out to win.

o It requires vigorous physical exertion. o A mixture of satisfaction and extrinsic factors motivates the

player. Facilities, Participation and Recreation o Facilities for recreation vary depend on where people live.

Urban areas may have leisure centers, sports stadiums, specialist sport clubs. Rural areas and remote areas are unlikely to have purpose built sports facilities but may have natural facilities for such activities as sailing, hill walking, rock climbing, etc.

Sport facilities o From aerobics to uachting, badminton to volleyball, all

sports and sporting activities require some kind of facility in order to take place.

o There are two providers of sports facilities: the public provision made by the local councils, county councils and local government and the private provision made by hotels sports clubs and private clubs.

o The public sector aims to provide facilities that are accessible to everyone and are based on a pay and play policy where anyone can pay their money and play the sport.

o Such facilities can be found in local schools where, after school hours, the school gym sports hall and outdoor areas are open for the local community to use.

o This is known as the duel use system.

o Colleges and universities offer a similar system but access by the public usually occurs during the college holidays when the students have little use for them.

o Other facilities are run and maintained by the parish (church), town, city or district councils or the country council.

o These facilities include the local village hall, leisure and arts centers, sports halls, playing fields, athletics tracks, golf courses, bowling greens, swimming pools and tennis courts.

o The private sector, in providing sports facilities, usually has a commercial aim, that is, they are trying to make money from the people using their facility. Think of some private sector sporting facilities.

o Private facilities want money. They do this by providing facilities and venues.

Location of Facilities o The location of the facility depends on the following:

v Population- built near cities so that more people can access it.

v Natural environment- For example, sailing clubs must be near the water.

v Costs- Land is more expensive in Yokohama, for example.

v Access- People should be able to access it easily. Transportation links must be near by.

v Planning permission- Every facility needs planning permission from the local authority.

Sports phycology 2/8/2012

Psychology can best be considered as the science of behavior and mental processes. The aim of phycology is to explain behavior. By understanding why people behave the way that they do then it may be possible to change of control behavior. Sport psychology is a discipline in which psychology is applied to sport. Broadly, an applied sport psychologist aims to work with athletes or teams to enhance their psychological approach. Often these interventions are directed towards enhancing performance although sometimes a sport psychologist is called upon to deal with other issues. By understanding what factors impact

sport performance a sport psychologist can develop appropriate interventions to help athletes and teams improve.

Alternative forms of training Plateau- When the body does everything in its power to remain the same. What can you do?- Remember the concept of progression. The body needs to react to the training demands. Despite the traditional methods of increasing reps/time etc (remember FITT principle) a lot of athletes will mix in newer alternative forms of training. Pyramid Training- A change in the intensity from set to set. Ascending or Descending. 10 reps, 8 reps, 6, reps… Hypertrophy- Development of muscles Atrophy- Loss of muscle Super sets – Multiple sets of exercise in which a set of one muscle is followed by a set that uses the opposite muscle group. Sports Sociology- Global Events • The Advantages of hosting a sporting event (global)

Improvements in Economy Tourism Awareness of country Athletes popularity Improvements in infrastructure

• Advantages Facilities force people out of their homes. Terrorism threats Financial gamble Expensive.