SPORTS AND PROTO SPORTS AND PROTO INDUSTRIAL U.S.INDUSTRIAL U.S.

NINETEENTH CENTURYNINETEENTH CENTURY

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

URBANIZATION PROCESS URBANIZATION PROCESS CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN AMERICAN CITIESAMERICAN CITIES

RELIGIOUS LEADERS AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIESPHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

CRUSADE AGAINST “BLOOD CRUSADE AGAINST “BLOOD SPORTS”SPORTS”

MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITYMUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY TURNER SOCIETIESTURNER SOCIETIES

URBANIZATION PROCESSURBANIZATION PROCESS

IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR THE IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR THE UNITED STATES EXPERIENCED AN UNITED STATES EXPERIENCED AN ACCELERATED PROCESS OF URBANIZATIONACCELERATED PROCESS OF URBANIZATION

MASSIVE POPULATION MOVEMENTS MASSIVE POPULATION MOVEMENTS TRANSFERRED PEOPLE FROM THE TRANSFERRED PEOPLE FROM THE COUNTRYSIDE INTO THE CITIES, AND FROM COUNTRYSIDE INTO THE CITIES, AND FROM EUROPE INTO THE U.S.EUROPE INTO THE U.S.

ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS GENERATED ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS GENERATED SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS IN WHICH SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS IN WHICH YOUNG MALE IMMIGRANTS AND MIGRANTS YOUNG MALE IMMIGRANTS AND MIGRANTS RELOCATED TO AMERICAN CITIES FROM RELOCATED TO AMERICAN CITIES FROM EITHER EUROPE OR RURAL AREAS IN THE EITHER EUROPE OR RURAL AREAS IN THE

COUNTRY.COUNTRY.

URBANIZATION PROCESSURBANIZATION PROCESS

THE URBANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES THE URBANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES CREATED A CITY DEMOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE CREATED A CITY DEMOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE WITH LARGE NUMBERS OF SINGLE YOUNG WITH LARGE NUMBERS OF SINGLE YOUNG MALES WHO MADE A LIVING IN THE NEW MALES WHO MADE A LIVING IN THE NEW MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE INDUSTRIESMANUFACTURING AND SERVICE INDUSTRIES

SUCH TRANSITION MADE POSSIBLE THE SUCH TRANSITION MADE POSSIBLE THE FORMATION IN AMERICAN CITIES OF LARGE FORMATION IN AMERICAN CITIES OF LARGE GROUPS OF MEN LIVING IN A RELATIVE GROUPS OF MEN LIVING IN A RELATIVE PROSPEROUS ENVIRONMENT WITH HIGHER PROSPEROUS ENVIRONMENT WITH HIGHER INCOME THAN THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN INCOME THAN THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN EUROPE AND THE COUNTRYSIDE, AND MORE EUROPE AND THE COUNTRYSIDE, AND MORE FREE TIME TO PARTICIPATE IN LEISURE FREE TIME TO PARTICIPATE IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES.ACTIVITIES.

URBANIZATION PROCESSURBANIZATION PROCESS

IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19THTH CENTURY THE CENTURY THE U.S. STARTED A RAPID PROCESS OF U.S. STARTED A RAPID PROCESS OF URBANIZATION, PRECIPITATED BY THE TRANSITION URBANIZATION, PRECIPITATED BY THE TRANSITION TO CAPITALISM. ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION TO CAPITALISM. ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS MADE POSSIBLE SUCH AND COMMUNICATIONS MADE POSSIBLE SUCH MASSIVE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS. BY1860 THE MASSIVE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONS. BY1860 THE U.S. COUNTED WITH MORE THAN 30,000 MILES U.S. COUNTED WITH MORE THAN 30,000 MILES RAILROAD NETWORK. RAILROAD NETWORK.

BY 1860 20% OF THE U.S. POPULATION 20% BY 1860 20% OF THE U.S. POPULATION 20% RESIDED IN URBAN AREAS, AND APPROX. 47% OF RESIDED IN URBAN AREAS, AND APPROX. 47% OF THE GENERAL POPULATION HAD AN INCOME FROM THE GENERAL POPULATION HAD AN INCOME FROM OTHER THAN AGRICULTURE SECTORS.OTHER THAN AGRICULTURE SECTORS.

POPULATION MOVEMENTS, EAST TO WEST, POPULATION MOVEMENTS, EAST TO WEST, COUNTRYSIDE TO CITIES.COUNTRYSIDE TO CITIES.

NATIONAL JOB MARKET: RURAL-AGRICULTURE TO NATIONAL JOB MARKET: RURAL-AGRICULTURE TO URBAN-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESURBAN-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AND SPORTSSPORTS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

(RAILROADS REPLACED (RAILROADS REPLACED STEAMERS & HORSE POWER)STEAMERS & HORSE POWER)

TIME-MEASURED LABOR TIME-MEASURED LABOR ACTIVITIES, MASS PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES, MASS PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO TIME-ACCORDING TO TIME-FRAGMENTED LABORFRAGMENTED LABOR

INFORMATION & MEDIA: REGULAR INFORMATION & MEDIA: REGULAR WEEKLY-DAILY NEWSPAPERSWEEKLY-DAILY NEWSPAPERS

RAPID URBANIZATIONRAPID URBANIZATION INCREASE PER CAPITA INCOMEINCREASE PER CAPITA INCOME

DEMOGRAPHIC BASE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC BASE FOR MODERN SPORTSMODERN SPORTS PEOPLE LIVING IN THE CITIES PEOPLE LIVING IN THE CITIES

(MERCHANTS, LABORERS, SMALL (MERCHANTS, LABORERS, SMALL BUSINESS MEN, CLERKS, BUSINESS MEN, CLERKS, BUREAUCRATS, APPRENTICES.BUREAUCRATS, APPRENTICES.

SINGLE MEN WITH AVERAGE INCOME, SINGLE MEN WITH AVERAGE INCOME, SOME EDUCATION, AND FREE TIME, SOME EDUCATION, AND FREE TIME, IMMIGRANTS.IMMIGRANTS.

INTEREST IN SOCIAL MOBILITY, INTEREST IN SOCIAL MOBILITY, OPTIMISTIC VIEW OPTIMISTIC VIEW

FREE TIME AND MONEY FOR FREE TIME AND MONEY FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSESRECREATIONAL PURPOSES

RESENTMENT OF URBAN IMPERSONAL RESENTMENT OF URBAN IMPERSONAL AND LONELY CHARACTER AND LONELY CHARACTER

DEMOGRAPHIC BASE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC BASE FOR MODERN SPORTSMODERN SPORTS SPORTING COMMUNITIES WERE CREATED SPORTING COMMUNITIES WERE CREATED

BY SINGLE YOUNG MEN TRYING TO FIND BY SINGLE YOUNG MEN TRYING TO FIND AND CREATE RECREATIONAL AND AND CREATE RECREATIONAL AND LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN THE URBAN LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN THE URBAN LANDSCAPELANDSCAPE

SUCH SPORTING COMMUNITIES IN LARGE SUCH SPORTING COMMUNITIES IN LARGE AMERICAN CITIES PROVIDED THE AMERICAN CITIES PROVIDED THE DEMOGRAPHIC “FAN” BASE FOR THE DEMOGRAPHIC “FAN” BASE FOR THE EMERGENCE OF ORGANIZED SPORTS AND EMERGENCE OF ORGANIZED SPORTS AND SPORTS AS FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENTSPORTS AS FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT

PRIZEFIGHTING AND BASEBALL EMERGED PRIZEFIGHTING AND BASEBALL EMERGED AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SPORTS.AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SPORTS.

URBANIZATION, RELIGION URBANIZATION, RELIGION AND SPORTSAND SPORTS THE RAPID PROCESS OF URBANIZATION IN 19THE RAPID PROCESS OF URBANIZATION IN 19THTH

CENTURY U.S. GENERATED A SIGNIFICANT CENTURY U.S. GENERATED A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT IN THE WAY RELIGIOUS LEADERS SHIFT IN THE WAY RELIGIOUS LEADERS VALUED AND CONCEPTUALIZED SPORTS.VALUED AND CONCEPTUALIZED SPORTS.

FROM CONSIDERING SPORTS A DISTRACTION FROM CONSIDERING SPORTS A DISTRACTION AND DEVIATION FROM SABBATH ACTIVITIES, AND DEVIATION FROM SABBATH ACTIVITIES, RELIGIOUS LEADERS STARTED TO VIEW RELIGIOUS LEADERS STARTED TO VIEW SPORTS AS A HEALTHY VENUE TO KEEP YOUNG SPORTS AS A HEALTHY VENUE TO KEEP YOUNG MEN OCCUPIED AND AWAY FROM POTENTIAL MEN OCCUPIED AND AWAY FROM POTENTIAL TROUBLE IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT.TROUBLE IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITES WERE NOW CONSIDERED PHYSICAL ACTIVITES WERE NOW CONSIDERED A POSITIVE ANTIDOTE AGAINST THE DANGERS A POSITIVE ANTIDOTE AGAINST THE DANGERS OF URBANIZATION OF URBANIZATION

URBANIZATION, RELIGION URBANIZATION, RELIGION AND SPORTSAND SPORTS TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS

PERSPECTIVE: SPORTS=DISTRACTION PERSPECTIVE: SPORTS=DISTRACTION FROM GOD, DISTRACTION FROM FROM GOD, DISTRACTION FROM WORK.WORK.

SPORTS= NEST FOR VICE, CRIME, SPORTS= NEST FOR VICE, CRIME, SINS.SINS.

GAMBLING= DISHONEST EARNINGS, GAMBLING= DISHONEST EARNINGS, ECONOMIC RUIN FOR HOUSEHOLDS.ECONOMIC RUIN FOR HOUSEHOLDS.

GAMBLING= FORETELLING THE GAMBLING= FORETELLING THE FUTURE, KNOWLEDGE RESERVED FUTURE, KNOWLEDGE RESERVED ONLY TO GOD.ONLY TO GOD.

RELIGIOUS LEADERS LOOK FOR WAYS RELIGIOUS LEADERS LOOK FOR WAYS TO SEPARATE URBAN SPORTS FROM TO SEPARATE URBAN SPORTS FROM DRINKING AND GAMBLINGDRINKING AND GAMBLING

URBANIZATION, RELIGION URBANIZATION, RELIGION AND SPORTSAND SPORTS AS MORE PEOPLE LIVE IN CITIES AS MORE PEOPLE LIVE IN CITIES

UNSUPERVISED BY RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES, UNSUPERVISED BY RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES, A CRUSADE AGAINST SPORTS ACTIVITIES A CRUSADE AGAINST SPORTS ACTIVITIES INVOLVING GAMBLING AND DRINKING BEGAN INVOLVING GAMBLING AND DRINKING BEGAN TO GAIN SUPPORT IN THE COUNTRYTO GAIN SUPPORT IN THE COUNTRY

THE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST “BLOOD SPORTS” THE CAMPAIGNS AGAINST “BLOOD SPORTS” AND “NIGHT LIFE” WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A AND “NIGHT LIFE” WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A STRONG CONDEMNATION TO PROHIBITION OF STRONG CONDEMNATION TO PROHIBITION OF BOXING, COCKFIGHTING, ANIMAL BAITING, BOXING, COCKFIGHTING, ANIMAL BAITING, ANIMAL CONTESTS.ANIMAL CONTESTS.

BLOOD SPORTS AT THE ROOT OF DRINKING, BLOOD SPORTS AT THE ROOT OF DRINKING, GAMBLING AND CRIME.GAMBLING AND CRIME.

BOXING BECAME AN ILLEGAL ACTIVITY BOXING BECAME AN ILLEGAL ACTIVITY ACROSS THE COUNTRYACROSS THE COUNTRY

URBANIZATION, RELIGION URBANIZATION, RELIGION AND SPORTSAND SPORTS URBAN LIFE, NEGATIVE IMPACT ON URBAN LIFE, NEGATIVE IMPACT ON

FAMILIES: SEPARATION FROM THEIR FAMILIES: SEPARATION FROM THEIR ORIGINAL COMMUNITY, ORIGINAL ORIGINAL COMMUNITY, ORIGINAL VALUES.VALUES.

HOUSEHOLD HEAD, NO LONGER A HOUSEHOLD HEAD, NO LONGER A PERMANENT-STABLE STATUS.PERMANENT-STABLE STATUS.

BOYS GROWING UP IN THE CITIES BOYS GROWING UP IN THE CITIES WITHOUT CONTROL OR SUPERVISION.WITHOUT CONTROL OR SUPERVISION.

SHIFT FROM PHYSICAL TO WHITE SHIFT FROM PHYSICAL TO WHITE COLLAR OCCUPATIONS, DISASTROUS COLLAR OCCUPATIONS, DISASTROUS EFFECTS IN MEN’S CHARACTER.EFFECTS IN MEN’S CHARACTER.

COUNTRYSIDE MEN: STRONGER, COUNTRYSIDE MEN: STRONGER, MORE MASCULINE, BETTER VALUES, MORE MASCULINE, BETTER VALUES, BETTER LIFE. BETTER LIFE.

URBANIZATION, RELIGION URBANIZATION, RELIGION AND SPORTSAND SPORTS RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATION LEADERS RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATION LEADERS

SEARCHED TO DEVELOP NEW KINDS SEARCHED TO DEVELOP NEW KINDS OF MODERATE, NON-VIOLENT OF MODERATE, NON-VIOLENT EXERCISE, IDEAL FOR BOYS IN URBAN EXERCISE, IDEAL FOR BOYS IN URBAN AREAS.AREAS.

TEAM SPORTS, CHARACTER SHAPING TEAM SPORTS, CHARACTER SHAPING ACTIVITY.ACTIVITY.

SPORTS UNDER SUPERVISION SPORTS UNDER SUPERVISION STARTED TO BE RECONCEIVED AS STARTED TO BE RECONCEIVED AS IDEAL VENUES TO CHANNEL AND IDEAL VENUES TO CHANNEL AND FACILITATE THE TRANSITION TO TURN FACILITATE THE TRANSITION TO TURN BOYS INTO MEN.BOYS INTO MEN.

MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY DOCTRINEDOCTRINE ORIGINATED IN ENGLAND, VERY ORIGINATED IN ENGLAND, VERY

POPULAR IN THE U.S. 19POPULAR IN THE U.S. 19THTH CENT. CENT. PHYSICAL EXERCISE WAS PHYSICAL EXERCISE WAS

LINKED TO SPIRITUAL HEALTH LINKED TO SPIRITUAL HEALTH AND HIGH MORAL VALUESAND HIGH MORAL VALUES

URBANIZATION DEPRIVED URBANIZATION DEPRIVED YOUNG MEN OF THEIR YOUNG MEN OF THEIR ANCESTORS’ STRENGHT AND ANCESTORS’ STRENGHT AND COURAGE IN THE COUNTRYSIDECOURAGE IN THE COUNTRYSIDE

MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITYMUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY

EXERCISE/SPORTS= AN EXERCISE/SPORTS= AN ANTIDOTE TO SEXUAL DRIVE ANTIDOTE TO SEXUAL DRIVE AND BODY SELF-CONTROL IN AND BODY SELF-CONTROL IN YOUNG MENYOUNG MEN

SEXUAL EXCESS AND SEXUAL EXCESS AND DEVIATIONS LINKED TO LACK OF DEVIATIONS LINKED TO LACK OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITYPHYSICAL ACTIVITY

CITY LIFE VICES COULD BE CITY LIFE VICES COULD BE PREVENTED BY SUPERVISED PREVENTED BY SUPERVISED EXERCISE AND SPORTS.EXERCISE AND SPORTS.

SEXUAL RESTRAINT ACHIEVABLE SEXUAL RESTRAINT ACHIEVABLE THROUGH SPORTSTHROUGH SPORTS

MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITYMUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY

SPORTS, A TOOL IN BUILDING SPORTS, A TOOL IN BUILDING CHARACTERCHARACTER

URBAN LIFE CREATED URBAN LIFE CREATED EFFEMINATED AND SOFT MEN, EFFEMINATED AND SOFT MEN, ONLY EXERCISE AND SPORTS ONLY EXERCISE AND SPORTS COULD RESTORE MANHOOD.COULD RESTORE MANHOOD.

SPORTS DISCIPLINE AND VALUES SPORTS DISCIPLINE AND VALUES WOULD TURN BOYS INTO MEN IN WOULD TURN BOYS INTO MEN IN A GRADUAL PROCESS.A GRADUAL PROCESS.

TURNER SOCIETIESTURNER SOCIETIES

IN ADDITION TO THE MUSCULAR IN ADDITION TO THE MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY DOCTRINE, OTHER EUROPEAN CHRISTIANITY DOCTRINE, OTHER EUROPEAN TRADITIONS REGARDING PHYSICAL EXERCISE TRADITIONS REGARDING PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCED THE IN SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTS INFLUENCED THE U.S. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN THE 19U.S. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN THE 19THTH CENTURY.CENTURY.

TURNER SOCIETIES, A TRADITION BROUGHT TURNER SOCIETIES, A TRADITION BROUGHT IN TO THE UNITED STATES BY GERMAN IN TO THE UNITED STATES BY GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN IMMIGRANTS, PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE INTRODUCTION OF THE “GYMNASIUM” AS THE INTRODUCTION OF THE “GYMNASIUM” AS A SEPARATE SPACE SPECIFICALLY A SEPARATE SPACE SPECIFICALLY DEDICATED TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN DEDICATED TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN RECREATIONAL CLUBS FIRST AND SCHOOLS RECREATIONAL CLUBS FIRST AND SCHOOLS LATER.LATER.

TURNER SOCIETIESTURNER SOCIETIES

GERMAN SOCIAL CLUBS FOR GERMAN SOCIAL CLUBS FOR THE YOUTHTHE YOUTH

BERLIN 1811 TURNVEREIN BERLIN 1811 TURNVEREIN CREATED BY FREDERICK L. CREATED BY FREDERICK L. JAHN.JAHN.

1848-GENERATION IMMIGRANTS 1848-GENERATION IMMIGRANTS BROUGHT THE TURNERS INTO BROUGHT THE TURNERS INTO THE U.S.THE U.S.

SOCIAL CENTERS W/ LIBRARY, SOCIAL CENTERS W/ LIBRARY, BAR, DANCING HALL AND GYM.BAR, DANCING HALL AND GYM.

TURNER SOCIETIESTURNER SOCIETIES

1851 NATIONAL GYMNASTICS 1851 NATIONAL GYMNASTICS FESTIVAL IN PHILADELPHIAFESTIVAL IN PHILADELPHIA

1881 U.S.-GERMANY COMPETITIONS1881 U.S.-GERMANY COMPETITIONS PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE CLUBSPHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE CLUBS 1893 CHICAGO’S WORLD FAIR, 4 000 1893 CHICAGO’S WORLD FAIR, 4 000

EXERCISE DISPLAYEXERCISE DISPLAY 1898 U.S. COMMISSIONER OF 1898 U.S. COMMISSIONER OF

EDUCATION INTRODUCED SCHOOL EDUCATION INTRODUCED SCHOOL GYMNASTICS AND PHYSICAL GYMNASTICS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION, INSPIRED BY THE EDUCATION, INSPIRED BY THE TURNER MODEL.TURNER MODEL.

CLASS HOMEWORKCLASS HOMEWORK

READ THE HISTORICAL READ THE HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS IN RIESS’ BOOK ON DOCUMENTS IN RIESS’ BOOK ON McCOY’S DEATH AND THE McCOY’S DEATH AND THE “BOSTON RAT PITS” PP. 54 AND “BOSTON RAT PITS” PP. 54 AND 56.56.

USING THESE EXAMPLES, USING THESE EXAMPLES, CONSIDER THE PROS AND CONS CONSIDER THE PROS AND CONS OF PROHIBITING “BLOOD OF PROHIBITING “BLOOD SPORTS”.SPORTS”.