Sports and Exercise A lot of people in England, especially young children, are encouraged and...
22
Sports and Exercise A lot of people in England, especially young children, are encouraged and made-aware of the benefits of regular exercise. The National Governing Body set up strategies such as the PESCCL and the PESSYP in order expose the youth (from primary school to college) to sport and exercise. For example, PESSCL strategy states that schools should at least have 2 hours of compulsory practical Physical Education in their timetables as well as an additional 2 or more hours of sport beyond school time (extra curricular activities) which is set up by school, community and/or local sporting clubs (hence club links). So, the school children are sorted; they are able to exercise regularly and achieve the benefits of exercise. But what about the adults?
Sports and Exercise A lot of people in England, especially young children, are encouraged and made-aware of the benefits of regular exercise. The National
Sports and Exercise A lot of people in England, especially
young children, are encouraged and made-aware of the benefits of
regular exercise. The National Governing Body set up strategies
such as the PESCCL and the PESSYP in order expose the youth (from
primary school to college) to sport and exercise. For example,
PESSCL strategy states that schools should at least have 2 hours of
compulsory practical Physical Education in their timetables as well
as an additional 2 or more hours of sport beyond school time (extra
curricular activities) which is set up by school, community and/or
local sporting clubs (hence club links). So, the school children
are sorted; they are able to exercise regularly and achieve the
benefits of exercise. But what about the adults?
Slide 3
Benefits of Exercise Health Benefits better sleep reduce the
risk of getting illness or diseases reduce stress Helps to improve
basic levels of fitness such as strength, stamina and flexibility
The following are the reasons why exercise is beneficial and why
people exercise This is why adults should exercise regularly as
they would need these to stay healthy - physical, mental and
social. Enjoyable Takes away stress and tension Health Benefits
better sleep reduce the risk of getting illness or diseases reduce
stress Helps to improve basic levels of fitness such as strength,
stamina and flexibility Self-esteem Feel good about yourself Reach
a certain goal and achievement Body shape will look good as
exercise will reduce stress, improves posture, tones muscle and
reduce fat Feel satisfaction from achieving the desired weight
target
Slide 4
Effects of Psychological Factors in Exercise Environment By:
Mark Jonathan Serafica
Slide 5
Reasons that influence people in exercise environments Barriers
to exercise Determinants of exercise Behaviour change models Three
of the psychological factors that affect people in exercise and
sport environment are identified below. They are: A variety of
psychological reasons are available as to how and why they
influence a persons motivation to exercise.
Slide 6
Barriers to exercise Physical Emotional Motivational Time
Availability Some people have reasons which prevents them from
exercising. This is called the barriers to exercise. The barriers
can be classified to 5 categories
Slide 7
Physical How and why this affects people in sport environment
This affects participation because a person may not physically able
to exercise. For example, disabled people who requires wheelchair
use could not do certain types of exercise such as jogging or
swimming. Although, they are exercise they can do although they are
still very limited. This links to psychological aspects because if
a person cant take part in an exercise because of physical issues,
they may lose the interest to participate other exercise options
such as swimming or yoga Physical barriers are the physical
problems that a person may have and uses this reason to demotivate
participation in sport and exercise. These barriers may come from
health issues, injuries and disabilities. For example, a person may
refuse to participate in exercise as they are too old. This means
they have less mobility and strength to participate in some
exercises. This can also be seen in the professional world as we
see athletes retire from their sport just when they reach their
late 30s i.e. David Beckham Another example is when a person has
asthma, they may feel that they shouldnt take part in exercise that
requires a lot of running as they are more physically
challenged
Slide 8
Emotional How and why this affects people in sport environment
This may affect participation because a person may refuse to take
part as they are too shy which is caused by the fear that they
would make a fool out of themselves (lack of self confidence) and
therefore doesnt want to exercise for example they think they may
be too un-skilled to do dance exercises. Also, if a person is too
concerned about the risks of the exercise, they may refuse to take
part as they may get injured. Emotional barriers are the worries
and mentality that people has to refuse doing exercise. This could
be caused from having low self esteem or paranoia regarding their
safety. For example, a person with hydrophobia may refuse to take
part in exercises such as swimming.
Slide 9
Motivational How and why this affects people in sport
environment The reason why this affects participation is because if
a person lacks motivation, they would not take the exercise
seriously causing them to get bored. Soon, they will no longer
participate. Another reason is that a person is too exhausted that
they do not want to do any exercise as they find a need to relax or
do other things on their spare time. Motivational barrier is the
inability of a person to commit or strive to exercise. This is
mainly caused by exhaustion or boredom when taking part of the
exercise. This is the main cause of failing to do exercise For
example, a person may lose motivation if they find the exercise too
exhaustive. Therefore, they dont want to do the exercise anymore.
In addition, a person may not be well motivated as they have other
priorities.
Slide 10
Time How and why this affects people in sport environment This
affects participation because people would find it hard to have
time for exercise. This is a possibility if they are too busy with
other activities they prioritise. There are other time-related
issues such as prioritising leisure activities such as watching TV
or socialising with friends. Time barriers are caused by the
inability of the person to make available time to do exercise. This
is mainly caused by having other priorities or commitments such as
work and family (i.e. looking after their children) A person may
have work on the whole day that they do not have time to do
exercise. Although, some people may also procrastinate exercising
which means they make time for leisure activities such as watching
television or going out with friends to socialise instead of
exercise.
Slide 11
Availability How and why this affects participation The reason
why this affects participation is because the person could not take
part if they dont have money to join, facilities and equipment to
do the chosen activity. Availability barriers are the factors which
prevents a person from taking part of an exercise due to the lack
of needs such as finance, equipment, facilities as well as lack of
others participation If a person wants to do swimming but the local
leisure centre does not have a swimming pool, this means that they
are unable to do their choice of exercise.
Slide 12
Summary The barriers of exercise affects the people in exercise
environments negatively. This is because the barriers causes the
person to unable to do their chosen exercise. This will cause them
to be demotivate them to exercise causing their participation to
decrease.
Slide 13
Determinants of exercise (exercise adherence) Personal Factors
Environmental Factors Activity-related Factors Exercise adherence
is psychological factor which involves being able to keep up with
their exercise routine. The factors of exercise determinant can be
divided to 3 categories. They are:
Slide 14
Personal Factors Demographic Variables A persons adherence may
depend on their income. This is because if a person is low in
income he may decide not to take part. Also if a person is busy
doing school work, he may decide to postpone exercising. Variables
A persons adherence may depend on his motivation and how he enjoys
the exercise. This is because if a person feels motivated and enjoy
the activity, they would like to continue and do it again. On the
other hand, they are bored and unmotivated, they would soon refuse
to do the exercise. Behaviours A persons adherence may depend on
their routine and how they are able to quickly change it for the
exercise. This is because, if a person is used to exercise and have
been doing it for a while, they will able to keep their routine. On
the other hand, a person who just started may find it hard to get
used to it.
Slide 15
Environmental Factors Social Environmental factors A persons
adherence may depend on their peers and familys support. This is
because, it is highly likely that a person will continue doing
their exercise if their family and friends supports them. For
example, they could join them to go to the gym or jogging etc.
Physical environmental factors A persons may depend on the
environmental factors on nature. This is because if a persons wants
to jog, he would not be able to do it if the weather is terrible
i.e. stormy. Also, if the air is too hot and humid, the person may
be demotivated to jog as it is too hot and it may cause
dehydration.
Slide 16
Activity-related Factors Group vs. individual activity The type
of activity may affect the persons adherence. Individual activity
could be done anytime, however there is a higher probability that
the person may fail to keep up as there would not be a person that
may encourage and motivate them. Although, in group activities, if
a person is absent, they would not be able to do the usual exercise
therefore social loafing may take place. Intensity, frequency and
Duration of Exercise The intensity, frequency and duration of
exercise may affect the persons adherence. This is because if the
exercise is done more frequently, it is highly likely that they
will get used to the routine. If the exercise is highly intense and
has a long duration, this may have a negative effect as the person
may become too exhausted therefore, they may need rest and refuse
to do it again because they do not want to feel that exhausted
again.
Slide 17
Summary The level of exercise adherence affects the people in
exercise environment as it shows how much a person can continue
with their exercise plan.
Slide 18
Behaviour change models Transtheoretical model Health belief
model Planned behaviour theory This is the way how people changes
their behaviour towards exercising
Slide 19
Transtheoretical model Stages of transtheoritical model I.
Precontemplation - stage where a person is happy being inactive
without an intent to change it II. Contemplation - stage where a
person has an intention for a change exercising in the future III.
Preparation - stage where physical and psychological states are
changed to get themselves ready IV. Action -period of behaviour
change occurs and start of the exercise programme V. Maintenance -
stage where the person is trying to keep the routine in his
everyday life VI. Termination - the person reverts back to their
original state and dropped their new behaviour Developed by
Prochaska and DiClemente (1983), this is when a person goes through
a period of behaviour change, experiencing a series of different
stages. It can be applied to any behaviour change such as a person
changing from inactivity state to participation state. (Stafford
Brown, 2010). How and why this affects people in sport environment
This affects people in the exercise environments as it shows the
stages how a person is able to change their behaviour to start
exercising. This means that it could show when a person starts to
exercise and when he starts to lose motivation and gradually
decrease participation
Slide 20
Health belief model How this affects people in exercise
environment This affect people in exercise environment as they are
able to motivate themselves by thinking of the health benefits.
Although, they may think of the consequence such as time
availability and money. Changing their behaviour and become active
depends on how much the person is eager to stay healthy and prevent
acquiring disease and illness. Example If a person is overweight,
they may feel the need to start exercising in order to avoid
getting heart problems and diabetes
Slide 21
Planned behaviour theory How and why this affects people in
sport environment This affects people in sport environments as this
theory shows how a person is able to motivate themselves to start
exercising. Ajzen (1985) suggests that this theory are the best
behavioural change predictor. This is because if a person thinks
positively towards exercise thinking it is a good thing, they will
tend to exercise regularly. However, their perception of ability
may be dull as they may overestimate therefor it may not result in
actual behaviour change as it is reliant on ones ability if they
were able to succeed or fail
Slide 22
Summary How does the behaviour change models affect
participation Behaviour changes affects participation as it
influences the persons motivation levels upon exercising. This is
because as the person is able to convince himself to exercise, he
will naturally change his behaviour in order to keep up with it.
This depends on how much they want to achieve change. Weinberg and
Gould (2007) shows us a research where a graph is shown that in the
first 3 months, massive number of people dropped out however, after
6 months, it only gradually decreases. This is means that if a
person is able to convince themselves to start and continue to
exercise for 6 months, they are highly likely they will be able to
continue to keep with it.
Slide 23
Bibliography Kirk Bizley. 2009. AQA GCSE Physical Education.
Pgs. 10-12, 59. Cheltenham, UK. Adams, M. et al. (2010) Sports and
Exercise Science Level 3 (1 st Edition) pgs. 80-81. Essex, United
Kingdom. Stafford Brown, J. (2010) BTEC Level 3 National Sport and
Exercise Sciences (3rd Edition). London, United Kingdom.