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WORLD ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONGRESS RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Sponsored by the World Archaeological Congress
Series Editors: George Nicholas (Simon Fraser University)
Julie Hollowell (Indiana University)
The World Archaeological Congress's (WAC) Research Handbooks in Archaeology series provides comprehensive coverage of
a range of areas of contemporary interest to archaeologists. Research handbooks synthesize and benchmark an area of inquiry by providing
state-of-the-art summary articles on the key theories, methods, and practi-cal issues in the field. Guided by a vision of an ethically embedded, multivo
cal global archaeology, the edited volumes in this series-organized and written by scholars of high standing worldwide-provide clear, in-depth information on specific archaeological themes for advanced students, scholars, and profession-
als in archaeology and related disciplines. All royalties on these volumes go to the World Archaeological Congress.
Bruno David and Julian Thomas (eds.), Handbook of Landscape Archaeology
Soren Blau and Douglas Ubelaker (eds.), Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology
Jane Lydon and Uzma Rizvi (eds.), Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology
,jil: 'l11
I IIi Bruno David and Julian Thomas
Editors
Walnut Creek, CA
LEYf COAST PRESS, INC. 1630 North Main Street, #400 Walnut Creek, California 94596 http:/ ;www.LCoastPress.com
Copyright © 2008 by Left Coast Press, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN 978-1-59874-294-7 hardcover
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Handbook of landscape archaeology/Bruno David, Julian Thomas, editors. p. cm.-(World Archaeological Congress research handbooks in archaeology; 1)
ISBN 978-1-59874-294-7 (hardcover: alk. paper) l.I~nd><•p< •«ha=1ogy-H•ndb<>olo;, -~1,, etc. 1. o.vid, Bruno, 1962-11. ThomM,]Uli~. CC75.H35 2008 930.1-dc22 2008019849
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Pa II
P·
'II :i F
II
List of Figures List of Tables Series Editors' Foreword Preface Acknowledgments
Part I. Historical Perspectives
1. Landscape Archaeology: Introduction Bruno David and julian Thomas
2. Place in Landscape Archaeology: A Western Philosophical Prelude Edward S. Casey
3. Uncommon Ground: Landscapes as Social Geography Veronica Strang
4. Pathways to a Panoramic Past: A Brief History of European Landscape Archaeology Timothy Darvill
5. A Brief History of Landscape Archaeology in the Americas Thomas C. Patterson
6. Thinking of Landscape Archaeology in Africa's Later Prehistory: Always Something New Rod Mcintosh
Part II. Encountering Humans: Mapping Place
7. Nonhuman Primate Approaches to Landscapes Russell A. Hill
8. Pre-Homo sapiens Place-Worlds Andrew Chamberlain
9. Evolutionary Psychology and Archaeological Landscapes Herbert D. G. Maschner and Ben C. Marler
Part Ill. Thinking through Landscapes
10. The Social Construction of Water Veronica Strang
11. Reading between the Lands: Toward an Amphibious Archaeological Settlement Model for Maritime Migrations joe Crouch
9 15 17 19 23
25
27
44
51
60
77
85
93
95
102
109
121
123
131
Contents Contents 7
141 31. Building and Architecture as Landscape Practice 307 Lesley McFadyen
149 32. Farming, Herding, and the Transformation of Human Landscapes in 315 Southwestern Asia
158 Ofer Bar-Yosef
33. Domesticated Landscapes 328 john Edward Terrell and john P. Hart
34. Punctuated Landscapes: Creating Cultural Places in Volcanically 333 Active Environments
167 Robin Torrence
on 176 PartV. Characterizing Landscapes 345
35. Dating in Landscape Archaeology 347 Richard G. Roberts and Zenobia jacobs
187 36. Stratigraphy, Depositional Environments, and Palaeolandscape 365 Reconstruction in Landscape Archaeology Nicola Stern
202 37. Geographical Scale in Understanding Human Landscapes 379
210 Lesley Head
38. Landscape and Climate Change 386
218 Michael]. Rowland
39. Human Behavioral Ecology and the Use of Ancient Landscapes 396 Douglas W. Bird and Brian Codding
228 40. Desert Landscapes in Archaeology: A Case Study from the Negev 409 Steven A. Rosen
41. Landscapes of Fire: Origins, Politics, and Questions 424
237 Christian A. Kull
42. Microbotanical Remains in Landscape Archaeology 430 Cassandra Rowe and Peter Kershaw
245 43. Beyond Economy: Seed Analysis in Landscape Archaeology 442 Andrew Stephen Fairbairn
247 44. The Use of Wood Charcoal in Landscape Archaeology 451
NicDolby
256 45. Terrestrial Invertebrates in Landscape Archaeology 457
Nick Porch
263 46. Environmental Archaeology: Interpreting Practices-in-the-Landscape 468
through Geoarchaeology Tim Denham
271 47. The Archaeology of Wetland Landscapes: Method and Theory at the 482
Beginning of the 21st Century 277 Robert Van de Noort
48. Lithics and Landscape Archaeology 490 285 Chris Clarkson
49. The Use of Human Skeletal Remains in Landscape 502 291 Archaeology
F. Donald Pate
300 50. Using DNA in Landscape Archaeology 521 Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith
6 Contents
I Contents
12. Island Biogeography: Implications and Applications for Archaeology 141 I 31. B john Edward Terrell : L•
13. Sentient Sea: Seascapes as Spiritscapes 149 32. F: Ian]. McNiven S<
14. Living Landscapes of the Dead: Archaeology of the Afterworld among 158 Q
the Rumu of Papua New Guinea 33. D Bruno David, Max Pivoni, William Pivoru, Michael Green, ]a Bryce Barker, james F. Weiner, Douglas Sima/a, Jbomas Kokents, Lisa Araho, and john Dop
34. P1 A•
15. Visions of the Cosmos: Ceremonial Landscapes and Civic Plans 167 R1 Wendy Ashmore
16. Quarried Away: Thinking about Landscapes of Megalithic Construction on 176 PartV. c Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
I Sue Hamilton, Susana Nahoe Arellano, Colin Richards, 35. D:
and Francisco Torres H. R1
17. Object Fragmentation and Past Landscapes 187 36. St
john Chapman Rt M
18. Boundaries and the Archaeology of Frontier Zones 202
Mike McCarthy 37. G< Le
19. The Archaeology of Territory and Territoriality 210
Maria Nieves Zedefio 38. La Mi
20. Marks of Possession: The Archaeology of Territory and 218 Cross-Cultural Encounter in Australia and South Africa 39. H1
Paul Tagon D(
21. From Physical to Social Landscapes: Multidimensional Approaches to 228 40. Dt
the Archaeology of Social Place in the European Upper Palaeolithic StE
jean-Michel Geneste, jean-Christophe Castel, and Jean-Pierre Chadelle ! 41. La
22. The Use of Ethnography in Landscape Archaeology 237 i Ch
Paul]. Lane 42. Mi l Ca
Part IV. Living Landscapes: The Body and 245 43. Be the Experience of Place An
23. Gender in Landscape Archaeology 247 44. Th
Amanda Kearney ! Ni•
24. Hidden Landscapes of the Body 256 45. Te1
Clive Gamble Ni<
25. The Body and the Senses: Implications for Landscape Archaeology 263 46. En
Paul Rainbird
'
thr
I Th 26. Phenomenological Approaches to Landscape Archaeology 271 I
Christopher Tilley 47. Th•
27. Memory, Place, and the Memorialization of Landscape 277 BeJ Roi
Ruth M. Van Dyke : 48. Litl 28. Virtual Reality, Visual Envelopes, and Characterizing Landscape 285 Chi
Vicki Cummings 49. Th<
29. Landscape and Personhood 291 Arc Chris Fowler F. I
30. Archaeology, Landscape, and Dwelling 300 50. Usi julian Jbomas I
Eli:. I
~ ~· -*~ ..... ~;nl:~ •
8 Contents
51. Sourcing Techniques in Landscape Archaeology 530 Glenn R. Summerhayes
52. Tracking Ancient Routes ac ross Polynesian Seascapes 536 . with Basalt Artifact Geochemistry Marshall Weisler
53. The Uses of Archaeological Faunal Remains in Landscape Archaeology 544 Ingrid L. Mainland
54. Survey Strategies in Landscape Archaeology 551 Tbomas Richards
55. Noninvasive Subsurface Mapping Techniques, Satellite and 562 Aerial Imagery in Landscape Archaeology Paul N. Cheetham
56. Geographical Information Systems and Landscape Archaeology 583 james Conolly
6.1 57. Ploughzone Archaeology in Historical Archaeology 596
Alasdair Brooks 11.1
58. Landscape Formation Processes 601 13.1
Michael P. Heilen, Michael B. Schiffer, and]. jefferson Reid
59. Counter-Mapping in the Archaeological Landscape 609 ~ 14.1 Denis Byrne I 16.1
Part VI. Nonlevel Playing Fields: Diversities, Inequalities, 617 16.2
I
and Power Relations in Landscape Archaeology ~ 16.3
16.4 60. Landscapes of Power, Institution, and Incarceration 619
I
16.5 Eleanor Conlin Casella
61. Cultural Resource Management and the Protection of Valued 626 16.6 Tribal Spaces: A View from the Western United States Diane Lorraine Teeman 16.7
62. When a Stone Tool Is a Dingo: Country and Relatedness in 633 16.8 Australian Aboriginal Notions of Landscape 17.1 john]. Bradley
63. Imagined .Landscapes: Edges of the (Un)Known 638 17.2 Lynette Russell I 17.3
64. Topographies of Values: Ethical Issues in Landscape Archaeology 644 Marisa Lazzari
65. Contested Landscapes-Rights to History, Rights to Place: 654 I 17.4
Who Controls Archaeological Places? jane Lydon j 17.5
About the Authors 661
Credits 673
675 17.6
Index
17.7
With this inaugural volume, we are very pleased to introduce the World Archaeological Congress (WAC} Research Handbooks in Archaeology-a series designed to synthesize and benchmark a given field of contemporary archaeological inquiry by providing comprehensive coverage of a range of areas of interest to archaeologists. Each volume offers articles written by a widely range of scholars and specialists on key topics that outline major historical developments, current trends in research and interpretation, thorny ethical issues, and promising new directions for the future. These handbooks compile foundational concepts and theories along with practical advice and extensive bibliographies.
Guided by a vision of an ethically embedded global archaeology, this cohesive series grounds archaeological theory, method, and practice in an understanding of contemporary ethical issues surrounding each theme. As a WAC series, these handbooks emerge from the intersection of local archaeological practice and global situations and perspectives. They aspire to geographic and cultural diversity through both the contributing authors and subject matter, and include the perspectives of Indigenous peoples, source communities, and other groups or parties affected by archaeology and its practices. By grounding archaeological practice in an understanding of contemporary ethical issues, these handbooks attempt to illustrate what it means to conduct responsible, ethical archaeology that contributes to goals of social justice.
We envision that these handbooks will be useful reference books for scholars, students, and emerging
17
professionals in herit:::tge management fields, departments of archaeology and anthropology, museums, and research institutions throughout the world. They will have particular value as graduatelevel texts for specific fields of research and inquiry. The various themes addressed will also appeal to government agencies, nongovernment organizations, historical societies, and community groups interested in archaeology and how archaeologists have interpreted the past.
All royalties generated by sales of books in this series go directly to World Archaeological Congress. Since its inception, WAC has nurtured the growth of archaeological communities and discussions, and supported participation in meetings in cases where economic and political conditions make this hard to sustain. One of the major ways WAC has accomplished this is through the donation of royalties from WAC-related publications. In addition, Left Coast Press is donating 50 copies of each volume produced in the Research Handbook series to WAC's Global Libraries Project, for distribution to libraries in need around the world. We are grateful to the indomitable Mitch Allen and his colleagues for their generosity to WAC and its activities.
We want especially to acknowledge and thank the following people: Claire Smith and Heather Burke for their initial work and foresight in conceiving the series and planting the seeds for the first volumes; Mitch Allen and Jennifer Collier for their guidance and trust; Bruno David and Julian Thomas-, as the editors of this first volume, for being persistent, well-organized, and responsive to our many requests (imagine the task of
18
gathering 65 manuscripts from 75 leaders in the field, not to mention keeping track of them over several rounds of revisions). We were also thankful to have the able assistance and careful eyes of Stacey C. Sawyer, our copyeditor and project manager, who worked under tremendous pressure, and Sarah Cavanaugh, who helped at a critical juncture. Also, we thank Rahul Rajagopalan, Supriya Sahni, and others at Sage Publications, who went out of their way to compose the pages quickly and get the book to the printer. Finally,
----------
Series Editors' Foreword
we are very interested in hearing from you, the reader, concerning suggestions for future volumes and any feedback regarding the series.
We dedicate this series to Peter Ucko for insisting that research in archaeology is just as much about the social as the scientific.
George Nicholas julie Hollowell
Series editors May2008
Implicitly ore has been a c logical Cong Volumes in tl Sacred Sites, ~
The Archaeol Shaping Youl and The Arc Margin (Bar! of the abidin: and inter-con
We could cept of lands the key cone born out of tl Africa, and th the cultural c• and with soci 2003; Shenm Any concern tity almost in difference sp the formation meetings ha\ food and dor tation, huntir Clutton-Brod Harris and H cerned with t terns of move economic pr: cerned with preservation gins, with tinr ture and po~ of landscape.
_______ "'T""" _______ - --
lries Editors' Foreword
uing from you, tions for future :ding the series. :r Ucko for insist' is just as much
George Nicholas julie Hollowell
Series editors May2008
L
Implicitly or explicitly, the archaeology oflandscape has been a central theme for the World Archaeological Congress (WAC) throughout its history. Volumes in the One World Archaeology series on Sacred Sites, Sacred Places (Carmichael et al. 1994), The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping Your Landscape (Ucko and Layton 1999), and The Archaeology of Drylands: Living at the Margin (Barker and Gilbertson 2000) reflect one of the abiding preoccupations of WAC congresses and inter-congresses.
We could go even further to argue that the concept of landscape is uniquely placed to articulate the key concerns of WAC. The organization was born out of the struggle against apartheid in South Mrica, and this inspired a continuing concern with the cultural construction of identity and difference, and with social exclusion (Hubert 2000; Lawrence 2003; Shennan 1989; Torrence and Clarke 2000). Any concern with the material expression of identity almost inevitably leads to the question of how difference spreads itself over space and thus to the formation of social landscapes. Similarly, WAC meetings have often concerned themselves with food and domestication, animal and plant exploitation, hunting, pastoralism, and agriculture (e.g., Clutton-Brock 1989; Gosden and Rather 1999; Harris and Hillman 1989). These are issues concerned with the inhabitation of the landscape, patterns of movement and settlement, and of located economic practices-and equally, problems concerned with the exploitation, management, and preservation of cultural heritage, with urban origins, with time and temporality, and with architecture and power are all nested in the investigation of landscape. Perhaps most important of all is the
19
question of Indigenous perspectives on the past; alongside issues of reburial and repatriation, it has been non-Western conceptions of land and landscape-in Aboriginal Australia refashioned in the notion of country (cf. Sutton 1995), for examplethat have provided one of the most profound challenges to conventional archaeological knowledge (and the claims of archaeologists to a privileged status in the characterization of cultural heritage) over the past 30 years.
It is therefore highly appropriate that this volume on landscape archaeology should be one of the first in the series of The World Archaeological Congress Research Handbooks in Archaeology. The archaeology of landscape is a notably diverse field, covering as it does everything from the symbolic significance of places, to the ways people organize themselves in geographical space as social space, to the scientific analysis of environmental change. Furthermore, it is also an aspect of archaeology to which any of the major theoretical frameworks might potentially make a contribution: evolutionary theory, ecology, Marxism, feminism, phenomenology, structuration theory, and so on. The consequence of this is that the existing literature is vast and bewildering. Yet despite this vastness, the notion of landscape archaeology retains its usefulness as an orienting concept, one that directs the archaeologist to unpack emplacement, in all or any of its dimensions. In this context, the present volume is intended as a manual in the purest sense: it aims to present a range of differ-ent approaches to landscape in a concise and digestible package. As editors, we have attempted to make the book multivocal. That is to say, we have tried to include perspectives on land.sa!l'm~....._
20
archaeology that are diverse and that extend well beyond our own particular preoccupations. In this respect, the objective of the book is not to be prescriptive but (we hope) to provide inspiration. As a manual, it is intended to be useful to the student and the professional archaeologist, as well as simply interesting.
To this end, we have recruited a group of contributors who are able to write with authority on the intellectual history of landscape archaeo logy and the conceptual and methodological problems involved in addressing past landscapes. We recognize that a preponderance of these authors are Australian, British, North American, or New Zealanders and that as such they focus on English-language traditions of scholarship. We do not wish to deny the existence of important schools of landscape investigation in other regions: we have simply concentrated on presenting a coherent picture of the landscape archaeologies with which we are most familiar, among an otherwise overwhelmingly large, multilanguage literature (each with its own historical traditions, a review of which would go far beyond a single volume of this size). Furthermore, with a few influential exceptions, we have decided to address landscape archaeology not through regional themes but through present and emerging approaches in historical perspective. We note in this context that were a v9lume such as this one to focus on regional studies for their own sake rather than on approaches to landscape, in a "world archaeology" that aims toward decolonization of the discipline and that aims also to reach beyond intellectual globalization, the question then arises as to which regions would we include or exclude. Would we target, for example, traditions of landscape archaeology in Zimbabwe by Zimbabwan archaeologists or by foreign archaeologists working in Zimbabwe? The range of examples that our contributors draw on covers North and South America, northwestern and southeastern Europe, the Near East, Australasia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Africa and include both terrestrial and maritime themes. Nonetheless, our intention was not to provide global coverage through case studies of a variety of landscape types (however those might be defined) from around the world but to outline a range of modes of investigation that possess a worldwide applicability.
Structure of the Handbook
The Handbook of Landscape Archaeology includes a broad range of essays on existing approaches and methods, as well as novel and promising theoretical
Preface
and practical advances, taking into account three broad themes:
1. landscapes as fields of human engagement, as in Heidegger's notion of dwelling. These include both explorations on conceptual ways of approaching, and experiences of, landscapes as fields of engagement, as the "in" of "being-in-the-world";
2. landscapes as physical environmental contexts of human behavior (such as investigations of the tree cover or topography of site environments);
3. reflections on representations of landscapes, such as in landscape art, or the identification of colonial tropes in landscape archaeological literature, or the analysis of textual preconceptions.
We begin the book with two introductory chapters. In Chapter 1, we address the question of what "landscape" is and how it has been approached by different generations of archaeologists. Particul.ar attention is paid to the role of Indigenous perspectives in transforming archaeological conceptions of space, place, and topography. Following this, Chapter 2, by philosopher Edward Casey, explains how historically the West has had different understandings of what "place" is. If landscape archaeology concerns the archaeology of human emplacement, then it follows that how we see social landscapes will depend in part on what we understand place itself to be. Casey's overview, together with the Introduction, sets the scene for landscape archaeology as an archaeology of place, whether this be by focusing on human engagement, the physical environment, or representation.
Based on these conceptual foundations, the book is divided into six parts:
I. Historical Perspectives, which includes three chapters on the history of landscape archaeology in Europe, the Americas, and Africa;
II. Encountering Humans: Mapping Place, which discusses how primates interact with their surroundings, and the evolution of cognition of place (mapping the landscape) leading to contemporary humans;
III. Thinking through Landscapes, which discusses intellectual reflections and visions as to how we as archaeologists can approach landscape archaeology;
Preface
IV. Living 1 Experie: we expc archaeo think ol affect 01
this rea: precede and IV 1 place, o landsca1
V. Charac1 human ing abo it focusc on metl tion abc second scape a1
VI. Non/eve Inequal Landsct how we
Preface
1g into account three
human engagement, 1n of dwelling. These ms on conceptual md experiences of, engagement, as the Jr!d";
environmental con>r (such as investigaor topography of site
tations of landlscape art, or the a! tropes in landterature, or the :onceptions.
th two introductory e address the quesand how it has been ~nerations of archaeL is paid to the role of ransforming archaeoce, place, and topoJter 2, by philosopher 1ow historically the ierstandings of what rchaeology concerns. emplacement, then it ocial landscapes will ve understand place view, together with scene for landscape >gy of place, whether nan engagement, the presentation. tual foundations, the s:
, which includes history of landscape ~, the Americas, and
s: Mapping Place, Jrimates interact with d the evolution of Lpping the landscape) Lry humans;
dscapes, which -eflections and 1s archaeologists Je archaeology;
.. --- - - - ~~ ---~----~-----~~------~
Preface
rv. Living Landscapes: 1be Body and the Experience of Place, which explores how we experience landscapes, discussing archaeological implications. The way we think of and experience landscapes will affect our archaeological methodologies; for this reason the chapters in Parts III and IV precede those in Part V. Together, Parts III and IV reflect on human engagements with place, one of the three major themes of landscape archaeology; .
V. Characterizing Landscapes, which looks at human surroundings as contexts of knowing about the places of human engagement;· it focuses on the physical environment and on methodologies for obtaining information about that physical environment, the second of the three major themes of landscape archaeology;
VI. Nonlevel Playing Fields: Diversities, Inequalities, and Power Relations in Landscape Archaeology, which explores how we represent people and place in
landscape archaeology, the third major theme of landscape archaeology.
21
As editors of this Handbook, like editors of any book, we have had to make decisions about its contents and its structure, how the parts come together as a whole that is more than the sum of its individual chapters. And in such a large topic in particular, we cannot possibly hope to cover all themes; nor can the themes covered each be addressed in the same level of detail-some repeatedly cross-cut between chapters while others sit more or less by themselves. In this context, we offer a Handbook of Landscape Archaeology that concerns the major themes that have already appeared in the literature, in a dual spirit of review and exploration that ainls to challenge and inspire archaeological practice well into the 21st century.
julian Thomas Bruno David
Manchester and Melbourne May15, 2008
Thanks to Julie Hollowell, Jane Lydon, Ian McNiven, and George Nicholas for comments on earlier drafts; Diana Arbelaez Ruiz for translating Spanish texts (that owing to limitations in word length ended up not being used in our introductory chapter); Shane Revell and Jean Newey for their considerable administrative input while on fieldwork researching aspects of this paper; and Mitch Allen for his patience and advice in the completion of this book. Thanks to Kara Rasmanis (Monash University) for producing most of the final figures in this Handbook. We also thank Nic Dolby, Jeremy Ash, Nick Araho, Joe Crouch, and Kathleen Marcoux for preparing the index. Last but not least, thank you to the many people who refereed chapters for this Handbook: Jeremy Ash, Wendy Ashmore, Robert Attenborough, Bryce Barker, Peter Bellwood, Soren Blau, Denis Byrne, Chris Chippindale, Chris Clarkson, James Connolly, Joe Crouch, Vicki Cummings, John Darnell, Tim Denham, Denise Donlon, David Dunkerley, Peter Dwyer, Scott Elias, Andrew Fairbairn, Chris Fowler, Clive Gamble, Colin Groves, Rodney Harrison, Lesley Head, Michael Heilen, Russell Hill, Peter Hiscock, Alan Hogg, Colin Hope, Geoff Hope, Amanda Kearney, Peter Kershaw, Julia King, Christian Kull, Marcia Langton, Malcolm Lillie, Jane Lydon, Lesley McFadyen, Ian McNiven, Ian Moffat, Meredith Orr, Fiona Petchey, Jim Peterson, Paul Rainbird, Elizabeth Reitz, Cassandra Rowe, Lynette Russell, Michael Shott, Claire Smith, Matthew Spriggs, Nicola Stem, Glenn Summerhayes, Paul Tac;:on, Christopher Tilley, James Weiner, Marshall Weisler, Maria Nieves Zedefio, Xuan Zhu.
23
References
Barker, G. W., and Gilbertson, D. (eds.). 2000. Tbe Archaeology of Drylands: Living at the Margin. London: Routledge.
Carmichael, D. L., Hubert,]., Reeves, B., and Schanche, A. (eds.). 1994. Sacred Sites, Sacred Places. London: Routledge.
Clutton-Brock, ]. (ed.). 1989. Tbe Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation. London: Unwin Hyman.
Gosden, C., and Rather, J. (eds.). 1999. Tbe Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change. London: Routledge.
Harris, D., and Hillman, G. (eds.). 1989. Foraging and Farming: Tbe Origins of Plant Exploitation. London: Unwin Hyman.
Hubert,]. (ed.). 2000. Madness, Diasability and Social Exclusion: Tbe Archaeology and Anthropology of ''Difference." London: Routledge.
Lawrence, S. (ed.). 2003. Archaeologies of the British: Explorations of Identity in Great Britain and its Colonies 1600-1945. London: Routledge.
Shennan, S. (ed.). 1989. Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity. London: Unwin Hyman.
Sutton, P. 1995. Country: Aboriginal Boundaries and Land Ownership in Australia. Aboriginal History Monograph 3. Canberra: Australian National University.
Torrence, R., and Clarke, A. (eds.). 2000. The Archaeology ofDi.fference: NegotiatingCross-CulturalEngagements in Oceania. London: Routledge.
Ucko, P., and Layton, R. (eds.). 1999. Tbe Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping Your Landscape. London: Routledge.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
The concept of landscape is rich and protean and has inspired a dazzling array of different archaeologies. It follows that a historical perspective is vital if we are to unravel the many ways that archaeologists have chosen to address space and place, and the reasons behind their choices. Landscape archaeology is today an outstandingly vibrant aspect of the discipline, because it brings together a series of quite distinct traditions of thought and practice, but these are by no means reconciled to a common set of objectives or approaches.
For many decades, landscape has provided archaeologists with a framework for contextualizing observations and establishing relations and parallels between sites of a particular period. Moreover, it presents the opportunity for diachronic investigations, in which the changing use and inhabitation of a particular region are the focus. In these studies, the scale of analysis and the potential for integration· each provides the imperatives for a landscape perspective. However, the landscape can also be understood as an aggregation of resources, affording both opportunities and limitations for human development. In this strand of landscape archaeology, it is the spatial relationships among people, soils, raw materials, and water sources that demand attention.
More recently, a philosophical concern with landscape has become influential, with the recognition
25
that the lived world is not simply a backdrop to everyday action but integral to all human activity. Thus, landscape becomes a source of reference and a context of meaning, central to archaeological theorizing. Consequently, "landscape archaeology" has become a terrain in which highly evolved empirical methodologies confront conceptual approaches that draw on discourses that extend beyond the discipline and sometimes achieve accommodation.
Historically, concerns with space and landscape have appeared on the archaeological agenda at times when difference, variability, and plurality have been at issue. In some cases, this has been connected with an acknowledgment of human diversity and the celebration of the particularity of both national and Indigenous communities. But equally, the mapping of difference can resonate with atavistic beliefs. It is not surprising, then, that there are regional and national differences in the ways in which archaeologists seek to put their evidence into a landscape setting-or, in some cases, decline to do so. The chapters in this first section of the volume draw out the theoretical and historical trajectories involved in the development of landscape archaeology in different parts of the world, exploring major themes that have come to influence, and at times dominate, landscape approaches to regional archaeological programs.
LISA ARAHo is a student in community history at the University of Papua New Guinea. She has participated in international archaeological research programs along the Kikori River of Papua New Guinea.
SUSANA NAHOE ARELLANO is a licenciada in anthropology (Universidad de Chile) with experience in Rapa Nui archaeology and was formerly Director of SERNATUR, National Tourism Office (Rapa Nui).
WENDY AsHMORE is Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Riverside. She is co-editor of Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives (1999) and author of Settlement Archaeology at Quirigua, Guatemala (2006).
BRYCE BARKER is Associate Professor in Anthropology I Archaeology and Head of the School of Humanities and Communication at the University of Southern Queensland. He is the author of The Sea People: Late Holocene Maritime Specialisation on the Central Queensland Coast (2004) and co-editor (with Bruno David and Ian McNiven) of The Social Archaeology of Australian Indigenous Societies (2006).
OFER BAR-YosEF is the MacCurdy Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology in the Department of Anthropology at H~rvard University. He has conducted Palaeolithic and Neolithic excavations in the Levant with numerous colleagues, as well as in the Republic of Georgia, and has recently been involved in research on late period prehistoric archaeology of China.
DouGLAS BIRD is .an Assistant Professor in the Anthropology Department and the Archaeology
Center at Stanford University. He has published widely on hunter-gatherer ecology and the ethnoarchaeology of subsistence. He currently directs a long-term project in collaboration with Martu Aborigines on the socioecology of land-use, foraging strategies, prestige, and cooperation in Australia's Western Desert.
]OHN BRADLEY has worked for over three decades with the Yanyuwa people of the southwest Gulf of Carpentaria. As an anthropologist, he has concentrated on issues of language, land, sea, and kin relationships, ethnoecology, and ethnobiology, as well as issues of memory as the point of emotional engagement with country. He has produced an Indigenous Atlas ofYanyuwa country and is presently working on new understandings of song lines with a view to animation.
ALAsnAIR BROOKS is the Finds and Environmental Officer for CAM ARC, Cambridgeshire County Council's archaeology unit. He is the author of An Archaeological Guide to British Ceramics in Australia, 1788-1901 (2005) and has worked as an historical archaeologist in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia.
DENIS BYRNE leads the research program in cultural heritage at the Department of Environment and Climate Change N.S.W. in Sydney. He is author of Surface Collection: Archaeological Travels in Southeast Asia (2007).
ELEANOR CONLIN CASELLA is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Manchester. She is the author of The Archaeology of Institutional Confinement (2007) and co-editor of The Archaeology of Plural and
661
662
Changing Identities: Beyond Identification (with Chris Fowler, 2005).
EDWARD CASEY is Distinguished Professsor of Philosophy at SUNY, Stony Brook. He is the author of a series of books on the subject of place: Getting Back into Place (1993), The Fate of Place (1997), Representing Place (2002), and Earth-Mapping (2005). His most recent book is The World in a Glance (2007).
JEAN-CHRISTOPHE CASTEL is a specialist in archaeozoology at the Natural History Museum of Geneva (Switzerland). He is currently directing several excavations of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites in southwestern France and Switzerland and completing experimental reference bases on the taphonomy of faunal remains.
JEAN-PIERRE CHADELLE, Co-Director with Jean-Michel Geneste of research at Combe-Sauniere, specializes in Upper Palaeolithic lithic technology. He is responsible for preventive archaeological excavations of historic and prehistoric sites for the General Council of the Department of Dordogne, France.
ANDREW CHAMBERLAIN is Professor of Biological Anthropology in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sheffield. His research interests focus on the study of the structure and dynamics of past human populations.
]OHN CHAPMAN is a Reader in Archaeology at Durham University and Vice President of the Prehistoric Society. His principal specialties are fragmentation theory, landscape archaeology, and later Balkan prehistory.
PAUL CHEETHAM is Senior Lecturer in Archaeological Science at Bournemouth University specializing in archaeological and forensic geophysical survey, including work at World Heritage Sites. He has co-authored "Excavation and Recovery in Forensic Archaeological Investigations" in the sister World Archaeology Congress volume, The Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology (2008).
CHRis CLARKSON received his Ph.D. from the Australian National University in 2004 on long-term technological and cultural change in the Northern Territory, Australia. He is currently a Lecturer in the School of Social Science at the University of Queensland, where he continues his research into lithic technology in Australia, India, France, and Mrica.
BRIAN CoDDING is a doctoral student in the Department of Anthropology at Stanford University. His current research is focused on understanding how spatial variation in zooarchaeological assemblages relates to human-environment interactions.
About the Authors
]AMES CoNOLLY is the Canada Research Chair in Archaeology at Trent University. His interests are human palaeoecology, the origins and spread of agriculture, neolithization, and settlement and landscape archaeology.
JoE CRoucH is a Ph.D. candidate with the Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies, Monash University. He has practiced partnership archaeology with Indigenous Torres Strait Islander communities for the past seven years, with a focus on marine specialization and nonresidential islands.
VICKI CuMMINGS is a Lecturer in Archaeology at the University of Central Lancashire. She is the coauthor of Places of Special Virtue: Megaliths in the Neolithic Landscapes of Wales (with Alasdair Whittle, 2004) and co-editor of The Neolithic of the Irish Sea: Materiality and Traditions of Practice (with Chris Fowler, 2004).
TIMOTHY DARVILL is Professor of Archaeology and Director of the Centre for Archaeology, Anthropology, and Heritage in the School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University. His interests lie with archaeological resource management and the Neolithic of northwest Europe. Recent publications include Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2nd ed., 2008) and Stonehenge: The Biography of a Landscape (2006).
BRUNO DAVID is Co-Director of the Programme for Australian Indigenous Archaeology at Monash University. His latest books are Landscapes, Rock Art, and the Dreaming (2002); The Social Archaeology of Australian Indigenous Societies (2006); and Gelam's Homeland (2008).
TIM DENHAM is ARC/Monash Research Fellow at Monash University, Melbourne. His research focuses on the history of plant exploitation and agriculture in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. He is coeditor of Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives (with Jose Iriarte and Luc Vrydaghs, 2008).
Nrc DoLBY is a sessional academic within the School of Geography and Environ~ental Science and the Faculty of Medicine at Monash University and also works at the aboriginal Community Elders Service, Brunswick East, Victoria, Australia.
]OHN DoP works at the Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery, where he is actively involved in cultural heritage management. He has participated in international archaeological research programs along the Kikori River of Papua New Guinea.
j
About the Authors
ANDREW FAIRBAIRN the University of an archaeobotanis food production a ongoing research p Italy, and Papua Ne
CHRIS FOWLER is Le ology at Newca specializes in Briti1 Age archaeology. Archaeology of Per Approach (2004) ar Vicki Cummings anc (see above).
CLIVE GAMBLE is Prol Holloway, Universig publication is Origr Identity in Earliest P
}EAN-MICHEL GENESTE is of the European Mid which he has exca' sites. He directs arch Cave and Lascaux, : Prehistoire in France.
MICHAEL GREEN is Hea• at Museum Victoria, !v investigated patterns < in Papua New Guine: the archaeological anc
FRANcisco ToRREs H. Antropologico P. Seba: of the "Landscapes of in Rapa Nui.
SuE HAMILTON is Reader of Archaeology, Univc research covers Britisl: Iron Age societies an practice, and landscap from a sensory perspec
]oHN HART earned his l Northwestern Universi1 Research and Collectior Museum in Albany. Hi evolution of agricultw bean-squash polycropp America.
LEsLEY HEAD is Professor the School of Earth & En University ofWollongong on long-term changes in t the interactions of both pr cultures witli these envirc
out the Authors
ch Chair in interests are .d spread of lement and
1e Centre for h University. ,eology with communities
1s on marine
1ds.
eology at the le is the coMegaliths in with Alasdair 'eolithic of the
15 of Practice
Archaeology Archaeology,
1e School of tth University. •ical resource 'of northwest Iude Concise 2nd ed., 2008) r a Landscape
~rogramme for ~ at Monash e Landscapes, lZ); The Social mous Societies
J8).
arch Fellow at ·esearch focuses and agriculture llinea. He is co-Archaeological
rives (with Jose
rithin the School Science and the iversity and also y Elders Service,
Guinea National e he is actively
11anagement. He
11 archaeological •ri River of Papua
About the Authors
ANDREW FAIRBAIRN is Lecturer in Archaeology at the University of Queensland, Brisbane. He is an archaeobotanist investigating the origins of food production and state-level economies, with ongoing research projects in Turkey, jordan, China, Italy, and Papua New Guinea.
CHRIS FowLER is Lecturer in Prehistoric Archaeology at Newcastle University, where he specializes in British Neolithic and Early Bronze Age archaeology. He is the author of The Archaeology of Personhood: An Anthropological Approach (2004) and co-editor of a volume with Vicki "cummings and another with Eleanor Casella (see above).
CLIVE GAMBLE is Professor of Geography at Royal Holloway, University of London. His most recent publication is Origins and Revolutions: Human Identity in Earliest Prehistory (2007).
jEAN-MICHEL GENESTE is a specialist in lithic industries of the European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, of which he has excavated and studied numerous sites. He directs archaeological studies at Chauvet Cave and Lascaux, and the Centre National de Pn~histoire in France.
MicHAEL GREEN is Head of the Indigenous Cultures at Museum Victoria, Melbourne. His Ph.D. research investigated patterns of prehistoric cranial variation in Papua New Guinea and their congruence with the archaeological and linguistic record.
FRANCISCO TORRES H. is Director of the Museo Antropologico P. Sebastian Englert and Co-Director of the "Landscapes of Construction Project," both in Rapa Nui.
SUE HAMILTON is Reader in Prehistory at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Her research covers British and European Bronze and Iron Age societies and ceramics, issues of field practice, and landscape archaeology-particularly from a sensory perspective.
joHN HART earned his Ph.D. in anthropology from Northwestern University. He is Director of the Research and Collections Division at the new York Museum in Albany. His research focuses on tile evolution of agriculture, particularly on maizebean-squash polycropping in northeastern North America.
LEsLEY HEAD is Professor of Geography and Head of the School of Earth & Environmental Sciences at tile University ofWollongong. Her research interests focus on long-term changes in tile Australian landscape and the interactions ofbotil prehistoric and contemporary cultures with tllese environments.
663
MICHAEL P. HElLEN is Research Director at Statistical Research, Inc. in Tucson, Arizona. His major research interests are landscape archaeology, behavioral archaeology, and spatial modeling. His dissertation, An Archaeological Theory of Landscapes (2005), presents a general integrative framework for landscape archaeology.
RussELL HILL is a Reader in Evolutionary Anthropology in tile Department of Anthropology at Durham University. His research interests span behavioral ecology, conservation biology, evolutionary psychology, and tlleoretical modeling witll field studies on primates and other large mammals.
ZENOBIA jAcoBs is an archaeologist and Research Fellow in tile School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Wollongong. Her specialty is single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating of archaeological sediments, especially at sites concerning modern human evolution in Africa.
AMANDA KEARNEY is a Lecturer in the Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies, Monash University. Her work bridges archaeology and antilropology and has been developed in working with Yanyuwa people, the Indigenous owners of land and sea in the southwest Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia.
PETER .KERSHAW is Professor of Geography and Environmental Science and Director of tile Centre for Palynology and Palaeoecology at Monash University. His research is focused on the reconstruction of past vegetation, climate, fire, and human impact within the Australasian-Southeast Asian region. ·
THoMAs KoKENTs is a student in cultural heritage management at the University of Papua New Guinea. He has participated in international archaeological research programs along tile Kikori River of Papua New Guinea.
CHRISTIAN KuLL is Senior Lecturer at the School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne, and autllor of the book Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar (2004).
PAUL LANE is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Archaeology, University of York. He specializes in the later Holocene archaeology and material culture of sub-Saharan Africa. His research interests include etllnoarchaeology, the archaeology of slavery, landscape historical ecology, and Indigenous concepts of "tile past."
MARISA LAzZARI is a Lecturer in the Department of Archaeology at tile University of Exeter. She
II I,
, l1
664
specializes in the archaeology of social landscapes and exchange in northwestern Argentina, where she also works on contemporary cultural heritage
issues.
JANE LYDoN is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies at Monash University. Her recent publications include Eye Contact: Photographing Indigenous Australians (2005) and a co-edited collection, Object Lessons: Archaeology and Heritage in Australia (2005).
INGRID MAINLAND is a Senior Lecturer in Environmental Archaeology at the University of Bradford, U.K. Her research focuses animal-human interactions in the North Atlantic islands and palaeodietary analysis, and she has pioneered the use of dental microwear analysis in the study of domestic animal diet.
BEN MARLER is a graduate student in Anthropology at Idaho State University and co-author of four major surveys of Darwinian theory in archaeological
practice.
HERBERT D. G. MASCHNER is Research Professor of Anthropology at Idaho State University, a Senior Scientist at the Idaho Accelerator Center, and Associate Editor of the journal of World Prehistory.
ELIZABETH (LISA) MATISOO-SMITH is an Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Auckland and a Principal Investigator in the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution. Her main research focuses on the use of genetic data to address issues of Pacific
prehistory.
MIKE McCARTHY is Senior Lecturer in Archaeology at the University of Bradford and has also worked extensively in contracting archaeology and in the field of medieval ceramics.
LESLEY McFADYEN is a prehistorian currently undertaking research on a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship entitled "Archaeological Architectures" that seeks to explore areas of interdisciplinarity and dialogue between archaeology and architecture. With architect Matthew Barac, she recently guest edited a special issue of the interdisciplinary journal Home Cultures (2007).
RoD MciNTOSH has excavated in West Africa for over thirty years in Mali, Senegal, and Ghana, and is currently a Visiting Professor at the University of Pretoria in South Africa. He is at Yale University, where he teaches archaeology and palaeoclimate.
IAN J. McNIVEN is Reader in Archaeology and CoDirector of the Programme for Australian Indigenous Archaeology, School of Geography & Environmental
About the Authors
Science, Monash University. His recent books include Appropriated Pasts (2004, with Lynette Russell) and the co-edited Social Archaeology of Australian Indigenous Societies (2006, with Bruno David and Bryce Barkerr).
DoNALD PATE is a bioanthropologist in the Department of Archaeology at Flinders University in Adelaide. He was a member of the Australian Archaeological Association Executive and editor of its journal Australian Archaeology from 1999-2006.
THOMAS C. PATTERSON is Distinguished Professor and Chair of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside. He is the author of Marx's Ghost: Conversations with Archaeologists (2003).
MAX PrvoRu is a Rumu man and leader of the Himaiyu clan. He lives in Kopi village along the Kikori River of Papua New Guinea.
WILLIAM PIVORU is a Rumu man of the Himaiyu clan. He lives in Kopi village along the Kikori River of Papua New Guinea and is active in local community issues.
NICK PoRcH is a Research Associate in the Department of Archaeology and Natural History at the Australian National University. He specializes in the use of insect remains in palaeoecology and is pioneering archaeological applications in the Indo-Pacific region.
PAUL RAINBIRD is Senior Lecturer and Head of the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Wales, Lampeter. He is author of The Archaeology of Micronesia (2004) and The Archaeology of Islands (2007), both published by Cambridge University Press.
J. ]EFFERSON REm is Professor of Anthropology and University Distinguished Professor at the University of Arizona, Tucson. He directed the university's archaeological field school at Grasshopper, Arizona (1979-1992) and was editor of American Antiquity (1990-1993).
CoLIN RicHARDS is a Reader in Archaeology at the University of Manchester. He has worked extensively on the Orcadian Neolithic (Dwelling Among the Monuments, 2005) and has just begun a five-year project on "construction" in Rapa Nui.
THOMAS RicHARDs is undertaking graduate studies at Monash University while employed as Manager, Metropolitan Heritage Programs at Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, Melbourne. His work has focused on research-oriented cultural heritage management and community archaeology in Canada and Australia.
RicHARD "BERT" RoBERTs is a geomorphologist and Professor in the School of Earth and Environmental
About the Authors
Sciences at tht research intere and optically st archaeological a and Australia.
STEVE RosEN is F Gurion Univers1 research over tl archaeology of 1 on the Negev in industries from tl
CASSANDRA RoWE C postdoctoral p< Geographical Sci worked across N an interest in communities, at environment relat
MIKE RoWLAND is Queensland Depa Water. He has und in New Zealand, . been on coasts at the relationship I and variation in tt
LYNETTE RUSSELL ho Australian Indigen• Her research is ir and early contact interactions. Most o using anthropologi, research methods ~
MICHAEL BRIAN ScHI guished Professor sity of Arizona. Hi
behavioral archaec tory of electrical at technology and so• Struggles: Scientific Practical Electricit;
DOUGLAS SIMALA from district of the S< Papua New Guinea a Community Affait local communities i an active member in the Kikori River of C
NICOLA STERN is a Seni Program at La Tn collaboration with t1 currently engaged i1 the Mungo Basin it Heritage Area. She
About the Authors
~nt books include Lynette Russell) )gy of Australian 3runo David and
n the Department rsity in Adelaide. tn Archaeological >r of its journal ~-2006.
ted Professor and ity of California,
1f Marx's Ghost: s (2003).
1d leader of the village along the
:a.
of the Himaiyu along the Kikori is active in local
•ssociate in the Natural History at ty. He specializes •alaeoecology and >plications in the
and Head of the 1 Anthropology at ~ter. He is author ia (2004) and The Joth published by
Anthropology and or at the University :d the university's
1sshopper, Arizona merican Antiquity
n Archaeology at He has worked
reolithic (Dwelling md has just begun ion" in Rapa Nui.
~ graduate studies Jloyed as Manager, ~s at Aboriginal vork has focused on re management and da and Australia.
Jmorphologist and and Environmental
About the Authors
Sciences at the University of Wollongong. His research interests include thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dating of archaeological and megafauna sites in Africa, Asia, and Australia.
STEVE RosEN is Professor of Archaeology at BenGurion University, Israel. His primary foci of .research over the past 25 years have been the archaeology of pastoral nomadism (with a focus on the Negev in Israel) and the analysis of lithic industries from the Bronze and Iron Ages.
CASSANDRA RoWE currently holds a palaeoecological postdoctoral position with the School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol University. Having worked across Northern Australia, she maintains an interest in monsoonal, tropical vegetation communities, and past to present humanenvironment relationships.
Mnrn RoWLAND is Principal Archaeologist with the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Water. He has undertaken archaeological fieldwork in New Zealand, Fiji, and Australia. His focus has been on coasts and islands with an emphasis on the relationship between environmental change and variation in the archaeological record.
LYNETTE RussELL holds the Chair in the centre for Australian Indigenous Studies at Monash University. Her research is in the area of colonial frontiers and early contact in Australia and cross-cultural interactions. Most of her research is interdisciplinary, using anthropological, archaeological, and historical research methods and theories.
MICHAEL BRIAN ScHIFFER is Fred A. Riecker Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona. His major research interests are behavioral archaeology, ceramic technology, history of electrical and electronic technologies, and technology and society. His latest book is Power Struggles: Scientific Authority and the Creation of Practical Electricity Before Edison (2008).
DouGLAS SIMALA from Samberigi village in the Erave district of the Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, works for Esso Highlands as a Community Affairs Officer and deals with the local communities in the project area and is also an active member in local community issues along the Kikori River of Gulf Province.
NicoLA STERN is a Senior Lecturer in the Archaeology Program at La Trobe University, Australia. In collaboration with the Traditional Owners, she is currently engaged in a palaeolandscape study of the Mungo Basin in the Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area. She is co-author of A Record in
665
Stone: Tbe Study of Australia's Flaked Stone Artefacts (2004).
VERONICA STRANG is Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Auckland. An environmental anthropologist, she has written extensively on water, land, and resource issues in Australia and the U.K., and is the author of Uncommon Ground: Cultural Landscapes and Environmental Values (1997) and The Meaning of Water(2004).
GLENN R. SUMMERHAYES is Head of Anthropology at the University of Otago. He specializes in the archaeology of the western Pacific, in particular of Papua New Guinea, and is the author of Lapita Interaction (2000).
PAUL S. C. TA<;:ON is Professor of Archaeology and Anthropology, School of Arts, Griffith University, Queensland. He is co-editor of Tbe Archaeology of Rock Art (1998) and author of over 130 academic papers on art, archaeology, and Aboriginal studies.
DIANE TEEMAN is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, U.S.A. She is currently also Director of the Burns Paiute Tribe's Culture and Heritage Department.
]oHN EDWARD TERRELL is the Regenstein Curator of Pacific Anthropology at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History and Director of the museum's New Guinea Research Program.
JuuAN THOMAS is Chair of Archaeology at Manchester University and a Vice President of the Royal Anthropological Institute. His primary research interests are with the Neolithic period in Britain and northwest Europe and with theory and philosophy of archaeology. His recent publications include Understanding the Neolithic (1999), Archaeology and Modernity (2004), and Place and Memory: Excavations at the Pict's Knowe, Holywood, and Holm Farm (2007).
CHRISTOPHER TILLEY is Professor of Material Culture in the Department of Anthropology, University College London. He is a series editor of the journal of Material Culture. Recent books include Handbook of Material Culture (ed. 2006), The Materiality of Stone (2004), Metaphor and Material Culture (1999), and An Ethnography of the Neolithic (1996).
RoBIN ToRRENCE is a Principal Research Scientist at the Australian Museum, Sydney. Based primarily on archaeological fieldwork in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea, she is currently researching obsidian exchange, the impact of natural disasters on long-term history, the shaping of cultural landscapes, and the use of ethnographic collections to monitor Indigenous agency.
666
RoBERT VAN DE NooRT is Professor of Wetland Archaeology at the University of Exeter, U.K. He conducts his research in the terrestrial and intertidal wetl;mds around the North Sea Basin, with particular emphasis on late prehistoric perceptions of coastal and wetland landscapes, prehistoric maritime archaeology, theoretical and methodological developments and the politics,
.management, and conservation of wetlands.
RUTH M. VAN DYKE is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Colorado College. She is author of Tbe Chaco Experience: Landscape and Ideology at the Center Place (2007) and co-editor (with Sue Alcock) of Archaeologies of Memory (2003).
]AMES F. WEINER is a consulting anthropologist in native title and Indigenous landowner issues in Australia and Papua New Guinea, and Leverhulme
About the Authors
Professor-elect at the University of St. Andrews. He has carried out ethnographic research among the Foi of Papua New Guinea since 1979 and is the author of Tbe Empty Place 0991) and Tree Leaf Talk (2001).
MARSHALL WmsLER is Head of the archaeology program at the University of Queensland, Australia. He has worked throughout the Pacific Islands for nearly 30 years and is best known for his work on tracing patterns of prehistoric interaction.
MARfA NIEVES ZEDENO is an Associate Research Anthropologist at the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology and Associate Professor at the Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson. She maintains an active research program on Native American cultural preservation and revitalization.
_.j
AUTHO
LISAARAHo
Social Res P.O. Box 1 University National c Papua Nez
SUSANA NAHoE ARELL Licenciado An!Jveoloen Universida, Chile
WENDY ASHMORE
Departmeni 1334 Watki University q Riverside, C U.S.A. wendy.ashm
BRYCE BARKER
Anthropolog_ Department Internationa University of Toowoomba, Australia [email protected]
0FER BAR-YOSEF Department q Harvard Unh Cambridge, M U.S.A. [email protected]
DOUGLAS BIRD
Anthropologict 450 Serra Mall Stanford Univt; Palo Alto, C4 9 U.S.A.
]OHN BRADLEY
School of Politic Monash Univer: Clayton, Victori Australia john. bradley@m
ALASDAIR BROOKS
C4MARc 15 Trafalgar W~
