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Chapter Menu
Introduction
Section 1:Earth-Sun Relationships
Section 2:Factors Affecting Climate
Section 3:World Climate Patterns
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro 1
Climate affects where and how people live. An understanding of Earth’s climates and the factors, both physical and human, that influence them adds to a more complete view of life on Earth.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
The physical environment affects people and their activities. Earth’s position in relation to the sun affects temperatures, day and night, and seasons on Earth, which in turn influence when and how people perform certain activities.
Chapter Intro 3
Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Latitude, elevation, wind patterns, and ocean currents affect Earth’s climates.
Chapter Intro 4
Section 3: World Climate Patterns
Geographers organize Earth into regions that share common characteristics. Geographers classify Earth’s climate and vegetation into regions.
Section 1-GTR
Earth-Sun Relationships
Earth’s position in relation to the sun affects temperatures, day and night, and seasons on Earth.
Section 1-GTR
• weather
Earth-Sun Relationships
• equinox
• solstice
• greenhouse effect
• global warming
• climate
• axis
• temperature
• revolution
Section 1-GTR
A. Tropic of Cancer
Earth-Sun Relationships
B. Tropic of Capricorn
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1
The Earth rotates on its axis, making one complete rotation every
A. Month
B. 24 hours
C. 365 days
Earth-Sun Relationships
A B C
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Section 1
The relationship between the Earth and the sun affects climate, which influences life on Earth in dramatic ways.
Climate and Weather
• Earth’s tilt is one reason for variations in sunlight.
• The angle of tilt affects the temperature, which is measured in Fahrenheit or Celsius.
• Earth rotates on its axis, making one complete rotation from west to east every 24 hours.
Section 1
• While Earth is rotating on its axis, it is also traveling in an orbit around the sun—this revolution takes 365 days to complete.
• The Earth’s revolution and tilt cause changes in the angle and amount of sunlight that reach different locations on the planet, also known as seasons.
Climate and Weather (cont.)
Effects of Earth’s Tilt
Section 1
Climate and Weather (cont.)
• The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
– When the sun’s rays directly strike the Tropic of Cancer, this marks the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
– When the sun’s rays directly strike the Tropic of Capricorn, this marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Section 1
Climate and Weather (cont.)
• The Poles
– At the North Pole, the sun never sets from about March 20 to September 23.
– At the South Pole, the sun never sets from about September 23 to March 20.
The Earth’s Seasons
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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The imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole through the planet’s center is known as which term?
A. Equator
B. Solstice
C. Axis
D. Equinox
Section 1
The natural process of the greenhouse effect has been influenced by human activity.
The Greenhouse Effect
• Like the glass in a greenhouse, the atmosphere traps some heat and keeps it from escaping back into space too quickly so that the Earth is warm enough to maintain life.
Section 1
The Greenhouse Effect (cont.)
• Many scientists claim that in recent decades a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels has coincided with a general rise in global temperatures, also known as global warming.
The Greenhouse Effect
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which of the following do you think has caused global warming?
A. A natural cycle
B. Human activity
C. Both
D. Neither
Section 2-GTR
Factors Affecting Climate
Factors such as latitude, elevation, wind patterns, and ocean currents affect Earth’s climates.
Section 2-GTR
• prevailing wind
Factors Affecting Climate
• El Niño
• windward
• leeward
• rain shadow effect
• retains
• Coriolis effect
• doldrums
• current
• creates
• factors
Section 2-GTR
A. low latitudes
Factors Affecting Climate
B. high latitudes
C. Arctic Circle
D. Antarctic Circle
E. midlatitudes
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2
The most variable weather on Earth is found in which zone?
A. Low latitude zone
B. High latitude zone
C. Midlatitude zone
Factors Affecting Climate
A B C
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Section 2
Latitude and elevation affect the angle of the sun’s rays and temperatures on Earth.
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate
• Low latitudes include the Tropic of Capricorn, the Equator, and the Tropic of Cancer.
• The Earth’s polar areas are considered the high latitudes.
Section 2
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate (cont.)
• Midlatitudes:
– Between 30 degrees N and 60 degrees N in the Northern Hemisphere, and between 30 degrees S and 60 degrees S in the Southern Hemisphere, are considered the midlatitudes.
– The most variable weather is found here.
Section 2
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate (cont.)
• Elevation:
– At all latitudes, elevation influences climate because of the relationship between the elevation of a place and its temperature.
– As elevation increases, temperature decreases.
The Influence of Elevation on Temperature
A. A
B. B
Section 2
Why does thinner air retain less heat?
A. It is more dense
B. It is less dense
Section 2
Wind and water combine with the effects of the sun to influence Earth’s weather and climate.
Winds and Ocean Currents
• Wind Patterns:
– Wind blows because of temperature differences on Earth’s surface, with tropical air moving toward the Poles and polar air moving toward the Equator.
Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
– Global winds blow in fairly constant patterns called prevailing winds.
– The Coriolis effect causes prevailing winds to blow diagonally rather than along strict north-south or east-west directions.
World Zones of Latitude and Wind Patterns
Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
• The Horse Latitudes:
– When sailors became stranded in the doldrums, they would lighten the load of the ships, including livestock, so that a light breeze could move them.
– These areas then became known as the horse latitudes.
Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
• Ocean currents are caused by factors such as:
– the Earth’s rotation
– changes in air pressure
– differences in water temperature
• The Coriolis effect is observed in ocean currents as well.
• Ocean currents affect climate in the coastal lands along which they flow.
World Ocean Currents
Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
• Weather and Water Cycle
– Wind and water work together to affect weather—driven by temperature, condensation creates precipitation
• El Niño can influence climates around the world.
The Influence of El Niño
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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A periodic change in the pattern of ocean currents, water temperatures, and weather in the mid-Pacific region is known as which term?
A. Doldrums
B. Current
C. Prevailing Winds
D. El Niño
Section 2
Landforms and bodies of water influence Earth’s climate patterns.
Landforms and Climate
• The climate of places located at the same latitude can be very different, depending on the presence or absence of certain physical features.
• Coastal areas tend to have less changeable weather than do inland areas.
• Mountain ranges have varying weather, depending on the area of the mountain. The Rain Shadow Effect
A. A
B. B
Section 2
Which side of the mountain is drier than the other side?
A. Windward
B. Leeward
A B
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Section 3-GTR
World Climate Patterns
Geographers classify Earth’s climate and vegetation into regions. Recurring climate phenomena influence climate patterns.
Section 3-GTR
• natural vegetation
World Climate Patterns
• mixed forest
• prairie
• permafrost
• hypothesis
• smog
• widespread
• oasis
• coniferous
• deciduous
• exceeds
• consists
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Which climate would you prefer to live in?
A. Tropical climate
B. Dry climate
C. Midlatitude climate
World Climate Patterns
A B C
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Section 3
Geographers divide the Earth into regions that have similar climates.
Climate Regions
• Each of these divisions has its own characteristic soils and natural vegetation.
Latitude, Climate, and Vegetation
Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)
• Climates are organized into five regions:
– Tropical climates—these are found in or near the low latitudes—the Tropics.
• Tropical wet
• Tropical dry
Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)
– Dry climates—there are two types of dry climates—the desert and the steppe—which occur in low latitudes or midlatitudes.
– Midlatitude climates—this climate experiences variable weather patterns and season changes that give rise to a variety of natural vegetation.
World Climate Regions
Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)
• There are four temperate climate regions:
– Marine west coast climate
– Mediterranean
– Humid subtropical
– Humid continental
Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)
• High altitude climates—freezing temperatures are common throughout the year because of the lack of direct sunlight.
• Three high altitude climate regions are:
– Subarctic
– Tundra
– Ice cap
Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)
• Highland climates—high mountain areas, even along the Equator, share some of the same characteristics because of the thinning of the atmosphere at high altitudes.
World Natural Vegetation Regions
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
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Which type of climate is the least arid?
A. Tundra
B. Desert
C. Rain forest
D. Mixed forest
Section 3
Climate changes over time. Although the causes of change are unclear, evidence suggests that human activity has influenced some of the changes.
Climate Changes
• Burning fossil fuels releases gases that mix with water in the air, forming acids that fall in rain and snow.
• This act can cause many changes in climate.
Section 3
Climate Changes (cont.)
• Dams and river diversion can also affect climate.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Do you agree that humans are altering the climate?
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Do not agree
A B C
0% 0%0%
VS 1
Earth-Sun Relationships
• The relationship of the Earth to the sun affects climate patterns around the world.
• The Earth’s tilt and revolution cause the seasons by changing the relationship of the Earth’s surface to the sun.
• When the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere. When it is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn, it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
VS 2
Factors Affecting Climate
• Latitude plays a major role in climate. The farther one gets from the Equator, the cooler the climate.
• High elevations are generally cooler than the surrounding landscape.
• Other factors that help determine climate are wind and water currents, recurring phenomena such as El Nino, and large landforms.
VS 3
World Climate Patterns
• Geographers divide the world into major climate regions.
• The major climate regions are tropical, dry, midlatitude, high
latitude and highland climates. Each of these can be broken down into smaller categories.
• Each climate region has its own characteristic natural vegetation.
• Climate patterns change over time as a result of both natural processes and human activity.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
DFS Trans 1
DFS Trans 2
DFS Trans 3
Vocab1
weather
condition of the atmosphere in one place during a short period of time
Vocab2
climate
weather patterns typical for an area over a long period of time
Vocab3
axis
an imaginary line that runs through the center of the Earth between the North and South Poles
Vocab4
temperature
degree of hotness or coldness measured on a set scale, such as Fahrenheit or Celsius
Vocab5
revolution
in astronomy, the Earth’s yearly trip around the sun, taking 365 ¼ days
Vocab6
equinox
one of two days (about March and September) on which the sun is directly above the Equator, making day and night equal in length
Vocab7
solstice
one of two days (about June and December) on which the sun’s rays strike directly on the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn, marking the beginning of summer or winter
Vocab8
greenhouse effect
the capacity of certain gases in the atmosphere to trap heat, thereby warming the Earth
Vocab9
global warming
gradual warming of the Earth and its atmosphere that may be caused in part by pollution and an increase in the greenhouse effect
Vocab10
prevailing wind
wind in a region that blows in a fairly constant directional pattern
Vocab11
Coriolis effect
the resulting diagonal movement, either north or south, of prevailing winds caused by the Earth’s rotation
Vocab12
doldrums
a frequently windless area near the Equator
Vocab13
current
cold or warm stream of seawater that flows in the oceans, generally in a circular pattern
Vocab14
El Niño
a periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents and water
Vocab15
windward
being in or facing the direction from which the wind is blowing
Vocab16
leeward
being in or facing the direction toward which the wind is blowing
Vocab17
rain shadow effect
result of a process by which dry areas develop on the leeward sides of mountain ranges
Vocab18
natural vegetation
plant life that grows in a certain area if people have not changed the natural environment
Vocab19
oasis
small area in a desert where water and vegetation are found
Vocab20
coniferous
referring to vegetation having cones and needle-shaped leaves, including many evergreens, that keep their foliage throughout the winter
Vocab21
deciduous
falling off or shed seasonally or periodically; trees such as oak and maple which lose their leaves in autumn
Vocab22
mixed forest
forest with both coniferous and deciduous trees
Vocab23
prairie
an inland grassland area
Vocab24
permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground
Vocab25
hypothesis
a scientific explanation for an event
Vocab26
smog
haze caused by the interaction of ultraviolet solar radiation with chemical fumes from automobile exhausts and other pollution sources
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