Splash Screen Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1Truman and Eisenhower Section 2The Affluent Society Section 3Popular Culture of the 1950s Section

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Truman and Eisenhower

Section 2 The Affluent Society

Section 3 Popular Culture of the 1950s

Section 4 The Other Side of American Life

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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Chapter Objectives

• Explain the Truman administration’s efforts on the domestic front.

• Describe President Eisenhower’s domestic agenda.

Section 1: Truman and Eisenhower



Chapter ObjectivesSection 2: The Affluent Society• Explain the reasons for and the effects of the

nation’s economic boom.

• Describe changes to the American family that took place during the 1950s.



Chapter ObjectivesSection 3: Popular Culture of the 1950s• Explain the characteristics of the new

youth culture.

• Discuss the contributions of African Americans to 1950s culture.



Chapter ObjectivesSection 4: The Other Side of

American Life• Identify those groups that found themselves

left out of the American economic boom following World War II.

• Explain the factors that contributed to the poverty among various groups.


Why It MattersAfter World War II, the country enjoyed a period of economic prosperity. Many more Americans could now aspire to a middle-class lifestyle, with a house in the suburbs and more leisure time. Television became a favorite form of entertainment. This general prosperity, however, did not extend to many Hispanics, African Americans, Native Americans, or people in Appalachia.


The Impact TodayThe effects of this era can still be seen.

• The middle class represents a large segment of the American population.

• Television is a popular form of entertainment for many Americans.



continued on next slide

Guide to Reading

After World War II, the Truman and Eisenhower administrations set out to help the nation adjust to peacetime.

• GI Bill

Main Idea


Key Terms and Names

• closed shop • right-to-work law • union shop • featherbedding

• “Do-Nothing Congress”

• Fair Deal • dynamic

conservatism • Federal Highway Act


Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy


Categorizing As you read about the Truman and Eisenhower administrations, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 686 of your textbook by listing the characteristics of the postwar economy of the United States.

• Explain the Truman administration’s efforts on the domestic front.

Reading Objectives

• Describe President Eisenhower’s domestic agenda.



Section Theme

Economic Factors Following World War II, the federal government supported programs that helped the economy make the transition to peacetime production.





Return to a Peacetime Economy


• The U.S. economy continued to grow after World War II because of increased consumer spending.

• The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, also called the GI Bill, helped the economy by providing loans to veterans to attend college, set up businesses, and buy homes.

• Increased spending led to higher prices for goods, which then led to rising inflation.

(pages 686–687)(pages 686–687)


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• Workers went on strike for increased wages.

• President Truman, fearing an energy shortage, forced miners to return to work after a month-long strike.

• In 1946 Americans interested in change elected Republicans in both houses of Congress.

• Congress, wanting to cut the power of organized labor, proposed the Taft-Hartley Act.

Return to a Peacetime Economy (cont.)

(pages 686–687)(pages 686–687)



• This act outlawed the closed shop, or the practice of forcing business owners to hire only union members.

• States could pass right-to-work laws outlawing union shops, or shops where new workers were required to join the union.

• The act also prohibited featherbedding, the limiting of work output in order to create more jobs.

• Although Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act, Congress passed it in 1947.


(pages 686–687)(pages 686–687)


How did the Taft-Hartley Act limit the powers of organized labor?

This act outlawed the closed shop, or the practice of forcing business owners to hire only union members. States could pass right-to-work laws outlawing union shops, or shops where new workers were required to join the union. The act also prohibited featherbedding, the limiting of work output in order to create more jobs.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.



(pages 686–687)(pages 686–687)



Truman’s Domestic Program• President Truman tried to push many

domestic measures through Congress.

• Some of Truman’s many proposals included the expansion of Social Security benefits, raising the minimum wage from 40 to 75 cents an hour, and a broad civil rights bill protecting African Americans.

• His proposals met with little success with Republicans and conservative Southern Democrats.

(pages 687–689)(pages 687–689)



• As the election of 1948 approached, it looked as if Truman would not be reelected.

• During his campaign, Truman made speeches that criticized a “Do-Nothing Congress,” because it had not enacted any of his legislative proposals.

• Truman won the election, and the Democratic Party also made a comeback, regaining control of both houses of Congress.

Truman’s Domestic Program (cont.)

(pages 687–689)(pages 687–689)



• Truman’s domestic agenda was coined the Fair Deal.

• He put forth in his State of the Union message that Americans had the right to expect a fair deal from their government.

• Congress did not support all of Truman’s ideas. While the minimum wage was increased and the Social Security system expanded, Congress refused to pass national health insurance or to enact civil rights legislation.


(pages 687–689)(pages 687–689)




What was Truman’s Fair Deal?

Truman’s Fair Deal was a series of domestic measures that sought to further the work done as part of Roosevelt’s New Deal. The Fair Deal measures included the following proposals: the expansion of Social Security benefits, the raising of the legal minimum wage, a program to ensure full employment through aggressive use of federal spending and investment, public housing and slum clearance, long-range environmental and public works planning, a system of national health insurance, and a civil rights bill.


(pages 687–689)(pages 687–689)



The Eisenhower Years• With the United States at war in Korea,

Truman’s Fair Deal faded, as did his approval rating.

• He chose not to run for reelection. • The Republican candidate, Dwight

Eisenhower ran with the slogan, “It’s time for a change!”

• He promised to end the Korean War. • Eisenhower won in a landslide with his

running mate California senator, Richard Nixon.

(pages 689–691)(pages 689–691)



• President Eisenhower’s political beliefs were self-described as midway between conservative and liberal.

• He referred to the idea of “dynamic conservatism,” or the balancing of economic conservatism with some activism.

• On the conservative side, Eisenhower ended government price and rent controls, vetoed a school construction bill, and cut aid for public housing while also supporting some tax reductions.

The Eisenhower Years (cont.)

(pages 689–691)(pages 689–691)



• As an activist, Eisenhower pushed for the passage of the Federal Highway Act, which provided $25 billion for a 10-year project to construct 40,000 miles of interstate highways.

• As the number of American car owners increased, this act was necessary to provide for more efficient travel routes.

• Eisenhower also authorized the construction of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway.


(pages 689–691)(pages 689–691)



• Three previous presidents had failed at reaching an agreement with Canada to build this American-Canadian waterway aiding international shipping.

• As Eisenhower easily won his second run for the presidency in 1956, America transitioned from a wartime to a peacetime economy.

• Americans focused their energy on a decade of tremendous prosperity.


(pages 689–691)(pages 689–691)




Why was Richard Nixon almost dropped from the Republican ticket?

It was reported that Nixon had received gifts of $18,000 as a senator. In a radio broadcast, Nixon insisted the money had been used for legitimate political purposes.


(pages 689–691)(pages 689–691)


Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a law making it illegal to require employees to join a union

__ 2. practice of limiting work output in order to create more jobs

__ 3. an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members

__ 4. policy of balancing economic conservatism with some activism

__ 5. a business that requires employees to join a union

A. closed shop

B. right-to-work law

C. union shop

D. featherbedding

E. dynamic conservatism

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.


D

A

B

E

C


Reviewing Themes



Economic Factors How did President Eisenhower aid international shipping during his administration?

He authorized the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway, which connected the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.


Critical Thinking



Interpreting In what ways did the Taft-Hartley Act hurt labor unions?

It outlawed closed shops, allowed states to outlaw union shops, and prohibited featherbedding.


Analyzing Visuals



Analyzing Maps Study the map on page 689 of your textbook. Which parts of the country did Dewey win? Why do you think he did so well in these areas?

Dewey won in the Northeast and Great Plains. He was the governor of New York, and strong in traditional Republican areas.


CloseDescribe President Eisenhower’s domestic agenda.



Guide to Reading

The postwar economic boom brought great changes to society, including the ways many Americans worked and lived.

• John Kenneth Galbraith

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• white-collar • blue-collar • multinational

corporation

• franchise • David Riesman • Levittown • baby boom • Jonas Salk




Reading Strategy

Sequencing As you read about American society in 1950s, complete a time line similar to the one on page 692 of your textbook by recording the scientific and technological breakthroughs of the time.

• Explain the reasons for and the effects of the nation’s economic boom.

Reading Objectives

• Describe changes to the American family that took place during the 1950s.



Section Theme

Continuity and Change Americans became avid consumers in the atmosphere of postwar abundance.






American Abundance


• In 1958 economist John Kenneth Galbraith published The Affluent Society, in which he claimed that the United States and some other industrialized nations had created an “economy of abundance.”

• New business techniques and improved technology had produced a standard of living never before thought possible.

(pages 692–694)(pages 692–694)


• As the mechanization of farms and factories increased, many Americans began working in white-collar jobs, such as sales and management.

• In 1956, for the first time, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar workers–people who perform physical labor in industry.

• White-collar employees generally worked for large corporations, some of which expanded into overseas corporations.

American Abundance (cont.)


(pages 692–694)(pages 692–694)


• Multinational corporations were located close to important raw materials and used cheaper labor forces, making them more competitive.

• The 1950s also had an increase in franchises, in which a person owns and operates one or several stores of a chain operation.

• Cooperate leaders wanted employees who could conform to company standards.



(pages 692–694)(pages 692–694)


• In the 1950s book The Lonely Crowd, sociologist David Riesman argued that the “inner-directed” man was giving way to the “other-directed” man, with concerns regarding company approval outweighing personal values.

• The rise in luxury products led to the growth of more sophisticated advertising.

• The advertising industry became the fastest-growing industry in the United States, using new marketing techniques to sell products.



(pages 692–694)(pages 692–694)


• Levittown, New York, one of the country’s earliest suburbs, was a mass-produced residential community spearheaded by Bill Levitt.

• Between 1947 and 1951, other Levittown-type communities were built all over the United States.

• The suburbs came to symbolize the American dream, while others saw it as another example of American conformity.



(pages 692–694)(pages 692–694)


What evidence supported John Kenneth Galbraith’s idea of an “economy of abundance?”

Between 1940 and 1955, personal income for many American’s almost tripled. Americans produced more than they could use, and there was a huge increase in the number of homeowners.




(pages 692–694)(pages 692–694)


The 1950s Family


• The 1950s changed the American family as families grew larger and women entered the workforce.

• The period between 1945 and 1961 is known as the baby boom, in which more than 65 million children were born in the United States.

• Many young couples had delayed marriage until after the war and were now ready to marry and begin a family.

(pages 694–695)(pages 694–695)


• Other factors in this boom were the GI benefits that encouraged the growth of families, and television and magazines promoting pregnancy and large families.

• In the 1950s, although many women were expected to remain at home, the number of women who held jobs outside the home increased.

The 1950s Family (cont.)


(pages 694–695)(pages 694–695)


Why did the American birthrate explode after World War II?

Many young couples had delayed marriage until after the war and were now ready to marry and begin a family. Other factors in this boom were the GI benefits that encouraged the growth of families, and television and magazines promoting pregnancy and large families.



The 1950s Family (cont.)

(pages 694–695)(pages 694–695)


Technological Breakthroughs


• In 1946 scientists working for the United States Army developed one of the earliest computers.

• It was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), and it made military calculations.

• Later, a newer model called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) could handle business data and led to the computer revolution.

(pages 695–697)(pages 695–697)


• In the 1950s, there were many medical breakthroughs such as the development of antibiotics; new drugs for arthritis, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease; and advances in surgical techniques.

• Polio epidemics swept the nation in the 1940s and 1950s.

• Jonas Salk developed an injectable vaccine that prevented polio.

Technological Breakthroughs (cont.)


(pages 695–697)(pages 695–697)


• New cases of polio declined dramatically. American scientist Albert Sabin later developed an oral vaccine for polio, causing the threat of polio to disappear in the United States.


(pages 695–697)(pages 695–697)


• The Soviet Union launched the world’s first space satellite, Sputnik, in October 1957.

• The United States launched its own satellite in January 1958.

• American engineers were making commercial planes smoother and faster.



(pages 695–697)(pages 695–697)


Why did American families in the 1950s have increased free time?

The computer and improvements in communication and transportation systems allowed many Americans to work more quickly and efficiently.




(pages 695–697)(pages 695–697)



__ 1. jobs in the manual labor field, particularly those requiring protective clothing

__ 2. the right or license to market a company’s goods or services in an area, such as a store of a chain operation

__ 3. a marked rise in birthrate, such as occurred in the United States following World War II

__ 4. jobs in fields not requiring work clothes or protective clothing, such as sales

__ 5. large corporations with overseas investments

A. white-collar

B. blue-collar

C. multinational corporation

D. franchise

E. baby boom




D

E

B

A

C


Checking for Understanding (cont.)



Describe how and why the suburbs became popular places to live.

Government programs made homeownership more affordable and improved construction made houses cheaper. Some people wanted to escape urban problems or increase their standard of living. The affordability of homes and automobiles also aided in increasing the popularity of the suburbs.


Reviewing Themes



Continuity and Change How was the affluent society of the United States in the 1950s different from previous decades?

The lives of many Americans improved significantly.


Critical Thinking



Interpreting What caused the advertising industry to boom in the 1950s?

Advertisers competed for Americans’ disposable income.


Analyzing Visuals



Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph of children suffering from polio on page 696 of your textbook . What do you think it was like to live in such an environment? Do Americans today face similar medical fears?

Possible answer: It must have been depressing and frustrating both for the patients and the people treating them.


CloseDescribe changes in the American family that took place during the 1950s.



Guide to Reading

During the carefree and prosperous 1950s, Americans turned to television, new forms of music, cinema, and literature to entertain themselves.

• Ed Sullivan

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Alan Freed • Elvis Presley

• generation gap • Jack Kerouac • Little Richard




Reading Strategy

Categorizing As you read about the popular culture of the 1950s, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one on page 698 of your textbook comparing new forms of mass media during the 1950s.

• Explain the characteristics of the new youth culture.

Reading Objectives

• Discuss the contributions of African Americans to 1950s culture.



Section Theme

Culture and Traditions The 1950s added such elements as rock ’n’ roll music and sitcom television to modern culture.





The New Mass Media


• The popularity of television increased as it became more affordable for consumers.

• In 1946 there were 7,000 to 8,000 television sets in the United States.

• By 1957 there were 40 million television sets.

• In the late 1950s, the television news became an important source of information.

• Advertising and sporting events became more common.

(pages 698–701)(pages 698–701)


• Television shows fell into the categories of comedy, action and adventure, variety-style entertainment, and quiz shows.

• Ed Sullivan’s variety show Toast of the Town provided a mix of comedy, popular song, dance, and acrobatics.

• In 1956 the quiz show Twenty-One caused an uproar after it was discovered that many of the show’s contestants were given the answers prior to the show.

The New Mass Media (cont.)


(pages 698–701)(pages 698–701)


• With the increase in television viewing, the movie industry lost viewers.

• Moviemakers tried several ways to lure people away from their television sets, including the use of 3-D glasses and cinemascope.

• Movie roles for women were stereotypical, often dealing with marriage or the hope of marriage.

• Roles for African Americans were often stereotypical or one-dimensional.



(pages 698–701)(pages 698–701)


• Radio had to find ways to get television viewers to listen again.

• Recorded music, news, talk shows, weather, public-service programming, and shows for specific audiences were all used to encourage people to turn on their radios.



(pages 698–701)(pages 698–701)


What types of television shows were Americans watching in the 1950s?

Television shows fell into the categories of comedy, action and adventure, variety-style entertainment, and quiz shows. Action shows like Gunsmoke and Dragnet were also hugely popular.




(pages 698–701)(pages 698–701)


The New Youth Culture


• Young Americans rebelled against the conformist ideals of adult society and looked to controversial styles in music and literature.

• In 1951 radio disc jockey Alan Freed gained permission from his manager to play African American rhythm and blues on the radio.

• The listeners loved the new songs, and soon white artists were copying the sound to form a new style of music called rock ’n’ roll.

(pages 701–702)(pages 701–702)


• In 1956 Elvis Presley became a rock ’n’ roll hero for many teenagers.

• He eventually became known as the “King of Rock ’n’ Roll.”

• The music was very popular with teens, but parents disliked this new music.

• Several cities banned rock ’n’ roll. • These varying opinions led to what

became known as a generation gap, or cultural separation between children and parents.

The New Youth Culture (cont.)


(pages 701–702)(pages 701–702)


• A group of mostly white artists, who called themselves the beats, highlighted the values gap that existed in the United States in the 1950s.

• In 1957 beat writer Jack Kerouac published On the Road.

• This book described freewheeling adventures with a car thief and a con artist.

• The book shocked readers but went on to become a classic in American literature.



(pages 701–702)(pages 701–702)


Who were the beats?

This was a group of mostly white artists who chose an unconventional lifestyle, which highlighted the values gap in the 1950s. The word may have come from the group feeling beat down by American culture.




(pages 701–702)(pages 701–702)


African American Entertainers


• African American entertainers tried to find a way to fit into a country that often treated them like second-class citizens.

• Most were shut out by television. • African American rock ’n’ roll singers

had an easier time gaining acceptance.

• African Americans like Chuck Berry, Ray Charles, and Little Richard recorded hit songs.

(pages 702–703)(pages 702–703)


• African American women’s recording groups, including the Crystals, the Chiffons, and the Shirelles, paved the way for future women’s groups.

African American Entertainers (cont.)

(pages 702–703)(pages 702–703)


Which groups were left out of the American dream in the 1950s?

The country’s minorities, rural poor, and African Americans were left out of the American dream.



African American Entertainers (cont.)

(pages 702–703)(pages 702–703)



generation gap

Define Insert the key term that best completes the following sentence.



A cultural separation between parents and their children is called a .





Explain what happened to motion pictures and radio when television became popular.

Motion picture attendance and radio listenership dropped for a while.


Reviewing Themes



Culture and Traditions What roles did African Americans play in television and rock ’n’ roll?

They had limited opportunities on television but more success in the music industry.


Critical Thinking



Comparing How did the themes of television shows of the 1950s differ from the themes of the literature of the beat movement?

Television shows depicted middle-class values endorsing American society; beat literature depicted it as meaningless and sterile.


Analyzing Visuals



Analyzing Photographs Study the photographs on pages 698 and 699 of your textbook. Many people have criticized these television programs for presenting a one-sided view of American life. Do you agree with this criticism? Why or why not?

Answers will vary.


CloseAs a class, discuss the contributions of African Americans to 1950s culture.



Guide to Reading

Not everyone in the United States prospered during the nation’s postwar boom, as millions of minorities and rural whites struggled daily with poverty.

• poverty line

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Michael Harrington • urban renewal

• Bracero program • termination policy • juvenile delinquency




Reading Strategy

Taking Notes As you read about social problems in the United States in the 1950s, use the major headings of the section to create an outline similar to the one on page 706 of your textbook.

• Identify those groups that found themselves left out of the American economic boom following World War II.

Reading Objectives

• Explain the factors that contributed to the poverty among various groups.



Section Theme

Continuity and Change For some groups, poverty continued during the apparent abundance of the 1950s.





Poverty Amidst Prosperity


• By 1959, about 30 million Americans lived below the poverty line, a figure the government set to reflect the minimum income required to support a family.

• Writer Michael Harrington chronicled poverty in the United States during the 1950s in his book The Other America.

• He described how some Americans lived in the run-down and hidden communities of America.

(pages 706–709)(pages 706–709)


• The poor included single mothers, elderly, minority immigrants, rural Americans, Appalachians, and Native Americans.

• As many Americans moved to the suburbs, the urban areas became home to poorer, less educated minority groups.

• In the 1950s, the government tried to improve conditions with urban renewal programs, in which they tore down slums and built high-rise projects.

Poverty Amidst Prosperity (cont.)


(pages 706–709)(pages 706–709)


• In 1958 African American salaries were only 51 percent of what whites earned.

• Although the NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality pushed for equality and economic opportunities for African Americans, they had little success.



(pages 706–709)(pages 706–709)


• Through the Bracero program, some 5 million Mexican immigrants came to the United States to help with agricultural needs.

• These laborers struggled with poverty and worked in unbearable conditions for very little pay.



(pages 706–709)(pages 706–709)


• Native Americans were the poorest group in the nation.

• Through the termination policy, the federal government withdrew all official recognition of the Native American groups as legal entities and made them follow the same laws as white citizens.

• During the 1950s, many impoverished families left Appalachia in search of a better way of life.



(pages 706–709)(pages 706–709)


Which groups of Americans lived below the poverty line in the 1950s?

Americans who lived below the poverty line in the 1950s included single mothers, the elderly, people living in the inner cities, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and people living in Appalachia.




(pages 706–709)(pages 706–709)


Juvenile Delinquency


• An important social problem in the United States during the 1950s was a rise in, or at least a rise in the reporting of, juvenile delinquency–antisocial or criminal behavior of youths.

• Delinquency in the 1950s cut across class and racial lines.

• While most teens did not participate in any illegal activity, teens were stereotyped, especially if they had long hair and dressed in an unconventional manner.

(pages 709–710)(pages 709–710)


• As baby boomers started attending school, enrollments increased greatly.

• During the 1950s, schools suffered a shortage of buildings and teachers.

• Because the Soviet Union had launched the first space satellites, the nation’s educational institutions were criticized for a lack of technical education.

• In response to the criticisms, efforts were made to improve math and scientific education in U.S. schools.

Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)


(pages 709–710)(pages 709–710)


What were some reasons people used to explain the rise in juvenile delinquency?

It was blamed on a variety of reasons including poverty, lack of religion, television, movies, comics, racism, busy parents, rising divorce rates, and anxiety over the military draft.



Juvenile Delinquency (cont.)

(pages 709–710)(pages 709–710)





__ 1. a government policy to bring Native Americans into mainstream society by withdrawing recognition of Native American groups as legal entities

__ 2. a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor by the federal government

__ 3. government programs that attempt to eliminate poverty and revitalize urban areas

__ 4. antisocial or criminal behavior of young people

A. poverty line

B. urban renewal

C. termination policy

D. juvenile delinquency




A

B

C

D





Evaluate how the federal government’s termination policy affected Native Americans.

The policy deepened their poverty.


Reviewing Themes



Continuity and Change Why did urban renewal fail the poor of the inner cities?

The high-rise buildings were too crowded, destroyed more housing than they created, and created an atmosphere of violence.


Critical Thinking



Interpreting What were some possible reasons for a dramatic rise in juvenile delinquency in the 1950s?

Reasons offered included poverty, a lack of supervision, media influences, racism, and a lack of discipline or of religion.


Analyzing Visuals



Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph on page 710 of your textbook. What in the photograph might attract young people to this type of life? Why would others oppose such a life?

The photograph shows a lone cyclist crossing a bridge, unconventional clothes, and a chance to rebel. Many people would oppose such a life because it suggests a rejection of many traditional values.


CloseExplain the factors that contributed to the poverty among various groups.




Reviewing Key TermsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 1. jobs in fields not requiring work clothes or protective clothing, such as sales

__ 2. the right to license and to market a company’s goods or services in an area, such as a store of a chain operation

__ 3. a business that requires employees to join a union

__ 4. an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members

A. closed shop

B. union shop

C. featherbedding

D. white-collar

E. blue-collar

F. franchise

G. baby boom

H. generation gap

I. urban renewal

J. termination policy

F

B

D

A




Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 5. government programs that attempt to eliminate poverty and revitalize urban areas

__ 6. a cultural separation between parents and their children

__ 7. jobs in the manual labor field, particularly those requiring protective clothing

__ 8. practice of limiting work output in order to create more jobs

H

E

I

C

A. closed shop

B. union shop

C. featherbedding

D. white-collar

E. blue-collar

F. franchise

G. baby boom

H. generation gap

I. urban renewal





Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)


__ 9. a government policy to bring Native Americans into mainstream society by withdrawing recognition of Native American groups as legal entities

__ 10. a marked rise in birthrate, such as occurred in the United States following World War II

G

J A. closed shop

B. union shop

C. featherbedding

D. white-collar

E. blue-collar

F. franchise

G. baby boom

H. generation gap

I. urban renewal





Reviewing Key Facts

What were three characteristics of the economy of the United States after World War II?

Three characteristics of the postwar economy were abundant goods, low unemployment, and a housing boom.




Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

What were two reasons for the economic boom of the 1950s?

The economic boom was the result of consumerism and the GI Bill.





What caused many Americans to move to the suburbs in the 1950s?

They wanted to escape urban crime and make a better life for their families. They had automobiles to transport them to and from work.





How did the scientific discovery of the transistor affect communications?

The transistor made the miniaturization of radios and calculators possible and resulted in improvements in communication and transportation.





Which groups of Americans found themselves left out of the postwar economic boom?

Single mothers, the elderly, minority immigrants, rural Americans, inner-city residents, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and people in Appalachia were left out of the postwar economic boom.




Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Continuity and Change How has mass media changed since the 1950s?

Mass media has become more pervasive. Hundreds of radio and television stations, as well as the Internet, are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.




Critical Thinking (cont.)

Evaluating What factors led to a rise in juvenile delinquency in the United States during the 1950s?

Different reasons were suggested, including poverty, a lack of supervision, media influences, racism, and a lack of discipline or of religion.


Geography and HistoryThe graph on page 713 of your textbook shows the number of suburban dwellers in the United States as a percentage of the total population. Study the graph and answer the questions on the following slides.


Interpreting Graphs What trend in the percentage of suburban dwellers does this graph show?

The graph shows a rising trend.

Geography and History (cont.)




Geography and History (cont.)



Understanding Cause and Effect How might the trend of suburban dwellers shown on this graph have affected life in suburbs and cities?

The trend might have caused urban life to decline and suburban life to become the ideal.




Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

Which of the following did the Eisenhower administration work to achieve?

F Fixing wage and price controls

G Defeating the Federal Highway Act

H Repealing right-to-work laws

J Extending the Social Security system

Test-Taking Tip Pay careful attention to the wording of the question. Note that three of the four answer choices were not part of Eisenhower’s programs.




What does the term Baby Boom refer to?

The baby boom was a sixteen-year period from 1945 to 1961 when 65 million children were born in the United States.


Geography Three Levittowns were built, the first on Long Island, the second in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and the third in Willingboro, New Jersey. These planned communities allowed people to live in smaller communities but commute to larger cities.

GI Bill

Presidential Incapacity

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

In addition to providing low interest loans to help veterans buy homes and farms, the GI Bill provided unemployment benefits for veterans who could not find jobs.

In the fall of 1955, President Eisenhower had a heart attack. The problem of presidential incapacity was not new. In 1881 James Garfield lingered for over two months before he died from an assassin’s bullet. In 1919 Woodrow Wilson’s stroke rendered him unable to participate in final treaty negotiations.

Parents of baby boomers seized the opportunity to give their children what they themselves never had. Memories of rationing and limited supplies during the Great Depression and World War II often fueled their enthusiasm for activities such as music lessons and Little League.

Television

Elvis Presley


Invented in the 1930s, television became popular in the late 1940s. By 1960 nearly 90 percent of American families owned at least one set–mostly black and white. Although the Columbia Broadcasting System presented the first commercial color telecast in 1953, color television remained too expensive during the 1950s for widespread use.

Elvis Presley’s leather jacket and ducktail haircut became standard dress for young men in the 1950s.

Lorraine Hansberry

James Baldwin


Lorraine Hansberry achieved another first on April 7, 1959, when she became the first African American, and only the fifth woman, to win the prestigious New York Drama Critics Circle Award for her first play, A Raisin in the Sun.

James Baldwin created a vivid description of African American life in the postwar years in his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain. The novel describes a day in the lives of members of a church in Harlem, and, through flashbacks, their ancestors. Baldwin was recognized as a leading African American novelist noted for his powerful treatment of bigotry and oppression in American society.



Suburban Dream Developers attracted homebuyers to the suburbs with the promise of fresh air, green lawns, and trees. The names of many suburbs and subdivisions echoed that promise by including words such as park, forest, woods, grove, or hills.

Quick and Easy Eats Along with the television came . . . TV dinners! Capitalizing on the television boom of the 1950s, these frozen individual meals offered an entrée, a side dish or two, and a dessert, all on an aluminum tray divided into compartments.

Not everyone actually ate TV dinners in front of the television, but the meals were popular because they offered convenience. Noted one food industry executive of the time, “When Mary Smith rushes home from work late in the afternoon, she wants to buy food that not only will look pretty on the table but is something she can get ready in the half hour before her husband comes home for dinner.”

The Swanson Company created its first frozen meals in 1952 and started using the name “Swanson TV Dinner” in 1954. Swanson sold 10 million TV dinners the first year they were distributed nationally. By the time the TV dinner celebrated its 45th birthday, Americans were buying 3 million a week. The famous compartmentalized aluminum tray was retired in 1986 and replaced with microwave-safe packaging.

Writing a Journal

Journal writing is personal writing with a casual style. The style in which you write is not as important as what you write about–your experiences, interests, and feelings. Journal writing can help you generate new ideas, and it can also give you a clearer picture of your thoughts and help you put them in order.



Learning the Skill

A journal is a written account that records what you have learned or experienced. In a journal you can express your feelings about a subject, summarize key topics, describe difficulties or success in solving particular problems, and draw maps or other visuals. To help you get started writing in your journal, follow these steps.


Writing a Journal

• Jot down notes or questions about a specific topic or event as you read your textbook. Then look for details and answers about it as you continue reading.


Learning the Skill (cont.)

Writing a Journal

• Describe your feelings as you read a selection or look at a photograph. Are you angry, happy, frustrated, or sad? Explain why you are reacting in this way.

• Ask yourself if drawing a map or flowchart would help you understand an event better. If so, draw in your journal.

Writing a Journal

Practicing the Skill

The excerpt on the following slide is a journal entry describing the launching of the nation’s first satellite in 1958. Read the excerpt, and then use the questions on the following slides to help you write entries in your own journal.

Practicing the Skill (cont.)

“As the firing command neared, a deadly silence fell on those who were watching. . . . At fourteen and one-half seconds after time zero, after the priming fuel had ignited almost invisibly, the main stage engine came to life with an immeasurable thrust of flame in all directions. . . . With thousands of eyes following it, the rocket dug into the night and accelerated as its sound loudened. Spectators on nearby beaches pointed and craned their necks and cried, ‘There it is!’ and began to cheer.”

Writing a Journal

1. What is particularly interesting about this description?

2. What are your feelings as you read the excerpt?

Writing a Journal




Possible answer: The precision and moment-by-moment quality of the description makes it particularly interesting.

Possible answer: Feelings include those of suspense and excitement.

3. Note the descriptive phrases and details that make the event come to life. Try to use similar techniques when writing in your journal.

4. Draw a map or other visual to help you understand the situation described here.

Writing a Journal




Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.









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Documents

Splash Screen Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1Truman and Eisenhower Section 2The Affluent Society Section 3Popular Culture of the 1950s Section