Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Mexico Section 2:Section 2:Central America and the Caribbean Section 3:Section 3:South

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Mexico

Section 2: Central America and the Caribbean

Section 3: South America

Visual Summary

Chapter Intro 1

Human-Environment Interaction The climates and resources of Latin America have a great impact on the people who live there. Those countries with more resources tend to be wealthy, but many citizens never benefit from that wealth. At the same time, the use of resources has seriously affected the environment in certain areas. What human activities benefit the environment, and what activities harm it?

Chapter Intro 2

Section 1: Mexico

Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence. Many Mexicans now depend on factory jobs. Those who cannot find work at home migrate to the United States in search of work.

Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: Central America and the Caribbean

The physical environment affects how people live. Many Caribbean islands have limited resources. Their warm climate and beautiful beaches, however, make tourism an important industry.

Chapter Intro 2

Section 3: South America

People’s actions can change the physical environment. The Amazon basin holds the world’s largest rain forest. People are now using the rain forest’s resources to boost economic growth. Their actions greatly affect the Amazon basin’s fragile environment.

Chapter Intro-End

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Section 1-Main Idea

Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• plaza

• vaquero

• maquiladora

• subsistence farm

• plantation

• migrant worker

Academic Vocabulary

• reveal

• assemble


Section 1-Picture This

They may not look like soccer balls, but these piles of plastic panels will be stitched together by workers in San Miguelito, Mexico, to create thousands of balls for the popular sport. The soccer balls are then sold to large companies that export them. Read this section to learn about Mexico’s economy today and how it is connected to other regions of the world.


A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Have you ever been to or heard of a Quinceañera?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 1

Grain farmers in Mexico are having good days. World prices for yellow corn, a key ingredient in one mixture of the gasoline substitute ethanol, have skyrocketed in the last couple of years because of the growing demand for this new fuel. Mexican farmers are counting on increased exports to U.S. plants as well as sales to the plants in Mexico.


Section 1

Mexico’s People, Government, and Culture

Mexico’s culture reflects its Native American and Spanish past as well as modern influences.


Section 1

Mexico’s People, Government, and Culture (cont.)

• Many Mexican cities are organized around large plazas, or public squares, that serve as centers of public life.

• Mexico is a federal republic.

• The president has more power than the legislative and judicial branches but can serve only one six-year term.


Section 1

• After a revolution in the early 1900s, one political party ruled Mexico for decades, but in 2000, voters elected a president from a new party.

• Mexican culture reveals both European and Native American influences.

• Folk arts are deeply rooted in Native American traditions, while favorite sports, such as soccer, were brought from Europe.



Section 1

• Mexican artists and writers include Diego Rivera and his wife, Frida Kahlo, who were well-known for their paintings.

• Carlos Fuentes and Octavio Paz have written works about the values of Mexico’s people.



Section 1

• Mexicans enjoy celebration called fiestas that include parades, fireworks, music, and dancing.

– Food is an important part of Mexican fiestas.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Where does Mexico rank in terms of population in Latin America?

A. First

B. Second

C. Third

D. Fourth


Section 1

Mexico’s Economy and Society

While Mexico’s economy is improving, the country still faces significant challenges from poverty, overcrowded cities, and environmental issues.


Section 1

Mexico’s Economy and Society (cont.)

• Mexico’s North region has large stretches of land that are dry and rocky, so farmers have built canals to carry water to fields of cotton, grains, fruits, and vegetables grown for export.

• Grasslands in the North support cattle ranches.

• Mexican cowhands are called vaqueros.


Section 1

• The North also profits from rich deposits of copper, zinc, iron, lead, and silver.

• Manufacturing is located in cities such as Monterrey, Tijuana, and Ciudad Juárez, near or along the Mexico–United States border.

• Many foreign companies have built maquiladoras, or factories in which workers assemble parts made in other countries. The finished products are then exported.



Section 1

• Central Mexico holds more than half of Mexico’s people.

• Although it is situated in the Tropics, this area has a high elevation that keeps it from being hot and humid.

• Temperatures are mild, and the climate is pleasant year-round.

• Fertile soil created by volcanic eruptions over the centuries allows for productive farming.



Section 1

• Large industrial cities, such as Mexico City and Guadalajara, prosper in central Mexico.

• Workers make cars, clothing, household items, and electronic goods.

• The coastal area along the Gulf of Mexico is a center of Mexico’s energy industry because of offshore oil and gas deposits.



Section 1

• Mexico’s South is the poorest economic region.

• The mountains in the center of this region have poor soil.

• Subsistence farms are common here.

• Coastal lowlands have good soil and abundant rain.

• Wealthy farmers grow sugarcane or bananas on plantations.



Section 1

• Both coasts in the South have beautiful beaches and a warm climate.

– Resorts at Acapulco on the Pacific coast and Cancun on the Caribbean coast’s Yucatán Peninsula attract tourists from around the world.



Section 1

• As Mexico’s economy has grown, pollution has increased.

– The mountains that surround Mexico City trap car fumes and factory smoke, resulting in smog, an unhealthy, thick haze of fog and chemicals, often covering the city.



Section 1

• Mexico’s population has grown rapidly in recent decades, and many people have moved to the cities to find jobs.

– Because many jobs pay low wages, people have been crowded together in slums.



Section 1

• Many Mexicans who cannot find work become migrant workers, or people who travel to find work when extra help is needed to plant or harvest crops.

• They legally and sometimes illegally cross Mexico’s long border to work in the United States.

• Despite low pay, migrant workers can earn more in the United States than in Mexico.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What changes has the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) brought to Mexico?

A. Mexico relies moreon manufacturing

B. Standard of living has been raised

C. Tensions increased with Canada

D. Both A and B


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

The physical environment affects how people live.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• literacy rate

• command economy

• remittance

• commonwealth

Academic Vocabulary

• shift

• fee



What is it like to glide along a cable 230 feet (70 m) above a lagoon? Tourists can use this method to enjoy the spectacular views of Tiscapa Lagoon and the surrounding forest in Nicaragua. Opportunities like this show why ecotourism is fast replacing coffee, meat, and seafood as Nicaragua’s primary source of income. Read this section to learn more about Central America and the Caribbean today.


A. A

B. B


Do you know why the U.S. has a trade boycott against Cuba?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 2

Adventure-seekers who think they have done it all might think again. A small company in Nicaragua offers volcano boarding. For $23 you get a scenic hike to the top of the Cerro Negro volcano—it is still active and hot—a board to ride, and a jumpsuit and goggles to protect you from the glass-like sand in case you fall off your board as you fly down the 40-degree slope.


Section 2

Countries of Central America

Farming is the main way of life in Central America, where many people are poor.


Section 2

Countries of Central America (cont.)

• Guatemala has rugged mountains, thick forests, and blue lakes.

• About half its people are descended from the ancient Maya but many others are of mixed Maya and Spanish origin.

• Maya languages and Spanish are spoken.


Section 2

• Guatemala has fertile volcanic soil.

• Most of the land is owned by a small group of people who hold most of the wealth and power.

• During the late 1990s, rebel groups fought the government for control of the land, resulting in more than 200,000 people killed or missing.



Section 2

• In the past, many Guatemalan farmers produced only bananas and coffee, but today they are shifting production to other crops that have higher values, such as fruits, flowers, and spices.



Section 2

• In 2004, Guatemala and its Central American neighbors agreed to free trade, or removal of trade barriers, with the United States in the hope of selling more of their goods to their northern neighbor.

• In Costa Rica, a stable democracy rules, and no wars have been fought within or outside the country since the 1800s.

• As a result, Costa Rica has no army—only a police force to keep law and order.



Section 2

• Costa Rica also has fewer poor people than other Central American countries.

• One reason is a higher literacy rate, or the percentage of people who can read and write.

• Workers with reading skills can be more productive and earn higher incomes.



Section 2

• Panama lies on the narrowest part of Central America.

– It is best known for the Panama Canal, which shortens distance and travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.



Section 2

• In 1999 the United States gave Panama control of the canal.

– Today, fees that ships pay to use the canal go to Panama, and the commerce brought by the canal has made the country an important banking center.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

How many countries make up Central America?

A. 6

B. 7

C. 8

D. 9


Section 2

Countries of the Caribbean

Although most Caribbean island countries are poor, several are turning to tourism to help their economies grow.


Section 2

Countries of the Caribbean (cont.)

• Cuba lies about 90 miles south of Florida.

– It has a command economy, in which the communist government decides how resources are used and what goods and services are produced.


Section 2

• To end Cuba’s past dependence on sugar exports, the government is developing tourism and other industries, although these efforts have not yet succeeded.

• The country’s longtime dictator, Fidel Castro, tightly controls society, and people who criticize the government are often arrested and jailed.



Section 2

• In Haiti, conflicts among political groups have made for an unstable government, and most of Haiti’s people are poor.

• A major source of income is remittances, or money sent back home by Haitians who work in other countries.



Section 2

• Since 1952, Puerto Rico has been a commonwealth, or a self-governing territory, of the United States.

• Puerto Ricans are American citizens, and they can come and go as they wish between Puerto Rico and the United States mainland.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What is the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States?

A. Puerto Rico is a commonwealth of the United States.

B. Puerto Rican are American citizens.

C. Both A and B

D. Neither A nor B


Section 2-End


Section 3-Main Idea

People’s actions can change the physical environment.


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• selva

• favela

• gaucho

• national debt

• default

• sodium nitrate

Academic Vocabulary

• maintain

• issue



This giant dish is like an “eye” studying the universe. The Swedish ESO (European Southern Observatory) Submillimeter Telescope, or SEST, is not like some telescopes that use light from stars or planets to “see” them. SEST is able to study distant objects by gathering radio waves that radiate from them. The telescope is located in the southern Atacama Desert in Chile, where the clear sky conditions are ideal for this type of research. To learn more about South America today, read Section 3.


A. A

B. B


Do you think logging of trees is good for a country’s economy?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 3

News stories focus on Colombia’s troubles, but parts of the country are safe and inviting. In central Colombia, for example, coffee farmers are opening their homes to tourists, both for extra income and to show the world the serene beauty of the true Colombia. The area is especially popular with mountain bikers and eco-tourists. Most important, though, is the warm and generous nature of the people—so different from the people of the headlines.


Section 3

Brazil

Brazil is a leading economic power, but concerns have grown about its use of the Amazon rain forest.


Section 3

Brazil (cont.)

• Brazil is the fifth-largest country in the world and the largest in South America.

• The country is known for its Amazon rain forest, which Brazilians call the selva.


Section 3

• With 187 million people, Brazil has the largest population of all Latin American countries.

• The culture is largely Portuguese, but today’s Brazilians are of European, African, Native American, Asian, or mixed ancestry.

• Almost of them speak a Brazilian form of Portuguese, which includes words from Native American and African languages.

Brazil (cont.)


Section 3

• São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are among the largest cities in the world.

• In recent years, millions of Brazilians have moved from rural areas to coastal cities to find better jobs, often settling in favelas, or overcrowded slum areas that surround many Brazilian cities.

Brazil (cont.)


Section 3

• To reduce city crowding, the government now encourages people to move back to less-populated, inland areas.

• In 1960 Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro to the newly built city of Brasília, 600 miles inland, and now home to more than 2 million people.

Brazil (cont.)


Section 3

• Brazil grows more coffee, oranges, and cassava than any other country.

– Brazil’s agricultural success is due to farmers having cleared more rain forest land to grow crops, using new use machinery to perform many tasks, and planting crops that have been scientifically changed to produce more and to prevent disease.

Brazil (cont.)


Section 3

• Brazil has valuable mineral resources, such as iron ore, bauxite, tin, manganese, gold, silver, and diamonds.

• Offshore deposits of oil, as well as hydroelectric power from rivers, supply the country with energy.

• Brazil also uses sugarcane to produce a substitute for gasoline.

Brazil (cont.)


Section 3

• Most manufacturing takes place in São Paulo and other southeastern cities.

• Factory workers produce machinery, airplanes, cars, food products, medicines, paper, and clothing.

Brazil (cont.)


Section 3

• Brazil’s Amazon rain forest is the world’s largest rain forest area, yet it also has the highest rate of deforestation.

– To increase jobs and make products for export, Brazil’s government has encouraged mining, logging, and farming in the rain forest.

Brazil (cont.)

Deforestation in Brazil


Section 3

• Tropical forests give off huge amounts of oxygen and play a role in maintaining the Earth’s climate patterns.

– They also provide shelter to many wildlife species that may not survive if deforestation continues.

Brazil (cont.)



Section 3

• Although the rain forest belongs to Brazil, deforestation is a global issue, and other nations have convinced Brazil to protect at least part of the rain forest from economic development.

Brazil (cont.)



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

How many branches are there in Brazil’s national government?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4


Section 3

Argentina

Argentina has experienced harsh military rule but now has a democratic government.


Section 3

Argentina (cont.)

• Argentina is South America’s second-largest country after Brazil.

• The Andes are in the west. South and east of the Andes is a dry, windswept plateau called Patagonia.

• In the center of Argentina are vast treeless plains known as the Pampas.


Section 3

• About 85 percent of Argentina’s people are of European ancestry, especially Spanish and Italian.

• More than one-third of the country’s population lives in the capital, Buenos Aires.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• Argentina’s economy depends heavily on farming and ranching.

• Huge ranches cover the pampas.

• There, gauchos, or cowhands, raise livestock.

• Beef and beef products are Argentina’s chief exports.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• Argentina is one of the most industrialized countries in South America.

• Most factories are in or near Buenos Aires.

• They produce food products, cars, chemicals, and textiles.

• Zinc, iron ore, and copper are mined in the Andes. Oil fields lie on the Andes and in Patagonia.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• Argentina borrowed money from foreign banks during the late 1900s, creating a high national debt, or money owed by the government.

• When the country had to default, or miss a debt payment, people in other countries stopped investing in Argentina’s businesses, causing a severe economic slowdown.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• Recently the economy has recovered, and part of the debt has been paid off.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• After independence in the early 1800s, Argentina was torn apart by civil war.

• By the mid-1850s, a strong national government had emerged, and Argentina prospered.

• During the early 1900s, the military took over, and Juan Perón became a dictator in the late 1940s.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• Perón tried to improve the economy and to help the workers, but he also restricted freedom of speech and the press.

• In 1955 a revolt drove Perón from power and restored democracy.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• Military officers again took control of Argentina in the 1970s.

• They ruled harshly and secretly seized and killed thousands of people they believed opposed their policies.

Argentina (cont.)


Section 3

• Argentina is now a democratic federal republic, consisting of a national government and 28 provincial governments.

• The nation has a powerful president who is elected every four years.

• Laws are made by a two-house legislature.

• A Supreme Court heads a system of judges.

Argentina (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Who did Argentina go to war with in the Falkland Islands war of 1982?

A. United Kingdom

B. France

C. United States

D. Brazil


Section 3

Other Countries of South America

Economic growth for other countries of South America has been hindered by political and social troubles.


Section 3

Other Countries of South America (cont.)

• Venezuela lies along the Caribbean Sea in northern South America.

• It is one of the world’s leading producers of oil and natural gas.

• Venezuela also benefits from mining bauxite, gold, diamonds, and emeralds.


Section 3


• The country’s factories make steel, chemicals, and food products.

• Farmers grow sugarcane and bananas or raise cattle.


Section 3

• In 1998 Venezuelans elected Hugo Chávez as president.

• Chávez promised to use oil money to better the lives of Venezuela’s poor.

• His strong rule, however, split the country into opposing groups.



Section 3

• Colombia has coasts on both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

• The Andes rise in the west.

• Nearly 80 percent of Colombia’s people live in the valleys and highland plateaus of the Andes.

• Bogotá is the capital and largest city.



Section 3

• Colombia has coal, oil, and copper and is the world’s leading supplier of emeralds.

• Coffee, bananas, sugarcane, rice, and cotton are exports.



Section 3

• Despite these economic strengths, Colombia has much political unrest.

• Wealth remains in the hands of a few, and many people are poor.

• Since the 1970s, rebel forces have fought the government and now control parts of the country.



Section 3

• Drug dealers are a major problem in Colombia.

• They pay farmers to grow coca leaves, which are used to make the illegal drug cocaine.

• The United States has lent Colombia support in an effort to break the power of these dealers.



Section 3

• Chile lies along the southern Pacific coast of South America.

• It has an unusual ribbonlike shape that is 2,652 miles (4,268 km) long and an average of 110 miles (177 km) wide.

• Chile’s landscapes range from extremely dry desert in the north to ice formations in the south.



Section 3

• Mining forms the backbone of Chile’s economy.

• Chile is a major world producer of copper and also mines and exports gold, silver, iron ore, and sodium nitrate, a mineral used in fertilizer and explosives.



Section 3

• Agriculture is also a major economic activity.

• Farmers produce wheat, corn, beans, sugarcane, potatoes, grapes, and apples.

• Many people also raise cattle, sheep, and other livestock.

• Northern Chile’s fishing industry is the largest in South America.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Who is the president of Venezuela?

A. Fidel Castro

B. Hugo Chávez

C. Juan Perón

D. None of the above


Section 3-End


VS 1

Mexico

• Mexico City is one of the world’s largest cities.

• Mexico’s culture reflects both European and Native American influences.

• Industry and farming dominate Mexico’s North; agriculture leads in the South.

• Many Mexicans have migrated to cities and to the United States to find jobs.


VS 2

Central America and the Caribbean

• Civil wars have held back economic growth in parts of Central America.

• Costa Rica’s citizens have a high literacy rate and enjoy a stable government.

• The Panama Canal enables ships to pass between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

• Many Caribbean islands’ economies rely on tourism.


VS 3

Brazil

• Brazil is the biggest and most populous country in South America.

• Brazil’s people, who speak Portuguese, are a mix of many different ethnic backgrounds.

• Brazil has many resources and a productive economy.

• Economic development threatens the Amazon rain forest.


VS 4

Argentina

• A large grassland called the pampas covers much of Argentina.

• Argentina’s economy depends on farming and ranching.

• More than a third of Argentina’s people live in the capital, Buenos Aires.

• After years of military rule, Argentina is today a democracy.


VS 5

Other Countries of South America• Venezuela has relied on oil wealth to build a

stronger economy.

• Colombia has been weakened by political unrest and illegal drug trade.

• Chile’s economy depends on the export of copper and agricultural products.


VS-End


Figure 1

PP Trans

DFS Trans 1

DFS Trans 2

DFS Trans 3

Vocab1

plaza

public square in Latin American city around which government buildings and major churches were built

Vocab2

vaquero

Mexican cowhand

Vocab3

maquiladora

a foreign-owned factory in Mexico where workers assemble parts made in other countries

Vocab4

subsistence farm

small plot of land on which a farmer grows only enough food to feed his or her family

Vocab5

plantation

large farm

Vocab6

migrant worker

person who earns a living by temporarily moving to a place separate from his or her home in order to work

Vocab7

reveal

make known

Vocab8

assemble

put together

Vocab9

literacy rate

percentage of people who can read and write

Vocab10

command economy

economic system in which the government decides how resources are used and what goods and services are produced

Vocab11

remittance

money sent back home by workers who leave their home country to work in other nations

Vocab12

commonwealth

self-governing territory

Vocab13

shift

to change from one to another

Vocab14

fee

payment

Vocab15

selva

Brazilian name for the Amazonian rain forest

Vocab16

favela

an overcrowded city slum in Brazil

Vocab17

gaucho

cowhand in Argentina

Vocab18

national debt

money owed by the government

Vocab19

default

failure to make debt payments that are due to a lender

Vocab20

sodium nitrate

mineral used in fertilizer and explosives

Vocab21

maintain

keep up

Vocab22

issue

problem

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Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Mexico Section 2:Section 2:Central America and the Caribbean Section 3:Section 3:South