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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Adulthood
Section 2: Old Age
Section 3: Dying and Death
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Adulthood
Describe the shifting priorities and outlooks on life that occur from adolescence throughout the remainder of life.
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Old Age
Discuss how our priorities and expectations change to match realities during old age.
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Dying and Death
Understand that most people face death by going through stages or an adjustment process.
Section 1-Main Idea
Main Idea
Adulthood is a time of transition—it involves shifting priorities and outlooks on life from adolescence and throughout the remainder of life.
Section 1-Objectives
Objectives
• Characterize the physical changes that take place during adulthood.
• Describe the social and emotional changes that occur during adulthood.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
A B C D
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Do you have a preconceived view of adulthood?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
Section 1
Physical Changes
• Two theories about why our bodies age:
– A breakdown in our bodies’ cells
– Our cells have preset biological clocks that limit the number of times our cells can divide and multiply
Section 1
Physical Changes (cont.)
• After the age of 30, the process of physical decline slowly begins.
– Appearance changes such as gray hair.
– The senses change requiring more stimulation.
– Increased risk of health problems.
Section 1
Physical Changes (cont.)
• Three of the most common causes of death in early adulthood are:
– Heart disease
– Cancer
– Cirrhosis of the liver
Section 1
Physical Changes (cont.)
• Other causes of early morbidity:
– Drug abuse
– Inadequate diet
– Violence
Section 1
• Between the ages of 45 and 50, every woman experiences a stage called the climacteric, which includes menopause.
• Studies have shown that the negative effects of menopause are greatly exaggerated.
Physical Changes (cont.)
Section 1
• Men do not experience a physical change equivalent to menopause, but they do experience many psychological changes.
Physical Changes (cont.)
Section 1
• Researchers have proposed that the success or failure of a marriage depends largely on two factors:
– How couples handle conflicts
– How often couples share intimate and happy moments
Physical Changes (cont.)
How Our Bodies Age
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
From the list below, what do you think is the leading cause of divorce?
A. improper handling ofconflict
B. lack of sharing intimate and happy moments
C. exaggerating issues and having verbal fights
D. other issues
Section 1
Cognitive Changes
• An adult’s reaction time on a test does slow down with age.
• The ability to comprehend new material and to think flexibly improves with years and experience.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which of the following are reasons that comprehending new material improves with age?
A. learning new skills and information
B. solving problems that require speed and coordination
C. shifting from one problem-solving strategy to another
D. All of the above
Section 1
Social and Personality Development
• An individual’s character—his or her style of adapting to situations—is relatively stable over the years.
• However, people do face many changes in their lifetime and must adjust accordingly.
Section 1
Social and Personality Development (cont.)
• Levinson’s Theory of Male Development:
– Entering the adult world
– The Age-Thirty Crisis
– Settling Down
– The Midlife Transition: generativity and stagnation
– Middle AdulthoodLevinson’s Theory of Male Development
Section 1
• While most women do not tend to face a midlife crisis they might experience:
Social and Personality Development (cont.)
– “Empty Nest” syndrome
– Depression in midlife
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
Which of the following stages in a man’s life do you think would be the most trying?
A. Entering the Adult World
B. The Age-Thirty Crisis
C. Settling Down
D. The Midlife Transition
Section 2-Main Idea
Main Idea
As we age, our priorities and expectations change to match realities, and we experience losses as well as gains.
Section 2-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• decremental model of aging
• ageism
• senile dementia
• Alzheimer’s disease
Section 2-Objectives
Objectives
• Identify changes that occur in health and life situation during old age.
• Summarize how people physically, mentally, and socially adjust to old age.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2-Polling Question
A B C D
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Can you think of reasons, besides being closer to death, so many people fear growing old?
A. decremental model of aging
B. ageism
C. trade in older products for the newer, faster model
D. retire
Section 2
Attitudes Toward Aging
• Most of our attitudes are based on a decremental model of aging.
• This view can be blamed on ageism.
Section 2
Attitudes Toward Aging (cont.)
• Myths:
– Old people are sick, live in poverty, and are victims of crime.
– They withdraw from life and sit around doing nothing.
– Old people are inflexible and senile.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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Do you feel that you are prejudice against the elderly?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
Section 2
Changes in Health
• Good health in adolescence and adult life carries over into old age.
• About 35% of the elderly have at least one chronic disease.
Section 2
Changes in Health (cont.)
• The four most prevalent diseases in the elderly are:
– Heart disease
– Hypertension
– Diabetes
– Arthritis
Section 2
• The major causes of death among the elderly are:
– Heart disease
– Cancer
– Strokes
Changes in Health (cont.)
Section 2
• The quality of health care for the elderly is inferior to that of the general population.
• Reasons:
Changes in Health (cont.)
– The elderly in the lower socioeconomic class tend not to take care of themselves or seek out treatment.
– Some doctors prefer to care for younger patients with acute diseases.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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What do you think is the main reason that the elderly tend to have poorer health care?
A. Discrimination
B. Lower socioeconomic class
C. More complicated health histories
D. It is not inferior.
Section 2
Changes in Life Situation
• The most devastating transition for anyone is the loss of a spouse.
• Friends and family may also abandon the widowed person due to their own grief or the person’s new single status.
• Depression is common amongst older adults.
Section 2
Changes in Life Situation (cont.)
• Symptoms such as weight changes, feelings of worthlessness, extreme sadness, inability to concentrate, and thoughts of death and suicide are often cited.
• Many older people continue to learn and develop skills more than ever before.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
From the list below, what would you consider to be the most traumatic life change?
A. Moving into a nursing home.
B. Death of a spouse.
C. A negative change income.
D. Stopping driving a car.
Section 2
Changes in Sexual Activity
• The majority of people over the age of 65 continue to be interested in sex, and healthy partners enjoy sexual activity into their 70s and 80s.
• The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior.
Section 2
Changes in Sexual Activity (cont.)
• Reasons some older people do not engage in sexual activity:
– Poor health
– Death of a spouse
– Societal attitudes
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What do you think the main reason that the elderly may no longer be sexually active?
A. Societal attitudes
B. Poor health
C. The death of a spouse
D. Sexual physiology and functioning
Section 2
Adjusting to Old Age
• Many of the changes the elderly face make their adjustment to everyday life more difficult because they represent a loss of control over the environment.
• This gradual loss of control may involve both physical changes and external circumstances.
Section 2
Adjusting to Old Age (cont.)
• Older people can maintain a more positive self image and a sense of control if their friends and family help them with their options.
• Organizations such as the AARP help the elderly voice their opinions about unfair treatment.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What do the elderly struggle with while adjusting to old age?
A. loss of control over the environment
B. physical changes and external circumstances
C. unable to maintain what they value most
D. All of the above
Section 2
Changes in Mental Functioning
• There is less of a decline in intelligence and memory of the elderly than most people think.
Section 2
Changes in Mental Functioning (cont.)
• John Horn proposed two types of intelligence:
– Crystallized—this type of intelligence refers to the ability to use accumulated knowledge and learning in appropriate situations.
– Fluid—this intelligence refers to the ability to solve abstract relational problems and to generate new hypotheses.
Section 2
• A small percentage of people develop senile dementia.
• The most common form is Alzheimer’s disease.
Changes in Mental Functioning (cont.)
Percentage of Older Population
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is affected by the decline of fluid intelligence?
A. Reaction time
B. Using accumulated knowledge
C. Generating new ideas
D. Retrieving information from memory
Section 3-Main Idea
Main Idea
Death is inevitable. Most people face death by going through stages or an adjustment process.
Section 3-Objectives
Objectives
• Identify the stages of dying.
• Describe the services of hospices.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
If you found out you had a terminal disease, which would you most likely do?
A. Become angry
B. Deny that you have the disease
C. Become depressed
D. Bargain with God
Section 3
Adjusting to Death
• Thanatology
• Elisabeth Kübler-Ross conducted a study on how the terminally ill react to death.
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Section 3
Adjusting to Death (cont.)
• Kübler-Ross identified five stages of dying:
– Denial—they may assert that the doctors are incompetent or the diagnoses mistaken.
– Anger—they may alienate themselves at this stage.
– Bargaining—this is a short stage where the patient attempts to bargain with fate.
– Depression—they are depressed that they will lose everybody and everything.
– Acceptance—they accept death and may experience a sense of calm.
Section 3
• Some patients may go through the stages in a different order, repeat stages, or stay in one stage.
• A movement to restore the dignity of dying revolves around the concept of a hospice.
Adjusting to Death (cont.)
Section 3
• In hospice, doctors do not try to prolong life but to improve the quality of life.
• Another form of hospice service is in-home treatment.
Adjusting to Death (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Do you agree with Kübler-Ross’ five stages of grieving?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Sometimes
Figure 1
How Our Bodies AgeWhen young adults reach their 20’s, they have reached the level of highest physical ability and capacity.
Figure 2
Levinson’s Theory of Male DevelopmentThis model shows the developmental sequence of a man’s life that Levinson proposed, the scheme emphasizes that development is an ongoing process that requires continual adjustment.
Figure 3
Percentage of Older PopulationThe number of elderly in the United States is rapidly growing.
Profile
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
1926–2004
“If you have lived fully, then you have no
regrets, because you have done the best you can. If you made lots of goofs—much better to
have made lots of goofs than not o have
lived at all.”
Concept Trans Menu
Chapter Concepts Transparencies
Marriage Statistics by Gender
Fallacies of Aging
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Vocab1
menopause: the biological event in which a woman’s production of sex hormones is sharply reduced
Vocab2
generativity: the desire, in middle age, to use one’s accumulated wisdom to guide future generations
Vocab3
stagnation: a discontinuation of development and a desire to recapture the past
Vocab4
decremental model of aging: idea that progressive physical and mental decline are inevitable with age
Vocab5
ageism: prejudice or discrimination against the elderly
Vocab6
senile dementia: decreases in mental abilities experienced by some people in old age
Vocab7
Alzheimer’s disease: a condition that destroys a person’s ability to think, remember, relate to others, and care for herself or himself
Vocab8
thanatology: the study of dying and death
Vocab9
hospice: a facility designed to care for the special needs of the dying
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