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Chapter Intro 2
Section 1: Our English Heritage
Political and economic institutions evolve to help individuals and groups accomplish their goals. The English colonists brought with them ideas about government that had been developing in England for centuries.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 2: The English Colonies
Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act. The English established thirteen colonies along the East Coast of North America.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 3: Colonial Society
Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act. The English colonists created a prosperous economy and learned to govern themselves.
Chapter Intro 2
Section 4: Birth of a Democratic Nation
Political principles and major events shape how people form governments. The Declaration of Independence explained why the colonies were founding a new nation.
Section 1-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Political and economic institutions evolve to help individuals and groups accomplish their goals.
Section 1
What Influenced Colonial Government?
Science and the influence of reason led to new innovations in political thought.
Section 1
What Influenced Colonial Government? (cont.)
• Many rights that American citizens enjoy can be traced to England and to the Enlightenment.
• English ruled by monarchs
Section 1
• The Magna Carta:
– Protection for nobles
– Certain rights for all landholders
– Limited power for monarchs
What Influenced Colonial Government? (cont.)
Sources of American Law
Section 1
• Parliament:
– Legislature
– The Glorious Revolution
– The English Bill of Rights
What Influenced Colonial Government? (cont.)
• Common law:
– Precedent as the basis of a body of law
– Common law based on court decisions
Section 1
• John Locke:
– Argued that people had natural rights
– Believed in a social contract among people in a society
What Influenced Colonial Government? (cont.)
• Baron de Montesquieu’s ideas on the separation of powers
• Enlightenment ideas about natural laws
Section 1
Colonial Traditions of Self-Government
The American colonists accepted the idea of representative government.
Section 1
Colonial Traditions of Self-Government (cont.)
• England established colonies in America in the 1600s and 1700s.
• Jamestown:
– Joint-stock company
– Authority to set up colonial governments
– Formation of the House of Burgesses
Section 1
• Plymouth:
– The Mayflower Compact
– Town meetings
Colonial Traditions of Self-Government (cont.)
• The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was America’s first written constitution.
Section 1
• Governments of the thirteen colonies:
– Governors elected by colonists or appointed by the English king
– Legislature representatives elected by free adult males
Colonial Traditions of Self-Government (cont.)
• Increased power and responsibility of colonial governments
Section 2-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act.
Section 2
Settling the Colonies
The English established thirteen colonies along the East Coast of North America.
Section 2
Settling the Colonies (cont.)
• England established thirteen colonies along the East Coast of North America.
• New England Colonies:
– Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Bay Company
– Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire established by the mid-1600s
Section 2
Settling the Colonies (cont.)
• The Middle Colonies:
– New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
– New Netherland
– New York as a proprietary colony
– New Jersey as a royal colony
– William Penn and Pennsylvania and Delaware
Section 2
Settling the Colonies (cont.)
• Southern Colonies:
– Virginia as a joint-stock colony
– North and South Carolina
– James Oglethorpe and Georgia
The English Colonies
Section 2
People of the Colonies
Throughout the colonies, people adapted their traditions to the new conditions of life in America.
Section 2
People of the Colonies (cont.)
• English colonists immigrated to the thirteen colonies for different reasons.
• Religion:
– Religious dissenters
– Puritans and Pilgrims
– Religious toleration
– Quakers and Catholics
Section 2
People of the Colonies (cont.)
• Economic reasons for immigration
• System of indentured servants
• Conflicts with Native Americans over land
Dominant Immigrant Groups in the Colonies
Section 2
People of the Colonies (cont.)
• Slavery:
– Plantation system
– Enslaved Africans
– Triangular trade
– The Middle Passage
Section 3-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Political, social, religious, and economic changes influence the way Americans think and act.
Section 3
The Economy
The people in the colonies developed different ways of living.
Section 3
The Economy (cont.)
• Colonists in different regions had to adapt to the geography.
• New England:
– Small farms
– Small businesses
– Forests and shipbuilding
– Fishing and whaling
– The Puritan ethic
Section 3
The Economy (cont.)
• The Middle Colonies:
– Agriculture and cash crops
– Busy ports
– Industries
– Immigrants from European countries
American Economy
Section 3
The Economy (cont.)
• The Southern Colonies:
– Large-scale agriculture
– Tidewater crops—Tobacco and rice
– River transport
– Plantations and enslaved African workers
– Smaller farms
– Lack of industry and commerce
Section 3
An American Identity
The colonies continued to grow and developed their own culture and beliefs.
Section 3
An American Identity (cont.)
• Colonists eventually developed an American identity.
• Religion:
– Religious freedom
– Religious leaders were sometimes leaders of the government.
– Religious tolerance
– The Great Awakening
Section 3
An American Identity (cont.)
• Education:
– America’s first schools and colleges
– Slave codes
Section 3
An American Identity (cont.)
• The family as the foundation of colonial society
• The spirit of egalitarianism:
– Traditional English rights
– The ideas of John Locke
Section 4-Main Idea
Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Political principles and major events shape how people form governments.
Section 4
Colonial Resistance
The American colonists began to fight against British control.
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• The American colonists had experience in self-government.
• Salutary neglect as a policy of loose control by the British
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• The theory of mercantilism:
– Country’s power depends on its wealth
– A favorable balance of trade
– The colonies as a source of cheap, raw materials
– The Navigation Acts, early 1660s
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• Fighting between the British and the French in North America
• The Albany Plan:
– Plan for federal union
– Proposed by Benjamin Franklin
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• The French and Indian War:
– The Proclamation of 1763
– The Stamp Act of 1765
– The Quartering Act
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• Boycott of British goods by the colonists
• Opposition to the Stamp Act by the Sons of Liberty
• The Stamp Act Congress, 1765:
– Declaration of rights and grievances against British actions
– The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• The Declaratory Act of 1766 giving Parliament the right to tax and make decisions for the colonists
• The Townshend Acts:
– New taxes on imports
– Writs of assistance
– Boycotts and destruction of property
– The Boston Massacre
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• The Tea Act:
– East India Company given the right to ship tea to the colonies without paying most of the taxes usually placed on tea
– Unfair advantage over colonial merchants
– The Boston Tea Party as protest to the Tea Act
Section 4
Colonial Resistance (cont.)
• The Intolerable Acts restricting civil rights of colonists
Section 4
Moving Toward Independence
The colonists began to take steps toward independence from Great Britain.
Section 4
Moving Toward Independence (cont.)
• The colonists began to challenge British control.
• The First Continental Congress, 1774:
– Delegates sent from 12 colonies
– Restoration of rights of the colonists
– Extension of boycott of British goods
Section 4
Moving Toward Independence (cont.)
• The Battles of Lexington and Concord as the start of the Revolutionary War
• The Second Continental Congress, 1775, and debate over independence
Section 4
Moving Toward Independence (cont.)
• Common Sense by Thomas Paine:
– Inspired many colonists
– Called for complete independence from Britain
Section 4
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence used traditional English political rights to call for independence for the colonies.
Section 4
The Declaration of Independence (cont.)
• The Declaration of Independence:
– British government did not look after colonial interests
– King George III a tyrant
– Rights of individuals
– Purpose of the government to protect rights
Section 4
The Declaration of Independence (cont.)
– Government based on the consent of the people
– People entitled to overthrow a government if it disregards rights
– Influence of John Locke
• The Second Continental Congress, 1775, and debate over independence
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TIME Trans
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The colonists believed that the taxes on necessary goods, like tea, were unfair.
Vocab1
Enlightenment
movement that spread the idea that reason and science could improve society
Vocab2
monarch
king or queen
Vocab3
legislature
a group of people that makes laws
Vocab4
precedent
a ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case
Vocab5
common law
a system of law based on precedent and customs
Vocab6
natural rights
freedoms people possess relating to life, liberty, and property
Vocab7
social contract
an agreement among people in a society with a government
Vocab8
colony
a group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere
Vocab9
joint-stock company
investors provide partial ownership in a company organized for profit
Vocab10
charter
a written document granting land and the authority to set up colonial governments; or a government document granting permission to organize a corporation
Vocab11
compact
an agreement, or contract, among a group of people
Vocab12
document
a written paper that provides information or proof of something
Vocab13
authority
power or influence over other people or groups; person or persons having the power of government
Vocab14
grant
to allow or permit
Vocab15
propriety colony
area with owner-controlled land and government
Vocab16
royal colony
a colonial area of land controlled directly by a king or other monarch
Vocab17
religious dissenter
those who followed a religious faith other than the official religion of England
Vocab18
Puritan
religious dissenter who came to the colonies to purify, or reform, the Anglican Church
Vocab19
Pilgrim
colonial Puritans who considered themselves people on a religious journey
Vocab20
toleration
acceptance of other groups, such as religious groups
Vocab21
indentured servant
workers who contracted with American colonists for food and shelter in return for their labor
Vocab22
plantation
a large estate
Vocab23
triangular trade
pattern of trade that developed in colonial times among the Americas, Africa, and Europe
Vocab24
acquire
to gain or get possession of
Vocab25
decade
a period of 10 years
Vocab26
Tidewater
areas of low, flat plains near the seacoast of Virginia and North Carolina
Vocab27
egalitarianism
the philosophy or spirit of equality
Vocab28
adapt
to adjust or become adjusted to a situation or condition
Vocab29
assist
to help or aid
Vocab30
mercantilism
the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys
Vocab31
boycott
the refusal to purchase certain goods
Vocab32
repeal
to cancel a law
Vocab33
delegate
a representative to a meeting
Vocab34
independence
self-reliance and freedom from outside control
Vocab35
challenge
a demand for justification or a dispute
Vocab36
restore
to bring back into existence or put back in an original condition
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