Splash Screen 2 Contents CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1The Rule of Augustus SECTION 2Pax Romana SECTION 3Daily Life SECTION 4Fall of the Empire CHAPTER SUMMARY

Splash Screen

2

Contents

CHAPTER FOCUS

SECTION 1 The Rule of Augustus

SECTION 2 Pax Romana

SECTION 3 Daily Life

SECTION 4 Fall of the Empire

CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section.Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

3

Chapter Focus 1

Overview

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Chapter 15 traces the Roman Empire from the rule of Augustus to the fall of Rome.

– Section 1 summarizes the rule of Augustus.

– Section 2 describes Roman contributions to trade and law during the Pax Romana.

– Section 3 discusses the daily life of Romans.

– Section 4 analyzes the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.

4

Chapter Focus 2

Objectives

• explain how Augustus ruled the Roman Empire.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• analyze what happened to trade and law during the Pax Romana.

• describe daily life during the Pax Romana.

• summarize why the Roman Empire declined.

• discuss efforts to save the Roman Empire.


5

Chapter Focus 2

Read to Discover

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 233 of your textbook.

• How Augustus ruled the Roman Empire

• What happened to trade and law during the Pax Romana

• What daily life was like during the Pax Romana

• Why the Roman Empire declined

6

Places to Locate

• census

• tariffs

• gladiators

Terms to Learn

Chapter Focus 3

• emperor • Augustus

• Marcus Aurelius

• Diocletian

• Constantine I • Alaric

People to Know

• Circus Maximus

• Constantinople

• Adrianople

• Danube River

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker On button to listen to the words.

7

In 27 B.C., Octavian told the Senate that he had restored the republic, and he offered to resign as sole ruler of Rome. The Senate turned down the offer and gave him several titles. In the end, Octavian took for himself the title of Augustus, or “revered one.” That is what he is generally called in history books.

In practice, Octavian became the first Roman emperor, or absolute ruler of an empire. His policies paved the way for more than 200 years of peace. Even after the empire collapsed, Roman influence would survive in much of the world.

Chapter Focus 4

Why It’s Important

Click the Speaker On button to replay the audio.

End of Chapter Focus

9

Section 1-1

The Rule of Augustus• Augustus was a clever politician, who held

the offices of consul, tribune, high priest, and senator all at the same time.

• Augustus kept the assemblies and government officials of the republic, yet strengthened his authority in two ways:

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 233 of your textbook.

– For control, he had every soldier swear allegiance to him.

– He built up his imperial household to take charge of the daily business of government.

10

Section 1-2

The Rule of Augustus (cont.)


• He gave enslaved people and freedmen, or former enslaved people, a chance to be part of the government.

• Augustus pushed Rome’s borders to natural boundaries that would be easy to defend.

• He gave provincial governors long terms of office and paid them large salaries.

• To make sure that people did not pay too little or too much tax, Augustus ordered a census, or population count, to be taken from time to time.

11

Section 1-3


• Augustus ruled for 41 years, bringing peace, patriotism, and pride to the Romans.

• Most important, however, he reorganized the government of Rome so that it ran well for more than 200 years.

The Rule of Augustus (cont.)

12

Section 1-Assessment 1

Section Assessment

Why did Augustus refuse to be crowned emperor?

He knew most Romans would not accept one-person rule unless it was in a republic.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

13


Section Assessment (cont.)

How did Augustus try to make the Roman Empire like a republic?

He kept assemblies and government officials, made senators feel honored, talked of tradition and the need to bring back “old Roman virtues,” and made the official religion important again.


14



Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Which of Augustus’s improvements do you think was the most important? Explain.

Answers will vary.


15

Augustus won the loyalty of soldiers, gave enslaved people and freedmen a chance to be part of the government, rounded out the empire to its natural frontiers, reformed provincial government, ordered a census, wrote strict laws to control public behavior, set up a fire brigade and police force, built Rome’s first library, and so on.



Draw the diagram found on page 234 of your textbook, and use it to show the achievements of Augustus.


End of Section 1

17

Section 2-1


Pax Romana• The peace that Augustus brought to Rome,

called the Pax Romana, lasted for 200 years.

• Rome and its people prospered, civilization spread, and cultures mixed.

18

Section 2-2


Trade• With peace came increased trade as goods

moved freely and safely along trade routes.

• There were no tariffs, or taxes placed on goods brought into the country.

• Shipping became a big business, and increased trade meant more business for Romans.

19

Section 2-3


• During the Pax Romana, Roman law went through major changes.

• In writing new laws that would be fair to non-Romans and Romans, Roman judges were helped by special lawyers and legal writers called juris prudentes.

• Everyone was considered equal before the law and innocent until proven guilty.

• By about 125 A.D., Roman law was standardized, making legal procedures the same in all parts of the empire.

Law

20


Section Assessment

What happened to trade during the Pax Romana?

Trade increased.


21



What happened to law during the Pax Romana?

Certain principles of fairness were developed, including the idea that everyone is equal before the law and that a person is considered innocent until proven guilty. By about 125 A.D. the law was standardized.


22



Evaluating Information Do you think the term Pax Romana was a good term for this 200-year period in Roman history, or would you explain it with another term? Explain.

Answer will vary but it can be noted that it was a time of Roman prosperity, few battles took place, civilization spread, and cultures mixed.


23



Draw the diagram on page 236 of your textbook, and use it to show the effects of Pax Romana.

Effects of Pax Romana were that Rome prospered, cultures mixed, trade increased, pirates cleared from the Mediterranean, shipping became big business, Roman businesses grew, new laws were written and old ones revised, laws became standardized, and so on.


End of Section 2

25

Section 3-1


• In the early years of the empire, about 1 million people lived in Rome.

• A rich person in Rome lived in a domus, or house, with marble walls, colored stone floors, and windows made of small panes of glass, furnace heating, and running water.

• Most Romans, however, were not rich.

• They lived in high-rent apartment houses called islands that were six or more stories high.

Daily Life

26

Section 3-2


The Family• In Rome, the family was all-important.

• The father was head of the household; his word was law.

• After the age of 12, the sons of poor families went to work, while the sons of rich families began their formal education.

• After the age of 12, the daughters of the rich were given private lessons at home.

• Wealthy women had enslaved people to do their housework to free themselves to study the arts, literature, and fashions.

27

Section 3-3


• The Romans enjoyed dice gambling and public bathhouses.

• Under the empire, the government staged free public games, including circuses, chariot races, and gladiatorial games.

• The people who fought animals and one another in arenas were called gladiators.

• A few gladiators won their freedom, but those that gave a poor performance were killed, even if they survived the fight.

At Leisure

28

Section 3- Assessment 1


What kind of schooling did Roman children receive?

Until age 12, boys and girls went to school. Wealthy males continued their studies while girls did not. Wealthy females might have been taught at home.

Section Assessment

29




What did the Romans do for entertainment?

They gambled with dice, met at public bathhouses, and watched public games.

30




Drawing Conclusions What conclusions can you draw about Roman society based upon popular leisure activities?

Answers will vary.

31




Draw the diagram found on page 240 of your textbook, and use it to compare family life in the United States with family life during the Pax Romana.

Diagrams will vary.

End of Section 3

33

Section 4-1


Fall of the Empire• The Pax Romana ended after about 200

years, conditions in the Roman Empire grew worse, and by 476 A.D., there was no empire left.

• Politically, the Roman Empire fell because the emperors had no written rule about who was to inherit the throne upon an emperor’s death.

• In 161 A.D., Marcus Aurelius became a kind, intelligent, and devoted emperor.

34

Section 4-2


Fall of the Empire (cont.)

• Aurelius’s son, Commodus, became emperor when Marcus Aurelius died in 180 A.D.

• He was so cruel and hated that in 192 A.D. he was strangled and the throne was sold to the highest bidder.

• For nearly 100 years, legion fought legion to put its own emperor on the throne.

• Economically, the Roman Empire fell because the emperor raised taxes in order to pay his soldiers high wages to keep them happy and supportive.

35

Section 4-3


• The Romans began to suffer from inflation, or a period of ever-increasing prices.

• Many people began to barter, or exchange goods without using money.

• Thirdly, Rome fell because foreign enemies, Germanic hunters and herders from northern and central Europe, began to raid Greece and Gaul.

Fall of the Empire (cont.)

36

Section 4-4


• Two emperors, Diocletian and Constantine I, tried very hard to save the Roman Empire from collapse.

• Diocletian, who ruled from 284 to 305 A.D., fortified the frontiers and reorganized the governments.

• Also, Diocletian established the official policy of rule by divine right and divided the Roman Empire into two parts.

Diocletian and Constantine I

37

Section 4-5


• In 312 A.D., Constantine I became emperor and ruled until 337 A.D.

• Constantine took even firmer control than Diocletian.

• Despite the changes made by Diocletian and Constantine, the Roman Empire continued to decline in the west.

• In 330 A.D., Constantine moved the capital from a dying Rome east to the newly built city of Constantinople in present-day Turkey.

Diocletian and Constantine I (cont.)

38

Section 4-6


• Neither Diocletian nor Constantine I succeeded to save the Roman Empire.

• In 378 A.D., a Germanic group defeated Roman legions at the Battle of Adrianople.

• In 410 A.D., the Germanic chief Alaric and his soldiers invaded Rome, burning records and looting the treasury.

• The Roman Senate told the people, “You can no longer rely on Rome for finance or direction. You are on your own.”

End of the Empire

39



How did wealthy landowners react to economic reforms by Diocletian and Constantine?

They opposed the economic reforms or tried to escape them.

Section Assessment

40




How did Germans gain control of the Roman Empire?

They defeated Roman legions at the battle of Adrianople with the help of iron stirrups, crossed the frozen Rhine River and entered Gaul, and invaded Rome.

41




Identifying Alternatives What do you think could have been done by either Diocletian or Constantine to save the Roman Empire?

Answers will vary.

42




Draw the diagram on page 244 of your textbook, and use it to summarize the causes for the fall of the Roman Empire.

political–no written rules on inheriting the throne, influence of the Praetorian Guard

economic–high taxes to buy loyalty of soldiers, inflation, gold shortages, and declining value of money

foreign–frontiers left open to invaders, attacks from German hunters and herders, pressure from the Huns

End of Section 4

44

Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary & Study Guide• Octavian, better known as Augustus,

became the first Roman emperor in 27 B.C.

• Reorganization of the empire by Augustus introduced a 200-year period of peace, called the Pax Romana.

• During the Pax Romana, trade increased, and Roman law became standardized.

• During the Pax Romana, about one million people lived in Rome, where they suffered from such problems as overcrowding, pollution, crime, and unemployment.


45

Chapter Summary 2

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• Whether rich or poor, most Roman children went to school until age 12.

• The Roman government staged free public games to entertain the people.

• Reasons for the fall of Rome include the lack of a formal rule for inheriting the throne, inflation, and attacks by Germanic invaders.

• Despite efforts by Diocletian and Constantine I to save the empire, Rome fell to Germanic invaders in 410 A.D.

End of Chapter Summary

47

Chapter Assessment 1

Understanding the Main Idea

How did Augustus make life safer for people living in Rome?

He made it safer by setting up a fire brigade and police force.


48


How did increased trade during the Pax Romana affect the Romans?

It brought more business and wealth, turning Italy into a manufacturing center.



49


Why did the Romans change the laws set down in the Twelve Tables?

They changed the laws because the times were different and the old laws did not apply to conquered territories.



50


Why was it important to make Roman law standardized across the empire?

Making the law standard across the empire helped govern a large area.



51


What happened to some animal species as a result of the public games?

They were eventually wiped out.



52



How did the Praetorian Guard contribute to the empire’s decline?

They weakened Rome by murdering the emperor and selling the throne.


53


Why did Diocletian divide the Roman Empire in two?

The Roman Empire was too big for one person to rule well.



54


What were the main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire?

The main reasons were the absence of a written rule for inheriting the throne, high taxes and inflation, and the Germanic invasions.



55


What were Augustus’s strengths and weaknesses as a ruler?

Answers will vary.

Critical Thinking


56


Why would the absence of tariffs increase trade?

Answers will vary. Without tariffs, the prices of goods are lower.


Critical Thinking

57


Would you have enjoyed living in Rome during the Pax Romana? Explain your answer.

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

58


What happens to a government if it does not have rules for passing on power from leader to leader?

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

59

The empire stretched from about 10º W to 45º E longitude, and north and south from 25º N to 40º N latitude. The division between empires approximately paralleled 20º E longitude.


Location Refer to the map on page 235 of your textbook. Describe the general location of the Roman Empire according to its longitude and latitude. Also identify the location of the imaginary dividing line between the Western and Eastern Empires.

Geography in History


60


The Roman Empire’s employment office has published a list of job openings, and all people are invited to apply. During the rule of which later Roman emperor, Marcus Aurelius or Diocletian, might this have occurred?

End of Chapter Assessment

62

History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

63

Global Chronology


125 A.D. Roman law is standardized

27 B.C.Octavian becomes first Roman emperor

378 A.D. Battle of Adrianople

330 A.D. Constantine I moves Roman capital to Constantinople

410 A.D. Rome falls to Germanic invaders

64

Diocletian was born of humble parents in what is now Croatia, an area in eastern Europe ruled by the Romans. He rose to power as an officer in the Roman army, and it was his troops who proclaimed him emperor in 284 B.C. Diocletian’s division of the empire into parts earned him the loyalty of powerful supporters such as Constantine I. In 305 A.D., he retired to a castle in present-day Split, Croatia.

People in History 4.1

Diocletian 245 A.D.-313 A.D.

Roman Emperor

65

Then & Now 3.1

Many shopping malls today have an atrium, a sky-lit central court. The idea for the atrium comes from ancient Rome. In a Roman house, the atrium was the central room. It was often open to the sky and had a pool to collect rainwater.

The Atrium

66

Then & Now 4.1

The “good emperor” Hadrian built the Pantheon in Rome as a temple to honor all the gods. Today the beautiful building is a national shrine, a church, and the burial place of two kings of Italy.

The Pantheon

67

Critical Thinking Skills 1.1

Identifying the Main Idea

• As you read about world history, you come across historical dates, events, and names.

• These details are easier to understand and

remember when they are connected to one main idea.

• Understanding the main ideas allows you to grasp the whole picture or story.

• The details then become more easily understood.


Continued on next slide.

68


Follow these steps to identify a main idea:

• Before you read the material, find out the setting of the article or document: the time, the place, and who the writer is.

• Read the material and ask, “What is the purpose of this information?”

• Study any photographs or illustrations that accompany the material.




69


• Ask, “What are the most forceful statements in this material?”

• Identify supporting details.

• Identify the main idea, or central issue.




70


The passage on page 242 of your textbook comes from a document issued by Diocletian, the emperor of Rome from 284 to 305 B.C. In it, he describes a plan for ending Rome’s economic problems. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.



71


Why has Diocletian issued this document?

This document was issued to announce laws regulating the maximum price of goods.




72


What main idea, or central issue, is discussed by the document?

The central issue is widespread high prices.




73

Supporting details include: prices stay high even in good years or time of ample supply, some greedy merchants have enough wealth to satisfy entire nations, a single purchase might rob a soldier of his bonus or salary.


What supporting details are used to support the main idea?




74


What forceful statement does Diocletian use to make sure people do not miss the seriousness of the central issue?

He says, “the penalty for violating this law shall be death.”



End of Custom Shows

End of Custom ShowsWARNING! Do Not Remove

This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom

shows and return to the main presentation.

End of Slide Show

Documents

Splash Screen 2 Contents CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1The Rule of Augustus SECTION 2Pax Romana SECTION 3Daily Life SECTION 4Fall of the Empire CHAPTER SUMMARY