SPICE CROPS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

P.C. Das

Published by:

Scientific Publishers (India) 5 A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur 342 001 (India) E-mail: info@scientificpub.com Website: www.scientificpub.com

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© 2014 P.C. Das All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the author and the publishers. Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that neither the author nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publishers, for rectifying it in future editions, if published. ISBN: 978-81-7233-873-2 eISBN: 978-93-86237-54-5 Printed in India

PREFECE

Spices are very important as food and as medicine and they bring out the unique natural taste of cuisines and could be used to change the look of the food to make it more attractive in colour. Keeping in mind the importance of Spice Crops, ‘Spice Crops Production Technology’ is published to provide the information about cultivation method along with their uses to the Students, Teachers, Extension officer and the person engaged in production of Spice crops. The book has been written in simple and lucid language under Indian context. In this book, I do not pretend to claim credit for any original contribution on the subject. Rather; it should be viewed as a concise collection of various topics from different, books, bulletins, scientific paper and wave sight etc, the names of which are mentioned in the text itself or in the selected bibliography.

I am thankful to my school mates Dr. Basudeb De, Former Associate Professor in Chemistry, Sambhunath College, Luvpur, Birbhum and West Bengal for providing me books at his disposal and by borrowing books from ‘Hrishekesh Smriti Pathagar’, established by himself in the memory of his father, as per my requirement. I am thankful to Dr. R.K. Ghosh, Professor of Agronomy, Dr. Debesh Pal, Associate Professor of Agronomy, Dr. A. Zaman, Professor of Agronomy and Dr. Koushik Brahmachari, Professor of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidhyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal and Dr. Dhiman Mukherjee, Assistant Professor of Agronomy, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidhyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal for their help.

I am also thankful to my life partner Mrs. Sandhya Das, loving Children Monima and Prasenjit and nephew Subhajit for their encouragement and inspiration during the preparation of the manuscript of the book. Sriman Prasenjit and Subhajit help me in various ways and full credit goes to them for editing and total makeup of typed copy in the computer and doing some photographs for the book.

The book will be in help to the students of Agriculture, Teachers, Agricultural Officers engaged in Extension works, and the persons engaged in Agricultural professions.

iv Spice Crops Production Technology

All Suggestions and criticism for further improvement of the book will be thankfully acknowledged. I shall consider my efforts worthy and successful if this book serves the purposes for which it is written.

Lastly, I express my gratitude to Mr. Tanay Sharma, Managing Director, Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur and his staff engaged for the publication of the book so efficiently and promptly.

P. C. Das Arya Pally (North), Baranilpur, P.O. SRIPALLY, Dist. BURDWAN 713103 (W.B.) Mobile : 9434349483 E-mail : pcdas46@gmail.com

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1-7

1.1. Uses of spices 2 1.2. Classification of spices 2 1.3. Properties of spices 3

1. CARDAMOM 8-26

1.1. Composition of cardamom 9 1.2. Origin and distribution 9 1.3. Botanical description 9 1.4. Climate 11 1.5. Soil 11 1.6. Land preparation 11 1.7. Propagation 12 1.8. Planting 12 1.9. Manuring 12 1.10. Intercultural operation 16 1.11. Irrigation 18 1.12. Harvesting 18 1.13. Processing 18 1.14. Bleaching 18 1.15. Storage 18 1.16. Yield 19 1.17. Uses 19 1.18. Plant protection Insect-pests 18-25 Diseases 25-26

2. BLACK PEPPER 27-44

2.1. Origin and distribution 27 2.2. Botanical description 28 2.3. Climate 28 2.4. Soil 28 2.5. Propagation 28 2.6. Planting 29 2.7. Manuring 29 2.8. Intercultural operation 30 2.9. Harvesting 32 2.10. Processing 32 2.11. Yield 34 2.12. Uses 34 2.13. Plant protection Insect-pests 38-41 Diseases 42-44

3. GINGER 45-62

3.1. Origin and distribution 45 3.2. Botanical description 46 3.3. Climate 46 3.4. Soil 46 3.5. Propagation 46 3.6. Planting 47 3.7. Manuring 48 3.8. Irrigation 49 3.9. Intercultural operation 49 3.10. Yield 50

vi Spice Crops Production Technology

3.11. Harvesting 55 3.12. Storage of seed rhizome 55 3.13. Uses 55 3.14. Plant protection Insect-pests 55-59 Diseases 59-62

4. TURMERIC 63-76

4.1. Botanical description 64 4.2. Origin and distribution 64 4.3. Climate 64 4.4. Soil 64 4.5. Land preparation 65 4.6. Planting 65 4.7. Manuring 67 4.8. Intercultural operation 68 4.9. Irrigation 69 4.10. Mixed cropping 69 4.11. Harvesting 69 4.12. Yield 70 4.13. Plant protection Insect-pests 70-73 Diseases 73-75 4.14. Processing 75 4.15. Uses 76

5. CORIANDER 77-88

5.1. Origin and distribution 78 5.2. Botanical description 78 5.3. Climate 78 5.4. Soil 79 5.5. Land preparation 79 5.6. Sowing of seed 79 5.7. Manuring 80 5.8. Intercultural operation 81 5.9. Irrigation 81 5.10. Harvesting 82 5.11. Yield 82 5.12. Varieties 82

5.13. Plant protection Insect-pests 82-85 Diseases 85-88

6. FENUGREEK 89-95

6.1. Origin and distribution 89 6.2. Climate 90 6.3. Soil 90 6.4. Sowing of seed 90 6.5. Manuring 91 6.6. Intercultural operation 91 6.7. Irrigation 91 6.8. Harvesting 92 6.9. Yield 92 6.10. Varieties 92 6.11. Uses 92 6.12. Plant protection Insect-pests 92-93 Diseases 93-95

7. CUMIN 96-102

7.1. Climate 97 7.2. Soil 97 7.3. Sowing of seed 98 7.4. Manuring 98 7.5. Intercultural operation 99 7.6. Irrigation 99 7.7. Harvesting 99 7.8. Yield 99 7.9. Varieties 100 7.10. Uses 100 7.11. Plant protection Insect-pests 100-101 Diseases 101-102

8. ANISE 103-107

8.1. Botanical description 103 8.2. Composition 104 8.3. Origin and distribution 104 8.4. Climate 104

Contents vii

8.5. Soil 104 8.6. Land preparation 105 8.7. Sowing of seed 105 8.8. Manuring 105 8.9. Intercultural operation 106 8.10. Irrigation 106 8.11. Harvesting 106 8.12. Yield 106 8.13. Plant protection Insect-pests 106 Diseases 106 8.14. Uses 107

9. FENNEL 108-115

9.1. Origin and distribution 108 9.2. Botanical description 108 9.3. Climate 109 9.4. Soil 109 9.5. Land preparation 109 9.6. Sowing of seed 109 9.7. Transplanting 111 9.8. Manuring 111 9.9. Intercultural operation 112 9.10. Irrigation 112 9.11. Harvesting 113 9.12. Yield 113 9.13. Varieties 113 9.14. Plant protection Insect-pests 113-114 Diseases 114-115

10. DILL 116-121

10.1. Origin and distribution 116 10.2. Climate 118 10.3. Soil 118 10.4. Propagation 118 10.5. Sowing of seed 118 10.6. Intercultural operation 119 10.7. Irrigation 119 10.8. Harvesting 120

10.9. Yield 120 10.10. Uses 120 10.11. Plant protection 121

11. CLOVES 122-130

11.1. Composition 123 11.2. Botanical description 123 11.3. Origin and distribution 123 11.4. Climate 124 11.5. Soil 124 11.6. Propagation 124 11.7. Planting 125 11.8. Manuring 125 11.9. Intercultural operation 126 11.10. Irrigation 126 11.11. Harvesting 126 11.12. Yield 126 11.13. Uses 126 11.14. Plant protection Insect-pests 126-128 Diseases 128-130

12. CINNAMON 131-137

12.1. Climate 131 12.2. Soil 131 12.3. Propagation 132 12.4. Manuring 132 12.5. Intercultural operation 133 12.6. Irrigation 133 12.7. Harvesting 133 12.8. Yield 133 12.9. Varieties 133 12.10. Medicinal value 134 12.11. Plant protection Insect-pests 134-137 Diseases 137-137

13. GARLIC 138-155

13.1. Origin and distribution 140 13.2. Climate 141

viii Spice Crops Production Technology

13.3. Soil 141 13.4. Land preparation 142 13.5. Planting 142 13.6. Manuring 143 13.7. Irrigation 144 13.8. Intercultural operation 144 13.9. Harvesting and curing 145 13.10. Varieties 145 13.11. Yield 145 13.12. Uses 145 13.13. Plant protection Insect-pests 145-150 Diseases 150-155

14. ONION 156-173

14.1. Climate 157 14.2. Soil 158 14.3. Land preparation 158 14.4. Propagation 158 14.5. Manuring 159 14.6. Season 160 14.7. Harvesting 160 14.8. Varieties 161 14.9. Plant protection Insect-pests 162-165 Diseases 165-173

15. CELERY 174-177

15.1. Botanical descrtption 175 15.2. Origin and distribution 175 15.3. Climate 175 15.4. Soil 175 15.5. Sowing of seed 176 15.6. Planting 176 15.7. Manuring 176 15.8. Intercultural operation 177 15.9. Irrigation 177 15.10. Harvesting 177 15.11. Yield 177 15.12. Varieties 177

15.13. Plant protection 177

16. NUTMEG 178-182

16.1. Climate 178 16.2. Soil 178 16.3. Land preparation 179 16.4. Propagation 179 16.5. Planting 179 16.6. Manuring 180 16.7. Irrigation 180 16.8. Harvesting 180 16.9. Yield 180 16.10. Varieties 180 16.11. Plant protection Insect-pests 180 Diseases 181-182

17. ALLSPICE 183-186

17.1. Origin and distribution 184 17.2. Botanical description 184 17.3. Climate 184 17.4. Soil 184 17.5. Propagation 184 17.6. Planting 185 17.7. Manuring 185 17.8. Intercultural operation 186 17.9. Harvesting 186 17.10. Yield 186

18. CURRY LEAF 187-190

18.1. Origin and distribution 187 18.2. Botanical description 187 18.3. Climate 188 18.4. Soil 188 18.5. Propagation 188 18.6. Planting 188 18.7. Manuring 189 18.8. Intercultural operation 189 18.9. Irrigation 189 18.10. Havesting 189

Contents ix

18.11. Yield 189 18.12. Varieties 190 18.13. Uses 190

19. GARCINIA 191-193

19.1. Climate 192 19.2. Soil 192 19.3. Propagation 192 19.4. Intercultural operation 192 19.5. Irrigation 192 19.6. Manuring 192 19.7. Yield 193 19.8. Uses 193

20. MUSTARD AND RAPESEED 194-217

20.1. Botanical description 194 20.2. Origin and distribution 196 20.3. Climate 196 20.4. Soil 197 20.5. Land preparation 197 20.6. Sowing of seed 197 20.7. Manuring 199 20.8. Intercultural operation 201 20.9. Irrigation 201 20.10. Harvesting 201 20.11. Threshing 202 20.12. Yield 202 20.13. Storage of seed 202 20.14. Varieties 202 20.15. Plant protection Insect-pests 205-213 Diseases 213-217

21. BAY LEAF 218-222

21.1. Origin and distribution 219 21.2. Climate 219 21.3. Soil 219 21.4. Propagation 219 21.5. Planting 220

21.6. Manuring 220 21.7. Intercultural operation 220 21.8. Irrigation 221 21.9. Harvesting 221 21.10. Yield 222 21.11. Uses 222

22. SAFFRON 223-227

22.1. Origin and distribution 224 22.2. Climate 224 22.3. Soil 224 22.4. Land preparation 225 22.5. Propagation 225 22.6. Manuring 226 22.7. Harvesting 226 22.8. Uses 226 22.9. Plant protection Insect-pests 227 Diseases 227

23. VANILLA 228-238

23.1. Origin and distribution 228 23.2. Types of vanilla 228 23.3. Botanical description 229 23.4. Climate 229 23.5. Soil 229 23.6. Land preparation 230 23.7. Propagation 230 23.8. Manuring 230 23.9. Intercultural operation 230 23.10. Irrigation 231 23.11. Harvesting 231 23.12. Yield 231 23.13. Uses 231 23.14. Plant protection Insect-pests 231-234 Diseases 234-238

24. ASAFOETIDA 239-241

24.1. Origin and distribution 239

x Spice Crops Production Technology

24.2. Soil 240 24.3. Planting 240 24.4. Varieties 240 24.5. Harvesting 241 24.6. Uses 241 25. CAPSICUM 242-246 25.1. Origin 243 25.2. Climate 243 25.3. Soil 243 25.4. Land preparation 243 25.5. Sowing of seed 243 25.6. Transplanting 245 25.7. Manuring 245 25.8. Irrigation 245 25.9. Intercultural operation 246 25.10. Harvesting 246 25.11. Yield 246 25.12. Varieties 246

26. CHILLI 248-263 26.1. Climate 248 26.2. Soil 249 26.3. Land preparation 249 26.4. Sowing of seed 249 26.5. Transplanting 250 26.6. Manuring 251 26.7. Irrigation 252 26.8. Intercultural operation 252 26.9. Harvesting 253 26.10. Yield 253 26.11. Plant protection Insect-pests 253-256 Diseases 256-263

27. BASIL 264-269

27.1. Climate 265 27.2. Soil 265 27.3. Land preparation 265 27.4. Planting 265 27.5. Manuring 265

27.6. Irrigation 266 27.7. Intercultural operation 266 27.8. Cultivars /varieties 266 27.9. Harvesting 266

28. MARJORAM 28.1. Soil 267 28.2. Land preparation 267 28.3. Propagation 267 28.4. Manuring 268 28.5. Intercultural operation 268 28.6. Irrigation 269 28.7. Harvesting 269 28.8. Varieties 269 29. OREGANO 270 30. MINT 273-277 30.1. Climate 274 30.2. Soil 274 30.3. Land preparation 274 30.4. Propagation 274 30.5. Manuring 275 30.6. Intercultural operation 275 30.7. Irrigation 275 30.8. Harvesting 276 30.9. Uses 276 30.10. Diseases 276

31. PARSLEY 278-280 31.1. Climate 279 31.2. Soil 279 31.3. Propagation 279 31.4. Manuring 279 31.5. Intercultural operation 279 31.6. Irrigation 280 31.7. Harvesting 280 31.8. Varieties 280

32. AJOWAN 281-286 32.1. Origin and distribution 282 32.2. Climate 282

Contents xi

32.3. Soil 283 32.4. Land preparation 283 32.5. Sowing of seeds 283 32.6. Manuring 284 32.7. Intercultural operation 284 32.8. Irrigation 284 32.9. Harvesting 284 32.10. Yield 285 32.11. Varieties 285 32.12. Plant protection Insect-pests 285 Diseases 285-286 33. TAMARIND 287-291 33.1. Climate 289 33.2. Soil 289 33.3. Propagation 289 33.4. Manuring 290 33.5. Irrigation 290 33.6. Harvesting 290 33.7. Processing 290 33.8. Yield 290 33.9. Varieties 290 33.10. Uses 290 34. HORSERADISH 292-295 34.1. Climate 293 34.2. Soil 293 34.3. Planting 293 34.4. Manuring 294 34.5. Harvesting 294 34.6. Yield 294 34.7. Plant protection Insect-pests 294 Diseases 295 35. ROSEMARY 296- 35.1. Climate 296 35.2. Soil 296

35.3. Land preparation 296 35.4. Propagation 297 35.5. Manuring 297 35.6. After cultivation 297 35.7. Harvesting 298 35.8. Yield 298 35.9. Varieties 298

36. THYME 299 37. SAGE 300 38. TARRAGON 302 REFERENCES 304-305 APPENDICES 306-320 Appendix - 1 306-307

1. Land and its measurement 2. Weights: Its units & conversion 3. Length : Its units and conversion 4. Liquid : Its units and conversion 5. Weight per acre with kilogram per hectare

Appendix - 2. Nutrients content in manures 308-309 Appendix - 3. Nutrients content in fertilizers 310-311 Appendix - 4. Universities and their addresses 312-317 Appendix - 5(1). List of some pesticides/Pesticides formulation banded in India 318-319 Appendix - 5(2). List of Pesticides with refused registration/ pesticides restricted for use in India 319 Appendix - 6. Toxicity label of Pesticides 320

INDEX 321-335