SPEECH ACT IN GIVING COMMAND AND REQUEST IN THE …

SPEECH ACT IN GIVING COMMAND AND REQUEST IN

THE CARTOON WE BARE BEARS, EPISODE 1: OUR STUFF

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

OLIVIA BENEDICTA ENDWIN

Student Number: 174214014

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2021

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

SPEECH ACT IN GIVING COMMAND AND REQUEST IN WE

BARE BEARS OUR STUFF

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By



DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2021


iii

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis



By



Approved by

Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. July 7, 2021

Advisor

Francis Borgias Alip, Dr., M.Pd., M.A. July 7, 2021

Co-Advisor


iv

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis



By



Defended before the Board of Examiners

on July 26, 2021

and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

NAME SIGNATURE

Chairperson : Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. _______________

Secretary : Francis Borgias Alip, Dr., M.Pd., M.A. _______________

Member 1 : Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd., M.Hum. _______________

Member 2 : Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. _______________

Member 3 : Francis Borgias Alip, Dr., M.Pd., M.A. _______________

Yogyakarta, July 30, 2021

Faculty of Letters

Universitas Sanata Dharma

Dean

Dr. Tatang Iskarna


v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, July 6, 2021

Olivia Benedicta Endwin


vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Olivia Benedicta Endwin

Nomor Mahasiswa : 174214014

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul



beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,

mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media

lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun

memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai

penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 6 Juli 2021

Yang menyatakan,



vii

“Everything you can imagine is real.”

Pablo Picasso


viii

FOR MY BELOVED FAMILY,

MY FRIENDS,

AND MY FUTURE


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for all His blessings in the past four

years and for His guidance in finishing my thesis. Besides, I would like to thank

Simon Arsa Manggala, S.S., M.Hum. as my thesis advisor who always helped me

finishing the thesis and Francis Borgias Alip, Dr., M.Pd., M.A. as the reader who

helped me to revise my thesis. Next, I thank all the lecturers in English Letters

Department who have given me precious knowledge for my future. My gratitude

goes to ma’am Anna as well as my academic supervisor who always supported and

helped her students. Last, for the secretariat staff who helped my thesis

administration.

I would like to thank my church, Gereja Kerasulan Baru Indonesia,

especially for the Frida Baumann Stiftung as the scholarship that I have received

during my four years education. I also express my gratitude to my parents, my

brother, and my big family for the never-ending supports, prayers, and who always

entertained me when I felt bored writing my thesis. My gratitude also goes to my

best friends Astrid, Dhane, Lisa, Cece, Vita, Bowo, Robet, Devin, Rakhel, and Rere

who have always cheered me up and have helped me when I am in trouble or

difficult situation.



x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... xiii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xiv

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xv

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. xvi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1

B. Research Questions ...................................................................................... 6

C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 6

D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 8

A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................ 8

B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 11

1. Pragmatics .............................................................................................. 11

2. Speech Acts ............................................................................................ 11

a. Locutionary Act .................................................................................. 12

i) Declarative ....................................................................................... 13

ii) Interrogative ..................................................................................... 14

iii) Imperative ........................................................................................ 14

b. Illocutionary Act ................................................................................. 14

i) Assertives ......................................................................................... 15

ii) Directives ......................................................................................... 15

iii) Commissives .................................................................................... 16

iv) Expressives ...................................................................................... 16


xi

v) Declaratives ...................................................................................... 17

3. Giving Command and Request Using Speech Act .................................. 17

C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 20

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 21

A. Object of the Study ..................................................................................... 21

B. Approach of the Study ................................................................................ 22

C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 23

1. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 23

2. Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................... 28

A. Speech Acts in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon ..................................... 28

1. Locutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon ............................ 29

a. Declarative .......................................................................................... 30

b. Imperative ........................................................................................... 31

c. Interrogative ........................................................................................ 33

2. Illocutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon ........................... 34

a. Assertives ............................................................................................ 35

b. Directives ............................................................................................ 39

c. Expressives ......................................................................................... 44

d. Commissives ....................................................................................... 49

e. Declaratives ........................................................................................ 52

B. Request and Command in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon .................... 53

1. Request .................................................................................................... 54

a. Yes/No Question ................................................................................. 55

b. WH-Question ...................................................................................... 56

2. Command ................................................................................................. 58

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 61

REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 64

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 66

APPENDIX 1: The Locutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

Performed by The Three Main Characters ................................................. 66


xii

APPENDIX 2: Table of Locutionary Act Frequency in We Bare Bears Our

Stuff Performed by the Three Main Characters .......................................... 73

APPENDIX 3: The Illocutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

Performed by The Three Main Characters ................................................. 74

APPENDIX 4: Table of Illocutionary Act Frequency in We Bare Bears Our

Stuff Performed by the Three Main Characters .......................................... 82


xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Dec : Declarative

Imp : Imperative

Int : Interrogative

D : Declaratives

A : Assertives

Di : Directives

E : Expressives

C : Commissives


xiv

LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1. Table 1. Locutionary Act in We Bear Bears Our Stuff Cartoon 29

2. Table 2. Illocutionary Act in We Bear Bears Our Stuff Cartoon 34

3. Table 3. Request and Command in We Bear Bears Our Stuff 54

Cartoon


xv

ABSTRACT

ENDWIN, OLIVIA BENEDICTA (2021). Speech Act in Giving Command and

Request in We Bare Bears Episode 1 Our Stuff. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Speech act is the action performed when producing an utterance. This study

discussed speech acts performed by the three main characters, Grizzly, Panda, and

Ice Bear in the cartoon We Bare Bears Episode 1 which is Our Stuff. The writer

chose the first episode because there are many speech act categories in the

conversation. Moreover, this episode is the introduction of the three characters

which have different qualities from one another. The study of speech act was chosen

because Our Stuff is the first episode of We Bare Bears cartoon and to show how

the characters perform speech act.

There are two problems which were analyzed in this study. The first is the

speech act categories in Our Stuff conversation and the second is how the characters

give command and request using speech act. The purpose of the first problem is to

identify the speech act categories, for example declaratives, assertives,

commissives, directives, or expressive. Moreover, the second problem is how the

characters give command and request, whether using certain verbs or certain words.

The writer used pragmatics approach in the study because pragmatics is the

study of meaning and one of pragmatics’ topic is speech act. There are some

theories used to identify the speech act categories and the way the characters give

command and request. Those theories are Speech Act Theory by Cutting (2002),

Yule (1996), Cruse (2000), Searle (1979), Lock (1996), and Quirk & Greenbaum

(1973). The data that have been collected were presented in a table and were

explained in some paragraphs.

According to the analysis, the locutionary acts found in Our Stuff episode

were declarative, imperative, and interrogative. The most appearing locutionary act

was declarative with 84 utterances (73.0%), imperative with 16 utterances (13.9%),

and interrogative with 15 utterances (13.0%) as the least appearing locutionary act.

Five types of illocutionary acts were found, which are assertives as the highest

occurrence with 54 utterances (47.0%), directives with 38 utterances (33.0%),

expressives with 12 utterances (10.4%), commissives with 8 utterances (7.0%), and

declaratives as the lowest occurrence with 3 utterances (2.6%). The characters

deliver request in Yes/No question form and WH-question form to ask question.

Last, the characters gave command if they are in the higher position than the hearer

and usually used verbs to indicate the command.

Keywords: pragmatics, speech acts, locutionary acts, illocutionary acts.


xvi

ABSTRAK

ENDWIN, OLIVIA BENEDICTA (2021). Speech Act in Giving Command and

Request in We Bare Bears Episode 1 Our Stuff. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Tindak tutur adalah aksi yang terjadi saat mengeluarkan sebuah ungkapan.

Penelitian ini mendiskusikan tindak tutur yang dilakukan oleh tiga pemeran utama

yaitu Grizzly, Panda, dan Ice Bear dalam kartun We Bare Bears Episode 1 yang

berjudul Our Stuff. Penulis memilih episode pertama karena terdapat banyak

kategori tindak tutur di dalam percakapan antar tokoh utama. Disamping itu,

episode ini merupakan pengenalan dari ketiga tokoh utama yang memiliki sifat

berbeda satu dengan yang lain. Kajian tindak tutur dipilih karena Our Stuff adalah

episode pertama dari kartun We Bare Bears dan menunjukkan bagaimana para

karakter bertindak tutur.

Terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Yang

pertama adalah kategori tindak tutur yang terdapat dalam percakapan di episode

Our Stuff dan bagaimana para tokoh memberi perintah dan permintaan

menggunakan kajian tindak tutur. Tujuan dari rumusan masalah yang pertama yaitu

untuk mengidentifikasi kategori-kategori tindak tutur seperti deklaratif, asertif,

komisif, direktif, atau ekspresif. Rumusan masalah kedua adalah bagaimana para

tokoh memberi perintah dan permintaan, apakah menggunakan kata kerja atau kata

tertentu.

Penulis dalam penelitiannya menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik karena

pragmatik merupakan kajian maksud dan kajian tindak tutur merupakan salah satu

topik dalam pragmatik. Ada beberapa teori yang dipakai untuk mengidentifikasi

kategori tindak tutur serta cara para tokoh memberi perintah dan permintaan. Teori-

teori tersebut adalah Teori Tindak Tutur oleh Cutting (2002), Yule (1996), Cruse

(2000), Searle (1979), Lock (1996), dan Quirk & Greenbaum (1973). Data-data

yang telah dikumpulkan akan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan dijelaskan dalam

beberapa paragraf.

Mengacu pada analisis, lokusi yang ditemukan dalam Our Stuff adalah

deklaratif, imperatif, dan interogatif. Lokusi terbanyak dalam episode ini adalah

deklaratif dengan 84 ungkapan (73.0%), imperatif dengan 16 ungkapan (13.9%),

dan interogatif sebagai lokusi yang paling sedikit dengan 15 ungkapan (13.0%).

Ada lima tipe ilokusi yang ditemukan, yaitu asertif sebagai ilokusi kemunculan

tertinggi dengan 54 ungkapan (47.0%), direktif dengan 38 ungkapan (33.0%),

ekpresif dengan 12 ungkapan (10.4%), komisif dengan 8 ungkapan (7.0%), dan

deklaratif sebagai ilokusi kemunculan terendah dengan 3 ungkapan (2.6%). Para

tokoh menyampaikan permintaan dalam bentuk pertanyaan Ya/Tidak dan

pertanyaan 5W1H untuk menanyakan pertanyaan. Terakhir, para tokoh memberi

perintah jika mereka berada di posisi yang lebih tinggi dari lawan bicaranya dan

mereka biasanya menggunakan kata kerja untuk mengindikasikan perintah tersebut.

Kata kunci: pragmatics, speech acts, locutionary acts, illocutionary acts


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Interaction is a part of human’s life. As humans, people always have

interaction with one another. The interaction of human beings can be done through

communication or dialog. As Barker (2010) said, “communication is the act of

transmitting and receiving information” (p. 1). We communicate to be understood

and to understand others (Hanh, 2013). Through that communication, we know

what the people intend and we can express our intention as well. In communication,

the speaker is trying to make his or her intentions recognized and the hearer is

processing the speaker’s utterance to know his or her intentions (Rickheit &

Strohner, 2008, p. 207). With communication, we can express our feeling, order

something, congratulate someone on his or her achievement, apologize to others,

and state something. Rickheit & Strohner (2008) also stated that a performative

verb helps the intention clear (p. 215). The key to make communication happens is

the senders have to always understand what their purpose is. Then they convey their

intention through language that both senders and receivers use and through noise,

which means the distraction that the receivers hear when the senders convey their

intention. Last, the receivers have to understand the intention of the senders and

they have to respond it with gestures, facial expressions, or else (Barker, 2010, p.

3).

In communication, the speaker always communicates for a purpose and

knows well what he or she actually intends (Barker, 2010, p. 5). However,


2

sometimes we misunderstand people’s intention or even the people do not

understand our intention. It is a common thing in our everyday life. There are many

factors why people sometimes misunderstand one another. For example, the

speaker does not communicate well enough. The speaker must be able to express

the intentions in words so that the hearer understands what he or she wants (Rickheit

& Strohner, 2008, p. 207). From Holtgraves’s statement in Rickheit & Strohner’s

book, we can conclude that if someone wants something but he or she does not

convey it with the right words, the recipient will not understand what he or she

wants and it will be a miscommunication. The act of translating one’s thought or

feeling into words so that other people understand what we want is called encoding

(Bolton & Bolton, 2018, p. 48). Another example is the listener who does not listen

well. In his book, Hanh (2013) stated that if we are talking and no one is listening,

(maybe not even ourselves), we are not communicating effectively. Because of that,

there is a study to learn about the context of human language, which is pragmatics.

Pragmatics concerns with the use of these tools in meaningful

communication. Pragmatics is the interaction of semantic knowledge with our

knowledge of the world, taking into account contexts of use (Griffiths, 2006, p. 1).

Pragmatics helps us to understand the using of language in a context so we can

apply the language correctly. Language can be used for communication, develop

friendship, and entertain ourselves. Cutting (2002), also stated that pragmatics is an

approach to studying language’s relation to the contextual background features (p.

1). We often apply pragmatics theory in our communication consciously or even

unconsciously.


3

Speech acts theory can be found in pragmatics studies. According to Cutting

(2002), speech act is communication with a particular illocutionary force, and in so

doing we perform particular kinds of action such as stating, promising, warning,

and so on (p. 331). Griffiths (2006) stated that the basic unit of linguistic interaction

is speech acts such as warning, greeting, applying, telling, and confirming (p. 148).

Therefore, speech acts is people’s intention in the conversation and it makes the

aim of the conversation successful.

Cutting (2002) added that according to Searle (1976), speech acts fall into

five categories. The first is Declarations or Declarative, which means bringing

about a change in reality. For example, by ‘declaring’, ‘baptizing’, and ‘resigning’.

The second category is Representative or Assertive. It means to commit the speaker

to the truth of the expressed proposition, or the speaker is saying the fact.

‘Describing’, ‘claiming’, ‘predicting’, ‘stating’, ‘suggesting’, ‘reporting’, and

‘warning’ are the case examples from this category.

Commissives is the third category of speech acts. It commits the speaker to

the future action, by the action of ‘promising’, ‘offering’, ‘refusing’, ‘vowing’,

‘volunteering’, and ‘contracting’. The next category is about making the hearer do

something or to make an action from the speaker’s desire, which is called

Directives. It can be expressed by ‘commanding’, ‘requesting’, ‘inviting’,

‘forbidding’, ‘suggesting’, ‘ordering’, ‘begging’, ‘advising (to)’, ‘warning (to)’,

and ‘asking’. The last category is Expressive, means act what the speaker feels or

to express psychological feeling like gratitude, sympathy, pleasure, and regret. It is


4

shown by ‘apologizing’, ‘praising’, ‘congratulating’, ‘regretting’, ‘thanking’,

‘forgiving’, and ‘blaming’ (p. 16–17).

In this study, the writer wanted to categorize the speech acts classification

in We Bare Bears Our Stuff and analyze how the characters give command and

request using speech acts. The writer only focused in locutionary act and

illocutionary act because they are related. If we want to deliver our intention to the

hearer, we perform locutionary act first because it is the act of saying something or

the act of making an utterance. After that, we perform illocutionary act, which

contains our real intention. Giving command and request belong to directives

speech act. According to Mey (2001), directives speech acts need the speaker’s

effort to get the hearer to do something like the speaker wants (p. 120). Mey (2001)

also added that imperatives in intention change the world in that the hearer

hopefully makes things happen in accordance with the speaker’s wishes (p. 120).

Therefore, this research focused on how the characters give command and request

using speech acts.

As it is said early, the object of this research is We Bare Bears Our Stuff

cartoon. We Bare Bears was chosen as the object because the characters always

interact with communication and they interact in human language. The main

characters have different qualities, so the writer wanted to prove that even though

they have different qualities or characteristics, their intention is still delivered well.

Moreover, there are not many studies that discuss speech act in a cartoon.

This American animated series was created by Daniel Chong and aired on

Cartoon Network. These series tell about the daily life of three bears, as brothers.


5

They are Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear. At first, they did not know each other. As

time went by, they were met with each other and lived together in a cave. This series

has 4 seasons and 140 episodes. The first episode of We Bare Bears, Our Stuff, aired

on July 27th, 2015 and the last episode was aired on May 27th, 2019. Now, We Bare

Bears has closed the series by releasing a movie on June 30th, 2020.

The writer chose a cartoon to analyze the speech act categories in the main

characters’ utterances. The reason of choosing a cartoon is sometimes we do not

realize if the characters perform speech act. Usually, the characters have different

way to tell their intention. Moreover, the writer wanted to find out if the character

can succeed or not delivering their real intention using speech act. The writer

analyzed how the characters give command and request because they are part of

speech act categories, which is the directives one. Also, the characters have their

own expression and the way they express utterances is different from each other.

Command and request have certain characteristics and the writer wanted to analyze

whether the main characters are successful at delivering command and request or

not. Besides, the writer wanted to analyze the structure of command and request

uttered by the main characters in Our Stuff episode. There is a most talkative and

prominent character named Grizzly. He is more often to command, order, and

request the other characters. The second character is Panda, who is obedient and

innocent. The last character is Ice Bear who has the least expression compared to

Grizzly and Panda.


6

B. Research Questions

As explained early in the background, the writer discussed speech acts and

an episode of We Bare Bears cartoon. Therefore, there are two problems in this

research, which are:

1. What speech act and speech act categories are observed in Our Stuff

conversation?

2. How do the characters perform commands and requests in their speech act?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives of this study to be discussed. The first one is to

find out the speech acts and the speech acts categories in Our Stuff conversation.

The speech acts can be locutionary act, illocutionary act, or both. Moreover, the

locutionary act can appear in the form of declarative, imperative, or interrogative.

While the speech acts categories can be declaratives, assertive, commissives,

directives, or expressive. After the speech acts categories are listed, the second is

to group the command and request utterances. The last step is to analyze how the

characters give command and request using speech act. For example, using certain

form, verbs or words indicate command utterance or request utterance.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to ease the readers to understand the discussion in this research,

there are some important terms and they will be explained in this part.


7

Pragmatics concerns with the use of these tools in meaningful

communication. Pragmatics is the interaction of semantic knowledge with our

knowledge of the world, taking into account contexts of use (Griffiths, 2006, p. 1).

Besides that, Cutting (2002) also stated that pragmatics is an approach to studying

language’s relation to the contextual background features (p. 1).

Speech acts is basic units of linguistic interaction, such as give a warning

to, greet, apply for, tell what, confirm an appointment (Griffiths, 2006, p. 148).

Based on Mey (2001), speech acts are verbal actions happening in the world. When

the speaker utters a speech act, he or she does something with his or her words (p.

95). What it means with do something is that the speaker actually expresses the

intention of the words he or she uttered. For example, apologizing, thanking,

promising, and praising.

Speech acts categories is the classification of speech acts. Cruse (2000)

stated that speech act classification is useful because it eases us to understand the

range of functions that the verbs perform (p. 342). According to Yule (1996),

speech acts are classified based on their general functions (p. 53). The classification

falls into five categories, which are assertives, directives, commissives, expressives,

and declaratives (Cruse, 2006, p. 168-169).


8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is a review of related

studies, which are taken from four journal articles. These related studies show

similarity with this research based on problem formulation about the category of

speech acts. The second part is a review of related theories. In this part, the writer

reviewed the theories applied to answer the problem formulation. The last part is

theoretical framework. It explains the contribution of the theories in solving the

problem.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are five related studies presented in this part. First is a journal article

written by Budiasih, Andayani, & Rohmadi (2016) entitled “Illocution on Speech

Acts of Foreign Students in Indonesian Learning”. This journal article aims to

describe the illocution forms by Indonesian Language students. The methods of this

article are observation, interviews, and documentation methods. Budiasih and

friends used interview as the method, while this research did not use interview as

the method. The result of Budiasih’s study is the illocution of foreign students found

in Indonesian Language learning is in the form of assertive or representative,

directives, commissives, and expressive. The similarity between Budiasih and

friend’s study and this present study is both discuss the speech acts category in

conversation.

The next study is a journal article “An Analysis of Declarative Speech Act

in the Movie My Lawyer, My Jo: Pragmatics Approach”, written by Wicaksono


9

(2018). The study mentioned that “in pragmatics, we study about speaker’s

meaning that is how meaning is communicated based on its context” (Wicaksono,

2018, p. 91). In his study, Wicaksono used a movie as the data and applied the

qualitative method. The result of Wicaksono’s study is he showed some

declaratives utterances in the movie My Lawyer, My Jo and explained the context

of those declaratives utterances. The study is related to this present study because

both discussed the speech acts categories. However, there is a little difference. In

Wicaksono’s study, the focus is more about declarative speech act. The data used

for Wicaksono’s study is a movie, while this present study used a cartoon series.

Compared to Wicaksono, this present study finds new topic, which is directives

speech act.

The third study is a thesis from Indriafeni (2020) entitled “A Pragmatic

Study of the Use of Speech Acts in TV Series 13 Reasons Why”. Indriafeni

discussed the locutionary and illocutionary acts performed by the main characters

and figure out the impacts of the performed speech acts. The result of her study is

the locutionary acts performed consist of declarative, imperative, and interrogative.

Moreover, the illocutionary acts performed are assertives, directives, commisives,

exxpressives, and declaration. The difference with this present study is Indriafeni

talked about the impact of speech acts, while this present study did not.

The fourth study is a journal article entitled “Illocutionary Speech Acts

Analysis in Tom Cruise’s Interview” by Hausca, Marzuki, Alek, & Hidayat (2020).

Their study analyzed the illocutionary acts performed by Tom Cruise and the

interviewer. The most and least used illocutionary speech acts are presented in this


10

study as well. There are four illocutionary acts found in Tom Cruise’s interview

which are representative, commissive, directive, and expressive. Moreover, the

most used illocutionary speech act is representative and the least used is declarative

with zero utterance. The difference between Haucsa, Marzuki, Alek & Hidayat’s

study with this present study is in the discussion of the locutionary act.

The last study which still related to this present study is Fitria’s journal

article (2019), entitled “An Analysis of Directive Speech Act Found in Koi Mil

Gaya Movie”. Fitria’s study discussed the directive speech acts type and what

directives speech acts appeared the most. As a result of which directives speech acts

most frequently used, command is the most frequently used by 165 utterances

(84.18%). The difference between Fitria’s study and this present study is Fitria only

focused on directives speech acts, while this present study explains all types of

speech acts and is more focused on how the characters command and ask using

speech acts. Therefore, this study developed the previous study.

The related studies helped the writer to finish this study. They inspired the

writer to know how to collect the data, to choose the theories and the method, and

to analyze the data. In other words, those related studies helped the writer to make

a good research. From the related studies above, there are some differences between

this present study and the other studies in the data and the topic of discussion.

However, there are similarities between this present study and the other studies as

well about the speech act categories and the topic of discussion. This present study

developed the other studies since it discussed a new topic that has not been


11

discussed before about the locutionary act, illocutionary act, and how the characters

in We Bare Bears Our Stuff give command and request.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are two theories explained in this part. The first one is the theory of

pragmatics as the field of this study, and the second is followed by the theory of

speech acts since this study discuss the speech acts in We Bare Bears Our Stuff.

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of how humans use their language in communication

and it is determined by the conditions of society (Mey, 2001, p. 6). Moreover,

Birner (2013) adds that “pragmatics may be roughly defined as the study of

language use in context” (p. 2). From the two statements above, pragmatics is the

study of the relation of humans and language, and how humans use certain language

in their daily conversation.

This study belongs to pragmatics study because the writer analyzed the

intention based on the utterances uttered by the three main characters in We Bare

Bears Our Stuff. Cruse (2006) stated that pragmatics studies meaning in particular

context, and one of its topics is speech act which is the literal intention of people

when they speak (p. 3). The analysis of the utterances as the data is using speech

acts theory and it is one of the discussions in pragmatics study.

2. Speech Acts

According to Griffiths (2006), speech act is basic units of linguistic

interaction, such as give a warning to, greet, apply for, tell what, confirm an

appointment (p. 148). There are two kinds of speech act, which are direct speech


12

act and indirect speech act. Direct speech act is an utterance that has the same

structure and function, whereas indirect speech act is when an utterance has

difference in the form or structure and the function (Yule, 1996, p. 54-55). For

example, in the sentence “Could you close the door?”, the sentence is in the form

of interrogative, but the real intention is a request. Yule (1996) said that there are

three related acts in producing an utterance (p. 48). The three related acts are

locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. In the illocutionary act,

there are five classifications of speech acts. Speech acts are performed by speaking

a language such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, and

making promises (Searle, Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language,

2011, p. 16). Five speech acts classifications categorized by Cruse (2000) according

to Searle (p. 342) are assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and

declarative. However, this study only used locutionary act and illocutionary act to

answer the problems. This theory is used to identify the category of speech acts in

the We Bare Bears Our Stuff conversations. Below is the explanation of locutionary

act and illocutionary act.

a. Locutionary Act

Locutionary act is the act of speaking or saying something. Yule (1996)

mentioned that “locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing a

meaningful linguistic expression” (p. 48). It is the act of producing a sound and

utters a meaningful utterance in a language. If a person does not produce a sound

or does not utter an utterance in language, the person does not perform a locutionary

act.


13

Cruse (2000) added that locutionary act is the physical act of speaking

which producing certain noise and producing words with the grammar of some

languages (p. 331). There are three aspects to distinguish locutionary act according

to Cruse (2000), which are produce utterance inscription which means the physical

act of speaking or producing certain noise. The second is to compose a sentence

which means the act of composing words structure based on the grammar of some

language. The last is contextualize which means the act contains ambiguity and it

has sentence form, for example declarative, interrogative, or imperative (p. 331–

332).

The example for the explanation above can be taken from animals. Animals

could produce utterance inscriptions because they could make some noises.

However, animals can not compose a sentence and contextualize. Different from a

human, a human can do a locutionary act because it contains three aspects

mentioned above. Those aspects are to produce utterance inscriptions, to compose

a sentence, and to contextualize. Below is the explanation of sentence forms in

locutionary act according to Cruse (2002).

i) Declarative

A sentence which has declarative form can have many illocutionary forces.

Declarative sentence is often considered as basic sentence. Usually, the declarative

sentence is in the form of subject then followed by verb. It commits the speaker to

make a statement or to say something real or true. The illocutionary meanings

which are assert, claim, declare, and state are usually in the form of declarative

sentence. The sentence “Watch out!” can be interpreted to threaten someone, to


14

command, to warn, or to state a promise. It depends on the real meaning of the

speaker, and that real meaning is the illocutionary act (Cruse, 2000, p. 337).

ii) Interrogative

According to Cruse (2000), a speaker who states an interrogative sentence

usually expresses ignorance. An interrogative sentence expects an answer or

information from the hearer so the ignorance can be removed. There are two types

of questions, which are Yes/No question and a question to complete the incomplete

preposition. The Yes/No question specifies a preposition and can be answered with

“yes” or “no” only. For example, the sentence “Are you a student?” can be

answered with “yes” or “no”, so it indicates whether the preposition is true or not.

The second type of question, needs a response from the hearer to complete the

incomplete preposition. For example, the sentence “Where is the bank?” presents

the incomplete preposition from “The bank is in X street.” (p. 338).

iii) Imperative

Cruse (2000) stated in his book that imperative is similar with declarative

and interrogative. The main purpose of imperative sentence is to make someone to

do something as the speaker said. Usually, the illocutionary meanings that belong

to this sentence form are order and command. For example, in the sentence “Open

the door”, the speaker wants the hearer to do something as he or she said. Therefore,

that sentence belongs to imperative sentence (p. 339).

b. Illocutionary Act

Illocutionary act is the speaker’s intention or the purpose of the speaker

saying a certain utterance. The function of the utterance, the specific purpose that


15

the speaker had in mind is called the illocutionary act (Cutting, 2002, p. 16). Yule

(1996) also mentioned illocutionary act has some function in mind (p. 48). It refers

to what the speaker wants and intends to fulfill or the type of action that the speaker

intends to accomplish by uttering an utterance (Huang, 2007, p. 102). There are five

types of illocutionary acts, which are assertives, directives, commissives,

expressives, and declaratives. The theories used are from Yule (1996), Searle

(1979), Cruse (2000), and Cutting (2002).

i) Assertives

It is the act in which the speaker says the truth of the proposition or the

speaker is saying the fact. Yule (1996) said that assertives states what is believed

by the speaker. Usually, it is indicated by the expression of stating, suggesting,

complaining, claiming, reporting, and warning (Cruse, 2000, p. 342).

For example, in claiming, the speaker says something that other people

think it is might be not true, but the speaker has a certain reason to say the utterance

and he or she believes it is right. Something that is expressed is actually true,

according to Searle (1979). It can be seen in the utterance “I saw the thief last night,

he wore a black T-shirt, not a gray T-shirt”. Here the speaker claims that he knows

the truth and makes the hearer believes in the speaker.

ii) Directives

According to Yule (1996), directive is an act that makes the hearer does

something (p. 54). Cruse (2000) stated that directives have the intention to the

hearer to do something as the speaker said. The actions that belong to this category


16

for example are ordering, commanding, requesting, begging, advising,

recommending, and asking (p. 342).

For example, in requesting, the speaker wants the hearer to do something

for him or her, as what the speaker wants or wishes (Searle, 1979, p. 4). Searle

(1979) stated the speaker knows that the hearer is able to do as the speaker’s desire,

so he or she wants the hearer to do it (p. 44). An example of this context is “Can

you make me a cup of hot chocolate?”. In this utterance, the speaker wants hot

chocolate and he or she makes the hearer does something, in the form of an

interrogative sentence.

iii) Commissives

Commissives are the acts in which the speaker commits himself or herself

to future action (Yule, 1996, p. 54). When the speaker says about his or her future

action, it belongs to commissives. The action of promising, vowing, offering,

undertaking, contracting, and threatening are the examples of this category (Cruse,

2000, p. 342).

Searle (1979) explained the purpose of promising. Promise is an

undertaking to do something. It is made the speaker to do something in the future,

as he or she has said and it is an obligation (p. 2). The example is “I promise I will

be there at 7 P.M.”. In this sentence, the speaker promises to the hearer to future

action.

iv) Expressives

Expressives are speech act that expresses the speaker’s feeling (Yule, 1996,

p. 53). Cruse (2000) explained that expressives is the speaker’s psychological


17

attitude or it expresses what the speaker feels. Thanking, congratulating, condoling,

praising, blaming, forgiving, and pardoning belong to this category (p. 342).

For example, a boy comes to a girl’s birthday party. The boy would say

“Happy birthday” and the girl would answer “thank you”. The utterance of “thank

you” belongs to expressives speech act because it states what the girl feels.

v) Declaratives

According to Cruse (2000), declaratives is when the speaker says something

that makes the reality is changed. It means the reality has changed after the speaker

says the words. The important points about declaratives are first, the actions cause

a change in the world over and above the fact that the actions have been carried out,

and second, the actions standardly encode such changes. The actions that indicate

this category are resigning, dismissing, divorcing, christening, naming, opening (an

exhibition), excommunicating, sentencing, consecrating, bidding (at auction), and

declaring (at cricket) (p. 343). “I baptize this girl Elisheba”, which means changing

a nameless baby into one with a name (Cutting, 2002, p. 17).

3. Giving Command and Request Using Speech Act

Questions and directives, including requests, are the example of speech acts

basic categories (Lock, 1996, p. 175). Lock (1996) also stated that a request to look

for information and to look for clarification are the kinds of questions (p.174). There

are two types of question forms, which are Yes/No-interrogative and WH-

interrogative. The things that differentiate between Yes/No-interrogative and WH-

interrogative are the structure and the function.


18

According to Lock (1996), the structure of Yes/No-interrogative is finite

followed by subject and predicator whereas the structure of WH-interrogative is

WH words followed by finite, subject, then predicator (p.177). However, the

question of Yes/No-interrogative sometimes is elliptic and has rising intonation to

indicate that it is a Yes/No-interrogative.

Lock (1996) added that a Yes/No-interrogative has a function to confirm or

deny information that is uttered, and the answer will be yes or no, sometimes

followed by declarative clause with subject and finite from the question. On the

other hand, Yes/No-interrogative can function as a request for new information and

for action, but it depends on the context. In this situation, the speaker asks a question

in the form of Yes/No and the hearer is expected to give explanation as the answer.

In WH-interrogative, the function is explained to request specific information from

the hearer and the answer will be a dependent clause (p.181-183).

There are two classes to ask question in interrogative form according to

Quirk & Greenbaum (1973). The first class is WH-questions. Like its name, the

questions are indicated by the words what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose,

which, and how. The answer is not known yet so it has to be fulfilled. The question

words usually are placed in the beginning of the interrogative sentence (p. 23). The

second class is Yes/No questions with affirmation or negation as the answer. This

type of question is to validate the statement or predication which is asked by the

speaker (p. 24).

According to Searle (2011), command has a certain rule where the position

of the speaker is higher than the hearer (p. 66). If there is an utterance that makes


19

the hearer does something as the speaker said, it can be called an order or command.

Cruse (2000) stated that a command has not been carried out or done by the hearer

and the speaker understands that the hearer is able to carry it out or to do the order

(p. 344). The structure of command is an optional subject followed by predicator

(Lock, 1996, p. 189).

In conclusion, command and request are acts that make the hearer to do

something. However, there are some differences between command and request.

Command is usually uttered from someone that has a higher position than the

hearer. Command is a must and it requires the hearer to do as the speaker says. Most

command utterances are in the form of imperative. On the other hand, request is

usually uttered by someone from a lower position to someone that has a higher

position. Request is more polite than command, and it can be in the form of

declarative or interrogative.

Cutting (2002) said that illocutionary act is the function of the utterance and

the purpose of the speaker’s mind. Examples of illocutionary acts are inviting,

advising, promising, ordering, and apologizing (p. 16). Thus, the actions of

commanding and asking belong to illocutionary act. Illocutionary act is an

important component because it is a purpose of the words said (Cutting, 2002, p.

16). The writer wanted to analyze the illocutionary act of the characters in

commanding and asking.


20

C. Theoretical Framework

This research aims to study the speech act categories and in We Bare Bears

Our Stuff and to study how the characters give command and request using speech

act. Some theories supported and were applied to answer the problems in this study.

First, the writer used Speech Act Theory from some experts to answer the

first problem formulation. Those theories are according to Cutting (2002), Yule

(1996), Cruse (2000), and Searle (1979). The theories applied to identify the speech

act categories in We Bare Bears Our Stuff conversation. It is to decide whether the

conversations belong to assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, or

declaratives.

Second, the writer used theory from Searle (2011), Cruse (2000), Graham

Lock (1996), and Quirk & Greenbaum (1973) to answer the second problem

formulation. The theories were used to explain two things. The first one is how the

characters give command and the next is how the characters request using speech

act. The act of commanding and requesting belong to directives speech act.


21

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers three parts which are the object of the study, the

approach of the study, and the method of the study. The first part is the object of

the study, it describes the object in this study. The next part is the approach of the

study, which explains the approach that is used for this study. The last is the method

of the study that is divided into two parts. The parts are data collection which

explains how the data collected and data analysis which presents the steps of

analyzing the problem.

A. Object of the Study

The writer analyzed the utterances of the characters in We Bare Bears Our

Stuff cartoon. In this discussion, only the utterances of the three main characters

were analyzed. They are Grizzly as the oldest brother, Panda, and Ice Bear as the

youngest brother. The reason why the writer analyzed only the main characters was

that the writer wanted to focus more on the main characters’ utterances. Moreover,

the three characters are the main role in the cartoon and most of the series tell about

them. However, the utterances of the supporting characters were not analyzed, but

they still appeared as the context or as the discussion of the problems. It is because

the main characters had some interactions with other characters.

We Bare Bears is an American animated series created by Daniel Chong

and it was aired on Cartoon Network. These series tell about the daily life of three

bears, Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear as brothers. Grizzly is the oldest while Ice Bear

is the youngest. At first, they did not know each other. As time went by, they met


22

each other and lived together in a cave. This series has 4 seasons and 140 episodes.

The first episode of We Bare Bears, Our Stuff, aired on July 27th, 2015 and the last

episode was aired on May 27th, 2019. Now, We Bare Bears has closed the series by

releasing a movie on June 30th, 2020.

In the Our Stuff episode, the three characters convey their intention through

utterances. The characters of this cartoon are unique and different in their way.

Grizzly who seems to control the others the most, Panda who is obedient, and Ice

Bear who is brave and rarely speak. From a different characterization, the writer

wanted to analyze how each character utters the speech act.

In We Bare Bears Our Stuff, the writer found 115 utterances spoken by the

characters. There are 79 utterances spoken by Grizzly, 30 utterances spoken by

Panda, and 12 utterances spoken by Ice Bear. As mentioned above, Grizzly has the

most spoken utterances because he mostly takes control of his younger brothers and

often decides the decision. Another character, Panda has the second most spoken

utterances whereas Ice Bear has the least spoken utterances. It is because Ice Bear

is rarely to speak and he is more to express his intention by action, not words.

B. Approach of the Study

Characters’ utterance in We Bare Bears Our Stuff was analyzed in this study

by the writer. This study used pragmatics as the approach because pragmatics deals

with the study of meaning depends on the language and one of its topics is the

speech act (Huang, 2007, p. 2). Since the writer analyzed the speech act in We Bare

Bears selected episode which is Our Stuff, the pragmatics study especially the

speech act theory can be used to finish the analysis.


23

C. Method of the Study

This study is a mix of quantitative and qualitative method, because the data

were counted and then interpreted in some paragraphs. Quantitative data are usually

in the form of numbers, while qualitative data usually in the forms of words

(Tavakoli, 2012, p. 145). In this study, the amount of illocutionary act, request, and

command utterances were counted and were put in a table. After that, the writer

analyzed the discussion in some paragraphs. According to Desagulier (2017),

sample is the part of population (2017, p. 157). This study is a sample study because

not all utterances were discussed in the analysis. Sample is the smaller amount of

population we can work with and it must represent the population (Rasinger, 2013,

p. 46). The writer only chose the main characters’ utterances because the criteria of

this study is an analysis of main characters’ utterances only. The rest are the

utterances from the supporting characters and they were used to help the writer

understand the context, but not to be analyzed. Furthermore, two parts will be

presented in the method of the study. The first part is data collection which

describes how the data are collected for the study and the second part is data

analysis which explains the analysis steps to answer the problems.

1. Data Collection

The writer used the utterances of We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon as the

sample for the data. As the writer can hear the characters’ voice and see their acts,

this study analyzed the speech of the main characters or the utterances. The cartoon

provided subtitles, but the writer used the subtitles just to help clarifying the

transcription. There are four steps to collect the data. First, the writer was choosing


24

the sample by searching the We Bare Bears cartoon on YouTube. There were many

We Bare Bears episodes as a result. Next, to filter the episode that has speech act

in one episode, the writer chose some full episodes of the We Bare Bears cartoon.

Several episodes have no subtitle, non-English subtitle, and English subtitle.

Therefore, the next step that the writer did was watching the episode that has an

English subtitle. Our Stuff episode was chosen because it has an English subtitle

and contains utterances needed for the data as well. The English subtitle is valid

because it forms a complete storyline. Last, the writer collected the utterances that

were uttered by the three main characters. The writer listed down the utterances to

ease the analysis. As a result, there were 115 utterances uttered by the three main

characters in Our Stuff episode. Those 115 utterances will be analyzed to answer

the first problem formulation. The writer used a filtering system to collect the data

for the second problem formulation. It is because the number of the data in the

second problem formulation is different from the data in the first problem

formulation. In the second analysis, the writer took 26 directives utterances consist

of request and command utterances to be analyzed. According to Blakemore

(1992), utterance is a combination of words that becomes one into certain sentence

or phrase which has meaning (p. 39). Therefore, the utterances collected are

qualified based on Blakemore’s statement.

2. Data Analysis

The writer got 115 utterances as the data to be analyzed in the discussion.

Later, the utterances will be separated into two parts, locutionary act and

illocutionary act. In this part, the steps of analysis for answering the problems were


25

clearly explained. The first step was classifying the locutionary act based on the

utterances. The writer was listing down the utterances spoken by characters in We

Bare Bears in order to classify the locutionary act. As the result, the writer got

sorted data based on the locutionary act. Next, the writer was classifying the

illocutionary act based on the characters’ utterances. The classification was done

by listing down the utterances to classify the illocutionary act. Sorted data based on

illocutionary act was found as the result. The third step was grouping the

locutionary act. The three types of locutionary act which are declarative,

interrogative, and imperative were abbreviated into dec, int, and imp. The data will

be presented in a table as follows.

No Utterances Character Time Locutionary Act

Dec Int Imp

1. “Oh, but can we go to

the bathroom first?”

Panda 0:03:01-0:03:02 √

2. “Okay, let’s go!” Grizzly 0:06:08-0:06:09 √

Since the writer has done grouping the locutionary act, so the result of the

locutionary act was counted and presented in a table below. The aim of using a table

is to show the kind of locutionary act, the utterances related to certain locutionary

act, and the percentage of what the locutionary act appears the most and the least.

No Forms of Sentence in

Locutionary Act Utterances Percentage

1.

2.

After that, the writer grouped the illocutionary act in We Bare Bears Our

Stuff utterances. This step was to determine whether the utterances belong to


26

assertives (abbreviated as A), directives (abbreviated as Di), commissives

(abbreviated as C), expressives (abbreviated as E), or declaratives (abbreviated as

De). The data will be presented in a table so the reader could read it easily.

After presented the illocutionary act of We Bare Bears Our Stuff utterances,

the writer counted the illocutionary acts. The result will be presented in a table

which describes the illocutionary acts, the amount of the utterances related to

illocutionary acts, and the last percentage of the most and the least appeared

illocutionary acts in the We Bare Bears Our Stuff episode.

No Illocutionary Acts Utterances Percentage

1.

2.

The last step, the writer was analyzing how the characters give command

and request. The analysis was done by searching command and request utterances

based on characters’ utterances in Our Stuff episode. After searching command and

request utterances, the writer got two results. The first one is the way the characters

expressed a command and the second is the way the characters expressed a request.

The number of directives speech act in illocutionary act analysis is different with

the number of request and command analysis. It is because in the first problem

No Utterances Character Time Acts Illocutionary Act

A Di C E De

1. “Oh, but

can we go

to the

bathroom

first?”

Panda 0:03:01-

0:03:02

Request √

2. “Okay,

let’s go!”

Grizzly 0:06:08-

0:06:09

Command √


27

formulation, the number of directives is a part of a whole illocutionary act, whereas

in the second problem formulation, the writer only analyzed the utterances of

request and command so they become the main data. The final result of the last step

is explained in some paragraphs.


28

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

There are two parts presented in this chapter. First is the analysis of the

locutionary act and illocutionary act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon. The

theories used to analyze the locutionary act and the illocutionary act are Speech Act

Theory by Cutting (2002), Yule (1996), Cruse (2000), and Searle (1979). The

second part is the explanation of how the characters give command and request

using speech act. Searle (2011), Cruse (2000), Lock (1996), and Quirk &

Greenbaum’s (1973) theories were used to answer this problem formulation.

A. The Speech Acts in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

According to the data analysis, the writer got 115 utterances as the data for

this study. Those utterances consisted of locutionary act and illocutionary act.

Locutionary act has three categories which are declarative, interrogative, and

imperative. While illocutionary act falls into five categories called assertives,

directives, expressives, commissives, and declaratives. The total of locutionary act

are 115 utterances, the same as illocutionary act. The data can be referred to the

appendix later.

This first part presented the locutionary act and illocutionary act in We Bare

Bears Our Stuff cartoon. The characters involved in uttering the utterances are

Grizzly, Panda, Ice Bear, and some supporting characters like the police, the boy,

and the waitress. The episode Our Stuff was chosen because it is the first episode

of the We Bare Bears cartoon. The utterances in We Bare Bears Our Stuff were

analyzed to find out the locutionary act and illocutionary act. According to Yule


29

(1996), locutionary act is the act of producing an utterance and illocutionary act is

the function of the utterances (p. 48).

1. Locutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

According to Cruse (2000), locutionary act is the physical act of speaking

which producing certain noise and producing words with the grammar of some

languages (p. 331). In short, locutionary act is the act of saying something. The

forms of saying something are divided into three forms which are declarative,

interrogative, and imperative.

The writer used the characters’ utterances in analyzing the locutionary act.

More than three characters in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon uttering utterances.

There are 115 locutionary acts are found by the writer. The locutionary acts are in

the form of declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, and imperative sentence.

The locutionary act uttered by the characters in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon is

presented below.

Table 1. Locutionary Act in We Bear Bears Our Stuff Cartoon



1. Declarative 84 73.0%

2. Imperative 16 13.9%

3. Interrogative 15 13.0%

TOTAL 115 100%

Based on the data above, declarative is the most performed locutionary act

with 84 utterances and 73.0% as the percentage. The second is imperative, which

has 16 utterances and has 13.9% as the percentage. Interrogative came last with 15


30

utterances and 13.0% as the percentage. The explanation of each locutionary act

will be discussed below, along with the utterances as the example.

a. Declarative

Declarative is a kind of locutionary act that is done by the speaker, to tell

the truth, or the fact to the hearer. In the We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon, there are

some utterances that belong to the declarative locutionary act. The characters

performed declaratives the most than the other locutionary acts. The writer put some

utterances as the example to clarify the explanation of declarative locutionary act.

It will be discussed one by one.

Excerpt 1. Grizzly: One velcro wallet. One cellie. (Appendix 1, No. 2)

Excerpt 2. Grizzly: I’ve got sugar packets. (Appendix 1, No. 58)

Excerpt 3. Ice Bear: Ice Bear needs latte. (Appendix 1, No. 43)

Excerpt 4. Panda: It’s a good thing I have got a photographic memory.

Here’s what I got so far. (Appendix 1, No. 50)

The four excerpts written above are examples of declarative sentences. The

characters, Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear expressed the truth or the fact to the hearer.

From excerpt 1, Grizzly is putting the stuff into the bag while mentioning his stuff

and Panda’s stuff. Velcro wallet is Grizzly’s and cellie is Panda’s. Therefore, he is

saying the fact based on his stuff and Panda’s stuff.

The second excerpt is still performed by Grizzly. He and his brothers, Panda

and Ice Bear ask the pigeons to show them the thief. Grizzly is holding the sugar

packets and offering to the pigeons if some of the pigeons could show them who

the thief is. Here he tells the hearer if he has sugar packets and it is true. This excerpt


31

is categorized as a declarative sentence because it tells the hearer what the speaker

has.

Next, Ice Bear performs a declarative sentence as in the third excerpt. This

statement is uttered when they are in a taxi. Before the taxi leaves, the bears tell

their intention one by one, including Ice Bear. He says that he wants a latte. Ice

Bear’s statement belongs to a declarative sentence because he tells the hearer what

he wants.

The last excerpt is performed by Panda. The situation is at the diner when

the bears are trying to figure out the thief. Panda creates some mug shots to make

their search easier. Then Grizzly asks Panda about the mug shots and Panda answers

by telling his ability. This belongs to a declarative sentence because Panda informs

Grizzly about his ability.

b. Imperative

A locutionary act that has a function to get the hearer to do something is

categorized as imperative. Examples of this category are order, command, beg,

beseech, and request. In We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon, the characters performed

imperative locutionary act as well. Below is the explanation of the imperative

locutionary act. Each example will be explained in a different paragraph.

Excerpt 5. Grizzly: Pick and roll. Pick and roll. (Appendix 1, No. 15)

Excerpt 6. Grizzly: Outlet! Outlet! Cut baseline. Back door. Triangle

offense. Play seven. (Appendix 1, No. 19)

Excerpt 7. Grizzly: Arrest somebody! Use your gun! (Appendix 1, No. 36)

Excerpt 8. Grizzly: Okay, take your time and look carefully. (Appendix 1,

No. 65)


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The utterances above are examples of imperative locutionary act. In excerpt

5, the bears are playing basketball against the opposite team. However, the bears’

score is still zero so Grizzly commands Ice Bear to do a strategy called pick and

roll. He commands Ice Bear because Grizzly is responsible to his younger brothers

and he wants Ice Bear to do that. Not just an ordinary want, it has more pressure in

it so that Ice Bear think he must do it.

In the next excerpt, the bears want to put the ball through the basket. At that

time, Grizzly controls the ball and he is ready to throw the ball. Then he commands

his brothers by saying some strategies in basketball. Once again, Grizzly has more

power than Panda and Ice Bear so it belongs to command and imperative

locutionary act. As Grizzly wants, Panda and Ice Bear do his command.

The third excerpt is the conversation between Grizzly and the policewoman.

The bears tell the policewoman of losing their stuff. After that, Grizzly orders the

policewoman to arrest the thief and to use her gun. Grizzly and his brothers expect

the policewoman’s response and action. Unfortunately, the policewoman does not

listen to them. This belongs to the imperative locutionary act because Grizzly wants

the hearer to do something.

The last excerpt is when the bears meet the pigeons at the park. Grizzly asks

them to choose the thief by pointing the mug shots with their beak. Suddenly, a

pigeon comes up and he looks at the mug shots one by one. Grizzly orders him to

look at the mug shots carefully so that he can choose the right thief. The response

shows by the pigeon is that he looks carefully at the mug shots and he chooses the

thief.


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c. Interrogative

Interrogative locutionary act expressed ignorance on some points. It is to

aim a response from the hearer by asking a question. The question can be answered

by saying yes or no, or by completing the incomplete proposition. The characters

in We Bare Bears Our Stuff performed some interrogative locutionary act. The

explanation and examples are discussed below.

Excerpt 9. Grizzly: Wait, where’s your gun? (Appendix 1, No. 37)

Excerpt 10. Grizzly: Panda, how are the mug shots coming along?

(Appendix 1, No. 49)

Excerpt 11. Grizzly: Okay, do any of you birds know which guy here took

our stuff? (Appendix 1, No. 63)

Excerpt 12. Panda: Wait, Grizz! What is the plan? (Appendix 1, No. 85)

The first interrogative locutionary act was written above in excerpt 9. The

bears tell the policewoman that they lose their bag and the stuff inside. Then,

Grizzly orders the policewoman to arrest the thief. However, realizing something

is missing, Grizzly asks the policewoman where her gun is. Grizzly does not know

the answer and expects from the policewoman, so it is categorized as an

interrogative locutionary act. The question is indicated by the word “where”.

In the second example, the bears are in a diner figuring out who the thief is.

Panda’s task is to sketch the thief’s face. Suddenly, Grizzly asks Panda about the

mug shots. He wants Panda to tell Grizzly his work and to show it. As Grizzly

wants, Panda shows his mug shots to Grizzly. By the word “how”, Grizzly gets the

information that he wants.


34

The next example when the bears meet the pigeons at the park. Grizzly

arranges the mug shots on the ground and facing the pigeons. After that, he asks the

pigeons about the thief who stole their stuff by examining the mug shots. Grizzly

wants an answer with yes or no, indicated by his word “do”. However, the pigeons

can not speak yes or no so none of them is making a sound.

The last example written in excerpt 12, is uttered by Panda. Finally, the

bears find the boy’s apartment and plan to go in secretly. Outside the window, they

watch closely the boy. Suddenly Grizzly makes a move to go in, but he is stopped

by Panda. Panda asks Grizzly what the plan is because they have not talked about

the plan. Panda wants an explanation and it is indicated by the word “what”. As

expected, Grizzly tells them the plan and Panda gets the answer.

2. Illocutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

The real intention of what the speakers say named illocutionary act. This

part discussed the illocutionary act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon uttered by

the main characters of We Bare Bears which are Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear.

Examples of illocutionary act are stating, asking, promising, and apologizing.

The writer found there are 115 data of illocutionary act uttered by Grizzly,

Panda, and Ice Bear in the Our Stuff episode. Assertives, directives, commissives,

expressives, and declaratives are the illocutionary acts found in the episode. The

illocutionary act uttered by the characters in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon is

presented below.

Table 2. Illocutionary Act in We Bear Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

No. Illocutionary Acts Utterances Percentage

1. Assertives 54 47.0%


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2. Directives 38 33.0%

3. Expressives 12 10.4%

4. Commissives 8 7.0%

5 Declaratives 3 2.6%

TOTAL 115 100%

From the table, we can conclude that the illocutionary acts uttered by

Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear are assertives, directives, expressives, commissives,

and declaratives. The most performed illocutionary act is assertives with 54

utterances and 47.0% as the percentage. The second is directives with 38 utterances

or 33.0%. The next is expressives with 12 utterances or 10.4%. It is followed by

commissives illocutionary act with 8 utterances and 7.0% as the percentage. The

last is declaratives with 3 utterances or 2.6%. Below is the explanation of each

illocutionary acts, started from assertives, directives, expressives, commissives, and

declaratives.

a. Assertives

Assertives means that the speaker believes in what he or she is saying is a

fact. The writer found six kinds of assertives illocutionary act, which are stating,

warning, suggesting, complaining, claiming, and reporting. The most appeared

assertives is stating, and the least appeared assertives is reporting. The kinds of

assertives will be discussed one by one. The first is stating, which means saying

something clearly and the form is in a declarative sentence. There are some

examples to make clear the explanation.

Excerpt 13. Grizzly: We got next. (Appendix 3, No. 1)

Excerpt 14. Ice Bear: Ice Bear has ninja stars. (Appendix 3, No. 5)


36

There are two examples to be discussed in this part. In excerpt 13, Grizzly

says to his brothers, Panda and Ice Bear that it is their turn to play basketball. After

Grizzly says that, they begin to play basketball against another team. In the next

excerpt, Ice Bear says this when Grizzly is putting their stuff into the bag. Ice Bear

says clearly and briefly that he has ninja stars.

The second kind is warning. It means to tell someone that something bad

would happen in the future so they could avoid it. The form of the utterances is in

a declarative sentence as well. Here are some examples to clarify the explanation.

Excerpt 15. Panda: Ha-ha. I thought for a second there. You said we left

our stuff back at the court. Because my phone is in there and if I lost that

I would totally freak out. (Appendix 3, No. 27)

Excerpt 16. Grizzly: Panda, be careful. (Appendix 3, No. 96)

In excerpt 15, the bears unintentionally leave their bag at the court because

they are too happy as they get two points. After they leave the court, Grizzly

remembers something is missing and it is their backpack. Here, Panda warns his

brothers if they lose their stuff, he would totally freak out because he has his phone

in it. In excerpt 16, when they try to get their stuff in the boy’s room, Panda catch

the bag and he is stumbled out of the window. Then he stands on the side of the

wall outside the boy’s room. After Grizzly realizes that, he warns Panda to be

careful so that Panda will not fall.

The third kind of assertives is suggesting. It means to say the speaker’s idea

or plans to other people. There are two examples to be discussed below. The

examples are given in the declarative form. Each example will be explained in a

paragraph.


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Excerpt 17. Grizzly: Bros, keep it together. I have an idea. We’re gonna

take justice into our own hands. (Appendix 3, No. 39)

Excerpt 18. Grizzly: Okay, okay, okay. We’ll go in ninja-style, cool?


In excerpt 17, after the bears lose their bag, they call a policewoman to bring

their bag back and arrest the thief. Unfortunately, the policewoman does not believe

them and she leaves the bears. Here, Grizzly suggests finding the thief by

themselves without the policewoman’s help. After saying that, Panda and Ice Bear

agree and they start to find the thief. The next excerpt tells about the bears who plan

to crawl into the boy’s room through the window. Because they are wasting time

outside the window, Ice Bear says that he wants to get moving and Grizzly answers

with a suggestion about ninja-style. Panda and Ice Bear once again agree with

Grizzly’s suggestion.

The next kind of assertives is complaining. It means to tell someone that the

presupposition is wrong or someone gets bad treatment and he or she feels

uncomfortable with that. There are two utterances expressed complaining in the

form of a declarative sentence. The examples will be explained in a paragraph. They

will be discussed below.

Excerpt 19. Grizzly: Uh. Hey! (Appendix 3, No. 44)

Excerpt 20. Grizzly: Hey! We tipped! (Appendix 3, No. 104)

This short statement in excerpt 19 has the intention of complaining from

Grizzly. It is after they get into the taxi, the driver expels them because they have

many demands and it annoys the driver. Due to the bad treatment from the driver,

Grizzly complains but the driver does not listen and he goes away. In excerpt 20,


38

when they are surrounded by the police and a lot of people, they get some

accusations and one of them is from the waitress. The waitress says that the bears

only orders ice water and they do not tip. Grizzly thinks that the waitress is wrong

and then complains to the waitress that they do tip.

There is still more kind of assertives. This part will be discussed another

kind of assertives, which is claiming. It means to tell the truth even without proof

and the hearer may not believe it. There are two utterances of claiming and they are

in the form of a declarative sentence. The examples will be presented below.

Excerpt 21. Grizzly: No, no. We were robbed. The guy had a knife and one

eye. (Appendix 3, No. 33)

Excerpt 22. Grizzly: Ha-ha. This is all a big mistake. We were just getting

back our stuff, see? (Appendix 3, No. 100)

Excerpt 21 explains that the bears approach the policewoman who is writing

a parking ticket. The policewoman misunderstands, she thinks that the bears are the

owner of the car. Then Grizzly answers with the statement above. He says that they

are robbed and he claims that the guy has a knife and one eye. With no proof, the

policewoman does not say anything and she leaves them. In excerpt 22, when the

bears are surrounded and the police asks them to give up, Grizzly claims that they

just want to get their stuff back. What the police sees is they take the boy’s bag not

in a good way, so the police assumes that the bears are stealing the bag. With no

strong proof, the police does not believe them and still wants to put them in jail.

The last kind of assertives found is reporting. It means to give information

about something in a more detailed way to the hearer. In We Bare Bears Our Stuff


39

cartoon, there is only one reporting utterance. This utterance is still in the form of

declarative sentence. The utterance will be explained below.

Excerpt 23. Panda: They stole my phone, my apps, my soul. (Appendix 3,

No. 34)

In this situation, the bears lose their stuff. They look for help near the street.

The bears see a policewoman and they call her. Then, Panda reports the loss. He

explains the loss by mentioning what stuff that he loses. He mentions his phone, his

apps, and his soul.

b. Directives

Directives means that the speaker makes the hearer does something with his

or her words. In other words, it is to make the hearer does as the speaker intends.

There are eight kinds of directives illocutionary act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff

cartoon. They are asking, commanding, ordering, requesting, forbidding,

beseeching, inviting, and recommending. The utterances of asking and

commanding have the most amount while forbidding, beseeching, inviting, and

recommending only has one utterance each. Every kind of directives illocutionary

act will be explained below.

The first kind is asking, which means giving the hearer a question and

expecting the hearer to answer the question. The question can be answered with a

yes or no or an explanation. The form of asking utterances is in interrogative form.

Below are some examples to clarify the discussion. The explanation of the examples

is in one paragraph.

Excerpt 24. Grizzly: Do we forget something? (Appendix 3, No. 23)

Excerpt 25. Panda: Where? Do you see our stuff? (Appendix 3, No. 82)


40

In this situation in excerpt 24, the bears have already left the court and they

are near the fountain. Suddenly, Grizzly realizes that something is missing so he

asks his brothers. What Grizzly expects from his utterance is an answer either from

Panda or Ice Bear. As Grizzly expects, Ice Bear answers him that they forget their

backpack. In excerpt 25, the bears are searching for the boy’s apartment and they

finally find it. When Grizzly is spying on him, he sees their backpack. Panda

responds with a question above, whether Grizzly really sees their stuff or not. Panda

wants an answer from Grizzly. As expected, Grizzly says that the boy has their

stuff.

The second kind of directives is commanding. It means to make the hearer

does something. However, the command is given by someone who has more

authority or who has a responsibility of the hearer. It has a strong pressure on the

hearer to do what the speaker says. The form of the utterances is in the imperative

form.

Excerpt 26. Grizzly: FBI! We’re on a very important case. Take us

everywhere a criminal would hang out, now! (Appendix 3, No. 41)

Excerpt 27. Grizzly: Okay, let’s go! (Appendix 3, No. 79)

The first example, the situation of Grizzly is commanding happens in a taxi.

After the bears decide to find the thief by themselves, they order a taxi to bring

them to their destination. Because they are in hurry, Grizzly acts like the FBI and

he thinks that he is higher than the taxi driver so he commands him. It is showed by

the word “take us” and “now” as if he gives a command to his subordinate and the

word “now” indicates that it is a must-be-done task. In excerpt 27 as the second

situation, the bears go to the library and track Panda’s mobile phone by a phone-


41

finder. After they put the data to the phone-finder and print it, Grizzly commands

his brothers to go to the boy’s location. As the oldest brother and he has full

responsibility for his younger brothers, he takes an initiative and commands his

brothers with the words “let us go”.

The third kind of directives is ordering. There are two meanings of order.

The first means to tell someone to do something as the speaker wants, but the

pressure is not as strong as a command. Second, to ask for food or beverages in the

restaurant. The form of ordering utterances are declarative sentence and imperative

sentence. Each of the examples will be discussed below.

Excerpt 28. Grizzly: Perfect. Taxi! (Appendix 3, No. 40)

Excerpt 29. Grizzly: Hello library! Take me to your internet. (Appendix 3,

No. 76)

In excerpt 28, this short statement expresses an order made by Grizzly. It is

when the bears decide to find their stuff and they start the journey by ordering a taxi

first. Here, with just one word “taxi”, Grizzly performs an ordering utterance

because he wants to go and he wants the taxi driver to bring them to the thief. The

second example in excerpt 29 tells about the bears who are led by a pigeon to the

library. At first, they are confused why the pigeon takes them to the library.

However, they remember that the library has internet so they can track Panda’s

mobile phone. While they are entering the library, Grizzly shouts and orders the

library to take them to the internet, indicates by the words “take me”.

The fourth kind of directives is requesting. Request means to ask for

something to be done politely. In We Bare Bears Our Stuff there are only two

utterances. Both utterances are not in the form of WH-question or Yes/No-question.


42

All the request utterances were performed by Panda. They are in the form of

declarative and interrogative sentence.

Excerpt 30. Panda: Be careful with this, please. It is my life and soul in

rectangular form. (Appendix 3, No. 3)

Excerpt 31. Panda: Oh, but can we go to the bathroom first? (Appendix 3,

No. 42)

In the first example, the bears are getting ready to play basketball. Grizzly

the oldest puts their stuff into the bag. First, he puts his wallet and then Panda’s

mobile phone. Panda politely requests Grizzly, with the word “please”, to put the

mobile phone carefully because he is afraid the phone would break. Grizzly grants

Panda’s request and puts the mobile phone carefully. In excerpt 31, the bears are in

the taxi that is ready to leave. However, Panda requests to go to the bathroom and

he intends to know whether the taxi can wait for him or not. Unfortunately, the

driver does not fulfill Panda’s request.

The next kind of directives is forbidding. It means to not give permission or

to prevent the hearer to do something. There is only one forbidding utterance in We

Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon. The utterance was performed by Panda and it is in

the form of a declarative sentence. Below is the explanation of the forbidding

utterance.

Excerpt 32. Panda: Grizz! (Appendix 3, No. 90)

After deciding to go in secretly, the bears crawl inside the boy’s room

through the window. They plan to startle the boy so they crawl behind the sofa.

Panda and Ice Bear are behind Grizzly because Grizzly leads them. When they are

crawling, Grizzly sees potato chips and he almost eats them. Then Panda whispers,


43

calling his name, intends to forbid Grizzly from eating the potato chips. Fortunately,

Grizzly realizes that they are on a mission so he does not eat the potato chips.

The sixth kind of directives found in We Bare Bears Our Stuff is beseeching.

Beseech means to ask the hearer for something because the speaker very much

needs it. There is only one beseeching utterance in this episode. The character who

performed the utterance was Panda. The form is in an imperative sentence and the

explanation will be discussed below.

Excerpt 33. Panda: Here. Help, guys. (Appendix 3, No. 95)

The bears succeed in startling the boy and they fight to get their stuff back.

The boy struggles to get the backpack as well because he considers it is his

backpack. Finally, Panda gets the backpack but he stumbles and he is out of the

window. Grizzly and Ice Bear are surprised. Grizzly calls Panda and Panda’s

answers like in excerpt 33. Here, Panda asks for help and he needs his brothers’

help very much.

The next kind of directives is inviting. It means to ask the hearer to come

with the speaker somewhere, with the time determined. There is one inviting

utterance in the We Bare Bears Our Stuff episode. It was performed by Grizzly. The

form is in an interrogative sentence and it will be explained below.

Excerpt 34. Grizzly: You guys are gonna watch a movie? (Appendix 3, No.

115)

This is the last utterance in the We Bare Bears Our Stuff episode. In short,

the bears get their stuff back though they are involved in a misunderstanding. After

all the stirs are gone, Grizzly takes a CD from the backpack. He invites his brothers


44

to watch a movie together by asking a question. In the end, Panda and Ice Bear

accept Grizzly’s invitation.

Next is the last kind of directives found in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon,

which is recommending. It means to tell or to suggest to the hearer if the speaker’s

suggestion is worth to be done. In other words, the speaker wants to say that it is a

good suggestion for the hearer. There is one recommending utterance in this

episode. The utterance was performed by Panda in the form of an imperative

sentence. The discussion and example are written below.

Excerpt 35. Panda: Look! A diner. (Appendix 3, No. 46)

Here, the bears stand on the edge of the street because the taxi driver does

not want to take them. Suddenly, Panda sees a diner beside them. Because they get

nowhere to go, Panda tells his brothers that there is a diner near them and he

recommends to go to the diner. Grizzly and Ice Bear think that it was a good place

to figure out the thief. After that, the bears go to the diner as Panda recommends.

c. Expressives

Expressives means the speaker’s psychological feel. It means what the

speaker feels towards something. In We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon, the writer

found that there are six kinds of expressives illocutionary act. Those kinds are

apologizing, praising, blaming, congratulating, thanking, and regretting. The most

performed kind of expressives is apologizing, congratulating, thanking, and

regretting only have one utterance each. The kinds of expressives illocutionary act

will be discussed below one by one.


45

The first kind is apologizing. It means to tell the hearer that the speaker feels

sorry for what he or she has done. There are three utterances of apologizing in this

episode. Two of them will be used as the discussion below. All the apologizing

utterances were performed by Panda and Grizzly and they are in the form of a

declarative sentence.

Excerpt 36. Panda: My bad. (Appendix 3, No. 12)

Excerpt 37. Grizzly: Ups, sorry about that. (Appendix 3, No. 77)

In excerpt 36, the bears start playing basketball. At one time, Grizzly wants

to pass the ball to Panda. On the other side, near the basket, Panda is blocked by his

opponent. Unfortunately, the opponent gets the ball and he throws it through the

basket. Panda realizes and admits his mistake by saying “my bad”. He feels sorry

for Grizzly and Ice Bear because he can not throw the ball through the basket.

The next excerpt is when the bears arrive at the library. The bears, especially

Grizzly, is very excited because they can use the internet to track the thief. He then

opens the door hard and causes a loud voice from the opened door. Not just that, he

shouts until all the visitors stare at them. The librarian is annoyed and he asks

Grizzly to shut up. Realizing that he is wrong and breaks the library’s rule, he says

sorry for his bad attitude. Fortunately, the librarian forgives him and allows the

bears to enter the library.

The second kind of expressives is praising. Praise means to tell an

admiration of something good or someone because he or she has been doing good.

In this episode, the writer found two praising utterances. The characters who


46

performed this kind of illocutionary act were Grizzly and Panda. All the utterances

are in the form of declarative and they will be explained below.

Excerpt 38. Grizzly: Wow. Nice shot, man. (Appendix 3, No. 13)

Excerpt 39. Panda: Yeah, so? Phone-finder! I’ll track where my phone is.

Aw, who is the little genius birdy? High-five, friend. (Appendix 3, No. 74)

In the first example, in excerpt 38, the bears are playing basketball on the

court. Grizzly is trying to wrest the ball from his opponent. However, his opponent

is too fast so he can avoid Grizzly and he throws the ball through the basket easily.

Grizzly is amazed and he wants to do a high five with his opponent. He praises his

opponent because he has done a very good shot. Sadly, his opponent refuses

Grizzly’s high five.

The next utterance is performed by Panda. It is when a pigeon leads them to

the library, but the bears are confused at first why the pigeon takes them there. Then

Panda realizes that with the internet at the library, he can track his phone. He thinks

that the pigeon is smart so he praises the pigeon with the words “this little genius

birdy”. By saying that, Panda expresses his feeling and admiration towards the

pigeon.

The next kind is blaming. It means to tell the hearer if he or she has done

wrong and he or she has full responsibility for what they have done. The writer

found two utterances of blaming in the We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon. The

utterances were performed by Grizzly and Panda. The two utterances are in

declarative form and they are discussed below.

Excerpt 40. Grizzly: Oh! It’s gone. Somebody jacked us. (Appendix 3, No.

30)


47

Excerpt 41. Panda: Because it lied to us! Bad birdy. (Appendix 3, No. 72)

In excerpt 40, the bears remember that they leave their stuff at the court.

When they are back to get it, their stuff is already gone. Grizzly blames someone,

referred to the thief, who steals their stuff. He is sure that the thief is at the court

too. The bears think that they have to find their stuff, along with the thief so he can

give responsibility.

In the next excerpt, it is when the pigeon leads the bears to the library. They

are confused why the pigeon takes them there, not to the thief. Panda is angry and

blames the pigeon. It is shown by the words “because it lied to us!”. Here, Panda

states that the pigeon has done wrong.

The next kind of expressives found by the writer is congratulating. It means

to tell the hearer that the speaker is proud of him or her because of his or her

achievement. Only one congratulating utterance in We Bare Bears Our Stuff

cartoon. The utterance was performed by Grizzly to Panda and Ice Bear. The form

of the utterance is in a declarative sentence and it will be discussed below.

Excerpt 42. Grizzly: Good job, bros! I’m proud of you. (Appendix 3, No. 21)

Grizzly says this statement after they succeed in throwing the ball through

the basket once. They run towards the fountain and Grizzly congratulates his

younger brothers. Grizzly consideres what they have done is a good job, throwing

the ball through the basket. He expresses his feeling to Panda and Ice Bear. He is

proud of them, as he utters the utterance.

The next is thanking. It means to tell the hearer that the speaker feels happy

or grateful because the hearer has done something good or the hearer gives


48

something to the speaker. Another meaning is the speaker feels grateful because

something good happens to him or her. In this episode, there is only one utterance

of thanking. It is in declarative form and was uttered by Grizzly.

Excerpt 43. Grizzly: Ho-ho-ho that was close, fellas. (Appendix 3, No. 99)

After Panda gets the backpack from the boy, he is already outside because

he stumbles before. On the other side, Grizzly and Ice Bear are still inside the boy’s

room. The boy is angry and he almost hits Grizzly and Ice Bear with a bat. In hurry,

Grizzly and Ice Bear follow Panda outside the room. Grizzly is grateful because he

and Ice Bear do not get a hit by the boy and they also get their stuff back. He thanks

God by saying “that was close”.

The last kind of expressive that is found by the writer is regretting. It means

to tell the speaker’s feeling of a bad situation that comes to the speaker or that he

or she has done. There is one regretting utterance in declarative form. It was uttered

by Panda. The discussion is written below.

Excerpt 44. Panda: Nooo… (Appendix 3, No. 106)

Based on the charge of theft, the bears will be jailed by the police. It is

because the yellow backpack that they take is the boy’s, not theirs. They are

commanded to surrender and to jump so the police can catch them. In the cornered

situation, Grizzly says to Panda and Ice Bear that they have to face the

consequences because they do a bad thing. Panda regrets their bad attitude by

uttering an utterance like in excerpt 44.


49

d. Commissives

Commissives make the speaker does something in the future based on what

he or she says. The writer found five kinds of commissives in the We Bare Bears

Our Stuff cartoon. Those are refusing, promising, offering, undertaking, and

threatening. Refusing and promising have two utterances each, while offering,

undertaking, and threatening have only one utterance each. Every kind of

commissives illocutionary act is explained below.

The first kind is refusing. It means the speaker does not want to accept

something that happens to him or her. As mentioned above, there are two utterances

of refusing in the We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon. The two utterances were

performed by Panda. One utterance is in declarative form and the other is in

interrogative form. They will be discussed below.

Excerpt 45. Panda: No no no no no. (Appendix 3, No. 31)

Excerpt 46. Panda: What if he’s, I don’t know, crazy? What if he works out?

He can hurt our faces and stuff. (Appendix 3, No. 87)

In excerpt 45, the bears have realized that they forget their backpack. They

come back to the court, intend to get their backpack. Unfortunately, their backpack

is gone and might be stolen by somebody. Knowing that thing, Panda screams and

refuses the reality if their backpack is gone. He is not ready to lose his cellphone

because he says that his cellphone is his soul.

In the next excerpt, the bears are outside the boy’s room. Grizzly wants to

go inside directly, but suddenly Panda stops him. Grizzly says that they have to go

in and take their stuff back, but Panda refuses like in excerpt 46. He is afraid that


50

the boy is crazy and uncouth. Panda does not want his face to be hurt so he refuses

to go in at first. However, he still follows his two brothers goes into the boy’s room.

The second kind of commissives is promising. Promise means to tell the

hearer that the speaker will do something in the future as he or she says, and the

speaker will certainly do it. In this episode, two utterances were categorized as

promising. Panda and Grizzly performed these utterances in the Our Stuff episode.

The utterances are in the form of declarative and they will be explained below.

Excerpt 47. Panda: My phone is gone forever. I will wear this in

remembrance. (Appendix 3, No. 38)

Excerpt 48. Grizzly: Hey guys, if we go down, we do it together. (Appendix

3, No. 107)

The situation in excerpt 47 is when the policewoman does not believe and

does not want to help the bears. They think for a moment that they lose the stuff

forever and they can not do anything to get the stuff back. Then, Panda is sad and

promises something. He promises that he will wear the blue headband to remember

his cellphone. Until the episode is ended and their stuff is back, Panda still wears

that blue headband.

It is a touching moment in excerpt 48. When the bears are cornered, they

have only one choice: jumping. Panda is crying and the bears hug each other.

Grizzly promises his younger brothers that they will always together, even when

jumping. Grizzly does not listen to the police’s command to jump one by one. As

Grizzly promises, he does not leave his brothers and they jump together.

The third kind of commissives is offering. It means the speaker wants to

give what he or she has to the hearer. Whether the hearer would like to have it or


51

not. The writer found one offering utterance. It was performed by Grizzly in

declarative form. Below is an example of an offering.

Excerpt 49. Grizzly: I’ve got sugar packets. (Appendix 3, No. 59)

When the bears meet the pigeons at the park, Grizzly asks them if they know

a yellow backpack or not. He accidentally brings sugar packets. Then he offers the

sugar packets to the pigeons if they know where the backpack is. He shakes the

sugar packets to attract the pigeons’ attention. Unfortunately, no pigeons

understand what he says so he keeps the sugar packets for himself.

The fourth kind is undertaking. It means to tell the hearer that the speaker

will do something in the risky future. In We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon, there is

one utterance that belongs to undertake. The utterance was performed by Grizzly in

declarative form. It will be discussed below.

Excerpt 50. Grizzly: Well, we’re gonna go in there and get our stuff back.


Grizzly says this when Panda asks what the plan is to go inside the boy’s

room. By saying “we are going to go in there and get our stuff back”, Grizzly is

sure he will do something to take their backpack back. He also realizes that taking

the stuff back will take a long time and a big risk. Panda and Ice Bear know that

Grizzly is certain with his words because Grizzly almost takes a step to go to the

boy’s room. With Grizzly’s action and the big risk, it belongs to undertaking

utterance.

The last kind of commissives is threatening. It means to tell the hearer that

the speaker will do something bad or unwanted if the hearer does not listen to the


52

speaker or does not do what the speaker says. One utterance that belongs to this

kind was found by the writer. Grizzly was the one who performed this utterance in

declarative form. Below is the explanation of threatening.

Excerpt 51. Grizzly: FBI! (Appendix 3, No. 110)

The situation happens after the bears jump. Instead of reaching the ground,

the bears rebound and they land inside a building in front of the boy’s apartment.

They are shocked by what they see inside the building. There are so many pigeons,

with many kinds of stuff, seeing the bears in shock as well. Grizzly realizes that

something goes wrong so he shouts, intends to threaten the pigeons by saying

“FBI!”. He wants the pigeons to not doing anything and to tell what is going on.

Grizzly’s threat is successful and reveals that it is a pigeon criminal gang and they

are the thief of the bears’ stuff.

e. Declaratives

Declaratives means the speaker’s utterance brings a change to reality or the

world. By saying a declarative utterance, the reality after that is not the same

anymore before saying it. There is only one kind of declaratives in the We Bare

Bears Our Stuff cartoon, which is declaring. Declare means to tell or to inform about

something. There will be two examples explained in this part. All the characters

were performed the declaring utterances and they are in the form of declarative.

Excerpt 52. Grizzly, Panda, Ice Bear: Game time! Huh! (Appendix 3, No.

8)

Excerpt 53. Panda: I’m open. W-wait, not too fast. Ow! Time out. Time out.


In excerpt 52, it is the bears’ turn to play basketball. They get ready by

putting their stuff into the backpack. They stand at the edge of the court, waiting


53

for the play. The time of the previous groups has ended and the bears declare if the

game is started. Together they say “game time!”. After saying that, the bears play

basketball against another group.

In the next excerpt, someone wants to throw Panda the ball. Panda is getting

ready to catch the ball, but someone throws it too fast. The ball hits Panda’s stomach

and he falls while declaring a time out. Time out means a short break in basketball.

As Panda has been declared, the game pauses for seconds and start again by Ice

Bear’s dribble.

From the discussion above, there are three types of locutionary act and five

types of illocutionary act. The types of locutionary act are declarative, imperative,

and interrogative. Five types of illocutionary act are assertives, directives,

expressives, commisives, and declaratives. Each type of illocutionary act has

different illocutionary force. For example, the acts that belong to directives

illocutionary act are asking, commanding, ordering, requesting, forbidding,

beseeching, inviting, and recommending. In the next part, the writer analyzed two

acts of directives illocutionary act which are request and command.

B. Request and Command in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

This part presented how the main characters of We Bare Bears ask and

command other characters. As Searle (2011) said, a command usually is spoken by

someone who has more authority than the other. A command makes the hearer does

something. Meanwhile, according to Quirk & Greenbaum (1973), to ask is to get

an answer from the hearer. Lock (1996) also stated that there are two kinds of

questions, which are WH-question and Yes/No question.


54

The writer discussed to command and to ask because they only belong in

directives illocutionary act and they do not appear in any other illocutionary act.

Moreover, the characters have different ways to express a question and a command.

There is a character who never commands, another character is less to command,

and the other commands the most. The same case also happens in asking a question.

Below is the frequency table of to ask and to command in We Bare Bears Our Stuff

cartoon.

Table 3. Asking and Commanding in We Bare Bears Our Stuff

No. Illocutionary Force Utterances Percentage

1. Request 13 50%

2. Command 13 50%

TOTAL 26 100%

According to the table above, the writer found 13 utterances of requesting

and commanding. The percentage is 11.4% each, with a total of 22.8% of the

directives illocutionary act. The discussion will be divided into two parts. In the

first part, the writer discussed how the characters request in the Our Stuff episode.

The second part explained how the characters command in the Our Stuff episode.

1. Request

In the We Bare Bears Our Stuff episode, the Yes/No question and WH-

question are the types of questions that often appeared. The speaker requests an

answer from the hearer because he needs that information. There are seven

utterances that belong to the Yes/No question. The rests are WH-question which

has six utterances. The writer explained each type of question one by one below.


55

a. Yes/No Question

Excerpt 54. Grizzly: Do we forget something? (Appendix 3, No. 23)

Excerpt 55. Grizzly: Okay, do any of you birds know which guy here took

our stuff? (Appendix 3, No. 63)

Excerpt 56. Grizzly: Wait a minute. The library has internet, right?


Excerpt 57. Grizzly: So that pigeon at the park really was misleading us?


In excerpt 54, the bears have finished playing basketball. They leave the

court and go to the fountain. Suddenly, Grizzly realizes that something is missing.

He asks Panda and Ice Bear whether they forget something or not. Here, Grizzly

uses the word “do” to indicate the yes/no question. He wants a yes or no answer.

Sometimes, the hearer adds an explanation or answers the yes/no question

indirectly, as Ice Bear did. After Grizzly asks that question, Ice Bear answers “the

backpack”, which means they do forget something.

In the next excerpt, the bears meet the pigeon at the park. They want the

pigeons’ help to find the thief. Then, Grizzly sets up the mug shots and asks the

pigeons. Here, Grizzly uses the word “do” as well to indicate the yes/no question.

He expects an answer from the pigeons. Responding to Grizzly’s answer, there is a

pigeon who stands up and goes in front of Grizzly and his brothers. The pigeon

shows them the thief by pointing the mug shot with his beak. By doing that action,

the pigeon expresses the answer which is yes since the pigeon can not speak.

In excerpt 56, the bears arrive at the library because of the pigeon’s

guidance. At first, they are confused why the pigeon takes them there, not to the

thief. Suddenly, Grizzly remembers that the library has internet. He asks Panda and


56

Ice Bear to make sure that he is not mistaken. Here, Grizzly uses the word “right”

to ask and to expect an answer from his brothers. After that, Panda responds to

Grizzly’s question with “yeah”. It means that Panda expresses the answer which

was “yes”.

In the last excerpt, the bears finally get their stuff back. The police thanks

them because they reveal the most elusive criminal which is the pigeon cartel. After

that, Grizzly asks the police whether the pigeon at the park is misleading them or

not. Here, Grizzly wants the answer with the word “so” and intonation that indicated

a question. The police answers Grizzly's question by explaining that the pigeon

actually works undercover for the police. Therefore, Grizzly gets an answer that the

pigeon is not misleading them but actually he works for the police to get some

information.

b. WH-Question

Excerpt 58. Grizzly: Wait, where’s your gun? (Appendix 3, No. 37)

Excerpt 59. Grizzly: Panda, how are the mug shots coming along?


Excerpt 60. Grizzly: Who was it? (Appendix 3, No. 66)

Excerpt 61. Panda: Wait, Grizz! What is the plan? (Appendix 3, No. 85)

In excerpt 58, the bears report a loss to the policewoman. Grizzly orders her

to use her gun and arrest the thief. However, he does not see the policewoman’s

gun. Here, Grizzly uses the word “where” and expects an answer to complete the

missing information. Unfortunately, the policewoman does not answer him because

she just works to check the parking violation and leaves them without saying

anything.


57

In the next excerpt, the bears are in the diner trying to figure out the thief.

Grizzly is recalling their position at the court and presumes that the thief is there.

After that, he asks Panda about the mug shots. Here, Grizzly uses the word “how”

to get an answer and maybe an explanation from Panda. As Grizzly’s expects,

Panda answers Grizzly’s question by explaining his work. Panda’s answer

expressed that he is going well with the mug shots and he shows the results to

Grizzly.

In excerpt 60, Grizzly has set up the mug shots in front of the pigeons. After

he asks whether the pigeons know anything or not, a pigeon appears and goes in

front of the bears. Grizzly orders the pigeon to look at the mug shots carefully and

choose the thief. He continues by asking “who”, as written in excerpt 60. Grizzly

expects an answer from the pigeon so that he gets the information that he wants.

Fortunately, the pigeon answers Grizzly’s question by pointing the sketch of the

boy who is wearing a cap and a 41 T-shirt. Since the pigeon can not speak, he

answers by pointing it.

In the last excerpt, the bears have arrived at the boy’s apartment. They are

watching the boy outside the window. The bears have not discussed the plan yet,

but suddenly Grizzly wants to go in. Panda stops him quickly and asks Grizzly

about the plan. Here, Panda uses the word “what” to ask. He wants a complete and

clear answer from Grizzly. Responding to Panda’s question, Grizzly answers that

they will just go in and get their stuff back.


58

2. Command

The utterances of commanding were performed the most by Grizzly. Only

one utterance was performed by Panda. Here, the characters who did the command

have a higher position than the other characters. The commands that they uttered

made the hearer did something. Moreover, a command also has more pressure on

the hearer so the hearer thinks that that is a must. A command is to control the

hearer’s action as well. According to Cruse (2000), a command requires an action

(p. 28).

Excerpt 62. Grizzly: Outlet! Outlet! Cut baseline. Back door. Triangle

offense. Play seven. (Appendix 3, No. 19)

Excerpt 63. Grizzly: FBI! We’re on a very important case. Take us

everywhere a criminal would hang out, now! (Appendix 3, No. 41)

Excerpt 64. Grizzly: We’re doing official business! Step away from the

table. (Appendix 3, No. 54)

Excerpt 65. Panda: Tell us where this criminal is, pigeon! You tell us right

now! (Appendix 3, No. 68)

Excerpt 66. Grizzly: Let’s move! (Appendix 3, No. 84)

In excerpt 62, the bears are playing basketball against another team. At that

time, they are overwhelmed by the opposite team because they are so good. Realize

that they have not score any point yet, Grizzly commands his younger brothers by

saying some basketball strategies in the imperative form. Here, Grizzly as the oldest

brother controls Panda and Ice Bear. Panda and Ice Bear know that they are

cornered and they have to do what Grizzly commands. Therefore, they do as Grizzly

says and at the end, they can score two points.


59

In excerpt 63, the bears order a taxi to find the thief. Inside the taxi, Grizzly

commands the taxi driver to take them to the criminal. Grizzly considers themselves

as FBI, a higher position as the hearer so that the taxi driver thinks he must do as

Grizzly said. Moreover, the bears are in hurry and Grizzly clarifies that by saying

“now”. Unfortunately, the taxi driver does not do Grizzly’s command.

In the next excerpt, when the bears are still in the diner, the waitress

approaches them. She says that the bears can not sit there anymore if they only

order three ice glasses of water. Hearing the waitress’s statement, Grizzly feels

annoyed and he states that they are FBI and commands the waitress to step away

from the table. Here, Grizzly thinks that he is in the higher position of the waitress

because he considers themselves as FBI. Moreover, Grizzly says that with

seriousness so the waitress will think that she must do what Grizzly says. In the

end, the waitress leaves the bears as Grizzly commanded.

In excerpt 65, the bears are at the park with the pigeons. A pigeon has

already shown the thief by pointing the sketch of the thief. Angry Panda suddenly

shouts and commands the pigeon to tell where the criminal is. He forces the pigeon

to show them the position of the criminal. By doing that, Panda wants the pigeon

to feel that it is a must so the pigeon can tell the thief’s position at the moment.

In the very last excerpt, a command is uttered by Grizzly. After the bears

track Panda’s mobile phone, they get the location and go there directly. With a

rolled paper, Grizzly looks in every apartment window to find the thief. Then he

finds the 41-boy, in his room. He is startled and happy all at once. Here, he

commands his younger brothers, Panda and Ice Bear to move together with him


60

approaching the boy. His command is to control Panda and Ice Bear so that they

can move and work together.


61

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This study discussed about speech acts in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon

performed by the three main characters which are Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear. The

conclusion of the analysis is presented in this part. There are two objectives of the

study in this thesis. The first one is to find out the speech acts category by

categorizing the locutionary act and illocutionary act performed by three main

characters in We Bare Bears Our Stuff. The second is to analyze how the characters

command and request in the form of questions.

Based on the analysis above, the writer found that there are three types of

locutionary act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon. Those types are declarative,

imperative, and interrogative. The most appeared locutionary act is declarative and

the least appeared locutionary act is interrogative. There are 83 utterances belong

to declarative with the percentage of 72.8%. 16 utterances belong to imperative with

14.0% as the percentage. The last is interrogative which has 15 utterance or 13.2%.

Moreover, the main characters in We Bare Bears Our Stuff performed

illocutionary act as well. The writer found that there are five types of illocutionary

act which are assertives, directives, expressives, commissives, and declaratives.

The most appeared illocutionary act is assertives and the least appeared

illocutionary act is declaratives. There are 55 utterances or 48.2% belong to

assertives. The next is directives which has 39 utterances or 34.2% as the

percentage. 10 utterances belong to expressives illocutionary act with the


62

percentage of 8.8%. Meanwhile, commissives has only 7 utterances or 6.1% and

the last is declaratives with 3 utterances or 2.6%.

The characters requested and commanded to one another in their interaction

with one another. There are 13 utterances that belong to request with the percentage

of 11.4%. The writer found two types of question that appeared in We Bare Bears

Our Stuff cartoon. The first is Yes/No question with 7 utterances and the second is

WH-question with 6 utterances. In Yes/No question, the character who asked

usually used the word “do” and the hearer’s answer stated that he agreed or

disagreed with the speaker’s question. In WH-question, the characters used the

words “where”, “how”, “who”, and “what” to indicate that he needed to complete

the missing information.

The writer found that there is same number of command and request

utterances, which are 13 utterances with the percentage of 11.4% each. The

characters who did command usually have the higher position from the hearer so

the hearer felt that he must do as the speaker said. According to Cruse (2000), a

command requires an action (p. 28). In We Bare Bears Our Stuff cartoon, usually

the characters used verbs to indicate a command. For example, with the words

“take”, “step away”, “tell”, and “let us”.

After doing the research, the writer concluded that a cartoon can be a media

to study pragmatics, especially speech acts. The analysis of characters’ utterances

showed that every character has their own way to express their intention and speech

acts is always used in a daily conversation. The reader could understand that

studying speech acts is important, in order to avoid miscommunication or


63

misunderstanding about what people really mean in communication. For the future

researcher, the writer would like to recommend song, short movie, or movie as the

media to study speech acts. The writer hopes by studying speech acts, people could

convey their intention better in communication.


64

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66

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: The Locutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

Performed by The Three Main Characters

No. Time Characters Utterances

Locutionary

Act

Dec Imp Int

1. 0:00:05-

0:00:06 Grizzly “We got next.” √

2. 0:00:09-

0:00:11 Grizzly

“One velcro wallet. One

cellie.” √

3. 0:00:11-

0:00:14 Panda

“Be careful with this, please.

It is my life and soul in

rectangular form”

√

4. 0:00:15-

0:00:16 Grizzly “Yeah, yeah, yeah.” √

5. 0:00:16-

0:00:17 Ice Bear “Ice Bear has ninja stars.” √

6. 0:00:19-

0:00:20 Grizzly “Grizz for three” √

7. 0:00:21-

0:00:22 Grizzly “One two three” √

8. 0:00:22-

0:00:23 Together “Game time! Hunh!” √

9. 0:00:28-

0:00-29 Grizzly “Buckets!” √

10. 0:00:36-

0:00:39 Panda

“I’m open. W-wait, not too

fast. Ow! Time out. Time

out”

√

11. 0:00:46-

0:00:49 Grizzly

“I got this. I got this.

Defense!” √

12. 0:00:53-

0:00:54 Panda “My bad” √

13. 0:00:56-

0:00:58 Grizzly “Wow. Nice shot, man” √

14. 0:01:07-

0:01:08 Grizzly “Out-of-bounds. I got it” √

15. 0:01:09-

0:01:10 Grizzly “Pick and roll. Pick and roll.” √

16. 0:01:13-

0:01:14 Grizzly “It’s long!” √

17. 0:01:14-

0:01:15 Panda “Sorry” √


67


Locutionary

Act

Dec Imp Int

18. 0:01:16-

0:01:17 Ice Bear “Ice Bear meant to do that” √

19. 0:01:19-

0:01:24 Grizzly

“Outlet! Outlet! Cut baseline.

Back door. Triangle offense.

Play seven”

√

20. 0:01:45-

0:01:47 Panda “Ha-ha! Game time. Huh!” √

21. 0:01:47-

0:01:54 Grizzly

“Good job, bros! I’m proud of

you” √

22. 0:01:50-

0:01:53 Grizzly

“I saw improvement and I

saw heart. And you can’t

teach heart. Wait a sec.”

√

23. 0:01:54-

0:01:55 Grizzly “Do we forget something?” √

24. 0:01:55 Ice Bear “The backpack” √

25. 0:01:56-

0:01:57 Grizzly “The backpack! My wallet!” √

26. 0:01:57-

0:01:58 Ice Bear “Ice Bear’s ninja stars” √

27. 0:01:58-

0:02:04 Panda

“Ha-ha. I thought for a

second there. You said we left

our stuff back at the court.

Because my phone is in there

and if I lost that I would

totally freak out.”

√

28. 0:02:06-

0:02:07 Grizzly “We left your phone” √

29. 0:02:07-

0:02:08 Panda “Aaahhhh” √

30. 0:02:09-

0:02:11 Grizzly

“Oh! It’s gone. Somebody

jacked us” √

31. 0:02:11-

0:02:13 Panda “No no no no no” √

32. 0:02:15-

0:02:17 Together “Police! Police! Police!” √

33. 0:02:19-

0:02:22 Grizzly

“No, no. We were robbed.

The guy had a knife and one

eye.”

√

34. 0:02:23-

0:02:25 Panda

“They stole my phone, my

apps, my soul” √

35. 0:02:25-

0:02:26 Ice Bear “Ice Bear wants justice” √


68


Locutionary

Act

Dec Imp Int

36. 0:02:26-

0:02:29 Grizzly

“Arrest somebody! Use your

gun!” √

37. 0:02:29-

0:02:30 Grizzly “Wait, where’s your gun?” √

38. 0:02:38-

0:02:41 Panda

“My phone is gone forever. I

will wear this in

remembrance”

√

39. 0:02:44-

0:02:49 Grizzly

“Bros, keep it together. I have

an idea. We’re gonna take

justice into our own hands.”

√

40. 0:02:52-

0:02:53 Grizzly “Perfect. Taxi!” √

41. 0:02:57-

0:03:01 Grizzly

“FBI! We’re on a very

important case. Take us

everywhere a criminal would

hang out, now!”

√

42. 0:03:01-

0:03:02 Panda

“Oh, but can we go to the

bathroom first?” √

43. 0:03:02-

0:03:04 Ice Bear “Ice Bear needs latte” √

44. 0:03:06-

0:03:07 Grizzly “Uh. Hey!” √

45. 0:03:09-

0:03:11 Grizzly

“Ugh, this is gonna be

tougher than I thought.” √

46. 0:03:12-

0:03:13 Panda “Look! A diner” √

47. 0:03:14-

0:03:22 Grizzly

“Ok. If I was here, and you

guys were here and here, that

would mean somebody took

the bag.. where?”

√

48. 0:03:23-

0:03:24 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear has a conspiracy

theory” √

49. 0:03:25-

0:03:26 Grizzly

“Panda, how are the mug

shots coming along?” √

50. 0:03:27-

0:03:30 Panda

“It’s a good thing I have got a

photographic memory. Here’s

what I got so far

√

51. 0:03:33-

0:03:34 Grizzly

“Hmm, they kind of look

similar” √

52. 0:03:35-

0:03:36 Panda

“Really? But they are so

rendered” √


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Locutionary

Act

Dec Imp Int

53. 0:03:44-

0:03:49 Grizzly

“Well, maybe you wouldn’t

say that if we were FBI,

lady.”

√

54. 0:03:47-

0:03:50 Grizzly

“We’re doing official

business! Step away from the

table”

√

55. 0:03:54-

0:04:02 Grizzly

“We’re losing time. Got to

think. Need a clue. Maybe

someone who was at the

scene of the crime. Ha! I

know just where to go.”

√

56. 0:04:04-

0:04:05 Grizzly “More ice water, please!” √

57. 0:04:07-

0:04:13 Grizzly “Yes, it’s yellow backpack.” √

58. 0:04:10-

0:04:11 Grizzly

“Any of you birds know

anything?” √

59. 0:04:11-

0:04:13 Grizzly “I’ve got sugar packets.” √

60. 0:04:15-

0:04:17 Grizzly

“Ah.. it’s almost like they

don’t understand me.” √

61. 0:04:23-

0:04:25 Grizzly

“Whoa! Hey, look at that!

Idea! Excuse me” √

62. 0:04:26-

0:04:27 Panda “Careful! It’s art” √

63. 0:04:32-

0:04:37 Grizzly

“Okay, do any of you birds

know which guy here took

our stuff?”

√

64. 0:04:39-

0:04:41 Grizzly

“Whoa. Hey, there little guy,

come on down!” √

65. 0:04:45-

0:04:48 Grizzly

“Okay, take your time and

look carefully. √

66. 0:04:48-

0:04:49 Grizzly Who was it?” √

67. 0:04:57-

0:05:02 Grizzly

“Aha! Here’s our guy fellas!

Number 41, evilest number of

them all.”

√

68. 0:05:03-

0:05:05 Panda

“Tell us where this criminal

is, pigeon! You tell us right

now!”

√


70


Locutionary

Act

Dec Imp Int

69. 0:05:06-

0:05:08 Grizzly

“Whoa, whoa, whoa, Panda.

He may have taken your stuff

but not your dignity.”

√

70. 0:05:10-

0:05:11 Grizzly

“Hold on! We will follow

you” √

71. 0:05:17-

0:05:19 Grizzly

“A library.. why would the

pigeon take us here?” √

72. 0:05:19-

0:05:21 Panda

“Because it lied to us! Bad

birdy” √

73. 0:05:22-

0:05:23 Grizzly

“Wait a minute. The library

has internet, right?” √

74. 0:05:24-

0:05:31 Panda

“Yeah, so? Phone-finder! I’ll

track where my phone is.

Aw.. who is the little genius

birdy? High-five, friend.”

√

75. 0:05:33-

0:05:34 Panda “Mm.. maybe he’s tired” √

76. 0:05:36-

0:05:38 Grizzly

“Hello library! Take me to

your internet” √

77. 0:05:40-

0:05:42 Grizzly “Ups, sorry about that” √

78. 0:06:03 Grizzly “I got it.” √

79. 0:06:08-

0:06:09 Grizzly “Okay, let’s go!” √

80. 0:06:18-

0:06:19 Grizzly “Well, this is the place.” √

81. 0:06:27-

0:06:28 Grizzly “Aah evil number!” √

82. 0:06:29-

0:06:30 Panda

“Where? Do you see our

stuff?” √

83. 0:06:30-

0:06:32 Grizzly

“Oh, he has our stuff, all

right.” √

84. 0:06:32-

0:06:33 Grizzly “Let’s move!” √

85. 0:06:52-

0:06:53 Panda

“Wait, Grizz! What is the

plan?” √

86. 0:06:54-

0:06:55 Grizzly

“Well, we’re gonna go in

there and get our stuff back” √

87. 0:06:56-

0:07:00 Panda

“What if he’s, I don’t know,

crazy? What if he works out?

He can hurt our faces and

stuff.”

√


71


Locutionary

Act

Dec Imp Int

88. 0:07:00-

0:07:01 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear wants to get

moving” √

89. 0:07:02-

0:07:04 Grizzly

“Okay, okay, okay. We’ll go

in ninja-style, cool?” √

90. 0:07:13-

0:07:14 Panda “Grizz!” √

91. 0:07:14-

0:07:15 Grizzly “Oh right” √

92. 0:07:42-

0:07:43 Panda “I got it” √

93. 0:07:46 Grizzly “Panda!” √

94. 0:07:48 Grizzly “Panda?” √

95. 0:07:49-

0:07:51 Panda “Here. Help, guys” √

96. 0:07:52-

0:07:53 Grizzly “Panda, be careful.” √

97. 0:07:55-

0:07:56 Grizzly “Aahh! We’re coming out.” √

98. 0:07:57-

0:07:59 Grizzly

“You’ll never get our stuff,

evil-doer.” √

99. 0:08:01-

0:08:03 Grizzly

“Ho-ho-ho that was close,

fellas.” √

100. 0:08:15-

0:08:19 Grizzly

“Ha-ha. This is all a big

mistake. We were just getting

back our stuff, see?”

√

101. 0:08:20-

0:08:23 Grizzly

“Wait, what? Action

Buddies? This isn’t ours” √

102. 0:08:26-

0:08:27 Grizzly “ What the..” √

103. 0:08:31-

0:08:36 Grizzly

“Uh, so, innocent mistake..

not our stuff. No harm, no

foul, right?”

√

104. 0:08:45-

0:08:46 Grizzly “Hey! We tipped!” √

105. 0:09:04-

0:09:12 Grizzly

“ Okay, brothers, group

huddle. I’m not gonna lie, it’s

not looking good. Looks like

the criminal might’ve been

us. And now we must face the

consequences.”

√

106. 0:09:13-

0:09:14 Panda “Noooo” √


72


Locutionary

Act

Dec Imp Int

107. 0:09:18-

0:09:21 Grizzly

“Hey guys, if we go down,

we do it together” √

108. 0:09:26-

0:09:28

Grizzly,

together

“One two three! Game time!

Ha!” √

109. 0:09:41-

0:09:42 Grizzly “Huh?” √

110. 0:09:48-

0:09:49 Grizzly “FBI!” √

111. 0:09:55-

0:09:56 Panda “My phone!” √

112. 0:09:56-

0:09:57 Grizzly “My wallet!” √

113. 0:09:58-

0:09:59 Ice Bear “Ice Bear bought this legally” √

114. 0:10:07-

0:10:09 Grizzly

“So that pigeon at the park

really was misleading us?” √

115. 0:10:23-

0:10:24 Grizzly

“You guys are gonna watch a

movie?” √


73

APPENDIX 2: Table of Locutionary Act Frequency in We Bare Bears Our

Stuff Performed by the Three Main Characters



1. Declarative 84 72.8%

2. Imperative 16 14.0%

3. Interrogative 15 13.2%

TOTAL 115 100%


74

APPENDIX 3: The Illocutionary Act in We Bare Bears Our Stuff Cartoon

Performed by The Three Main Characters

No. Time Characters Utterances Illocutionary Act

A Di E C De

1. 0:00:05-

0:00:06 Grizzly “We got next.” √

2. 0:00:09-

0:00:11 Grizzly

“One velcro wallet.

One cellie.” √

3. 0:00:11-

0:00:14 Panda

“Be careful with

this, please. It is my

life and soul in

rectangular form”

√

4. 0:00:15-

0:00:16 Grizzly “Yeah, yeah, yeah.” √

5. 0:00:16-

0:00:17 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear has ninja

stars.” √

6. 0:00:19-

0:00:20 Grizzly “Grizz for three” √

7. 0:00:21-

0:00:22 Grizzly “One two three” √

8. 0:00:22-

0:00:23 Together “Game time! Huh!” √

9. 0:00:28-

0:00-29 Grizzly “Buckets!” √

10. 0:00:36-

0:00:39 Panda

“I’m open. W-wait,

not too fast. Ow!

Time out. Time out”

√

11. 0:00:46-

0:00:49 Grizzly

“I got this. I got

this. Defense!” √

12. 0:00:53-

0:00:54 Panda “My bad” √

13. 0:00:56-

0:00:58 Grizzly

“Wow. Nice shot,

man” √

14. 0:01:07-

0:01:08 Grizzly

“Out-of-bounds. I

got it” √

15. 0:01:09-

0:01:10 Grizzly

“Pick and roll. Pick

and roll.” √

16. 0:01:13-

0:01:14 Grizzly “It’s long!” √

17. 0:01:14-

0:01:15 Panda “Sorry” √

18. 0:01:16-

0:01:17 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear meant to

do that” √


75


A Di E C De

19. 0:01:19-

0:01:24 Grizzly

“Outlet! Outlet! Cut

baseline. Back door.

Triangle offense.

Play seven”

√

20. 0:01:45-

0:01:47 Panda

“Ha-ha! Game time.

Huh!” √

21. 0:01:47-

0:01:54 Grizzly

“Good job, bros!

I’m proud of you” √

22. 0:01:50-

0:01:53 Grizzly

“I saw improvement

and I saw heart.

And you can’t teach

heart. Wait a sec.”

√

23. 0:01:54-

0:01:55 Grizzly

“Do we forget

something?” √

24. 0:01:55 Ice Bear “The backpack” √

25. 0:01:56-

0:01:57 Grizzly

“The backpack! My

wallet!” √

26. 0:01:57-

0:01:58 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear’s ninja

stars” √

27. 0:01:58-

0:02:04 Panda

“Ha-ha. I thought

for a second there.

You said we left our

stuff back at the

court. Because my

phone is in there

and if I lost that I

would totally freak

out.”

√

28. 0:02:06-

0:02:07 Grizzly

“We left your

phone” √

29. 0:02:07-

0:02:08 Panda “Aaahhhh” √

30. 0:02:09-

0:02:11 Grizzly

“Oh! It’s gone.

Somebody jacked

us”

√

31. 0:02:11-

0:02:13 Panda “No no no no no” √

32. 0:02:15-

0:02:17 Together

“Police! Police!

Police!” √

33. 0:02:19-

0:02:22 Grizzly

“No, no. We were

robbed. The guy had

a knife and one

eye.”

√


76


A Di E C De

34. 0:02:23-

0:02:25 Panda

“They stole my

phone, my apps, my

soul”

√

35. 0:02:25-

0:02:26 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear wants

justice” √

36. 0:02:26-

0:02:29 Grizzly

“Arrest somebody!

Use your gun!” √

37. 0:02:29-

0:02:30 Grizzly

“Wait, where’s your

gun?” √

38. 0:02:38-

0:02:41 Panda

“My phone is gone

forever. I will wear

this in

remembrance”

√

39. 0:02:44-

0:02:49 Grizzly

“Bros, keep it

together. I have an

idea. We’re gonna

take justice into our

own hands.”

√

40. 0:02:52-

0:02:53 Grizzly “Perfect. Taxi!” √

41. 0:02:57-

0:03:01 Grizzly

“FBI! We’re on a

very important case.

Take us everywhere

a criminal would

hang out, now!”

√

42. 0:03:01-

0:03:02 Panda

“Oh, but can we go

to the bathroom

first?”

√

43. 0:03:02-

0:03:04 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear needs

latte” √

44. 0:03:06-

0:03:07 Grizzly “Uh. Hey!” √

45. 0:03:09-

0:03:11 Grizzly

“Ugh, this is gonna

be tougher than I

thought.”

√

46. 0:03:12-

0:03:13 Panda “Look! A diner” √

47. 0:03:14-

0:03:22 Grizzly

“Ok. If I was here,

and you guys were

here and here, that

would mean

somebody took the

bag.. where?”

√


77


A Di E C De

48. 0:03:23-

0:03:24 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear has a

conspiracy theory” √

49. 0:03:25-

0:03:26 Grizzly

“Panda, how are the

mug shots coming

along?”

√

50. 0:03:27-

0:03:30 Panda

“It’s a good thing I

have got a

photographic

memory. Here’s

what I got so far

√

51. 0:03:33-

0:03:34 Grizzly

“Hmm, they kind of

look similar” √

52. 0:03:35-

0:03:36 Panda

“Really? But they

are so rendered” √

53. 0:03:44-

0:03:49 Grizzly

“Well, maybe you

wouldn’t say that if

we were FBI, lady.”

√

54. 0:03:47-

0:03:50 Grizzly

“We’re doing

official business!

Step away from the

table”

√

55. 0:03:54-

0:04:02 Grizzly

“We’re losing time.

Got to think. Need a

clue. Maybe

someone who was

at the scene of the

crime. Ha! I know

just where to go.”

√

56. 0:04:04-

0:04:05 Grizzly

“More ice water,

please!” √

57. 0:04:07-

0:04:13 Grizzly

“Yes, it’s yellow

backpack.” √

58. 0:04:10-

0:04:11 Grizzly

“Any of you birds

know anything?” √

59. 0:04:11-

0:04:13 Grizzly

“I’ve got sugar

packets.” √

60. 0:04:15-

0:04:17 Grizzly

“Ah.. it’s almost

like they don’t

understand me.”

√

61. 0:04:23-

0:04:25 Grizzly

“Whoa! Hey, look

at that! Idea! Excuse

me”

√


78


A Di E C De

62. 0:04:26-

0:04:27 Panda “Careful! It’s art” √

63. 0:04:32-

0:04:37 Grizzly

“Okay, do any of

you birds know

which guy here took

our stuff?”

√

64. 0:04:39-

0:04:41 Grizzly

“Whoa. Hey, there

little guy, come on

down!”

√

65. 0:04:45-

0:04:48 Grizzly

“Okay, take your

time and look

carefully.

√

66. 0:04:48-

0:04:49 Grizzly “Who was it?” √

67. 0:04:57-

0:05:02 Grizzly

“Aha! Here’s our

guy fellas! Number

41, evilest number

of them all.”

√

68. 0:05:03-

0:05:05 Panda

“Tell us where this

criminal is, pigeon!

You tell us right

now!”

√

69. 0:05:06-

0:05:08 Grizzly

“Whoa, whoa,

whoa, Panda. He

may have taken

your stuff but not

your dignity.”

√

70. 0:05:10-

0:05:11 Grizzly

“Hold on! We will

follow you” √

71. 0:05:17-

0:05:19 Grizzly

“A library.. why

would the pigeon

take us here?”

√

72. 0:05:19-

0:05:21 Panda

“Because it lied to

us! Bad birdy” √

73. 0:05:22-

0:05:23 Grizzly

“Wait a minute. The

library has internet,

right?”

√

74. 0:05:24-

0:05:31 Panda

“Yeah, so? Phone-

finder! I’ll track

where my phone is.

Aw.. who is the

little genius birdy?

High-five, friend.”

√


79


A Di E C De

75. 0:05:33-

0:05:34 Panda

“Mm.. maybe he’s

tired” √

76. 0:05:36-

0:05:38 Grizzly

“Hello library! Take

me to your internet” √

77. 0:05:40-

0:05:42 Grizzly

“Ups, sorry about

that” √

78. 0:06:03 Grizzly “I got it.” √

79. 0:06:08-

0:06:09 Grizzly “Okay, let’s go!” √

80. 0:06:18-

0:06:19 Grizzly

“Well, this is the

place.” √

81. 0:06:27-

0:06:28 Grizzly “Aah evil number!” √

82. 0:06:29-

0:06:30 Panda

“Where? Do you

see our stuff?” √

83. 0:06:30-

0:06:32 Grizzly

“Oh, he has our

stuff, all right.” √

84. 0:06:32-

0:06:33 Grizzly “Let’s move!” √

85. 0:06:52-

0:06:53 Panda

“Wait, Grizz! What

is the plan?” √

86. 0:06:54-

0:06:55 Grizzly

“Well, we’re gonna

go in there and get

our stuff back”

√

87. 0:06:56-

0:07:00 Panda

“What if he’s, I

don’t know, crazy?

What if he works

out? He can hurt our

faces and stuff.”

√

88. 0:07:00-

0:07:01 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear wants to

get moving” √

89. 0:07:02-

0:07:04 Grizzly

“Okay, okay, okay.

We’ll go in ninja-

style, cool?”

√

90. 0:07:13-

0:07:14 Panda “Grizz!” √

91. 0:07:14-

0:07:15 Grizzly “Oh right” √

92. 0:07:42-

0:07:43 Panda “I got it” √

93. 0:07:46 Grizzly “Panda!” √

94. 0:07:48 Grizzly “Panda?” √


80


A Di E C De

95. 0:07:49-

0:07:51 Panda “Here. Help, guys” √

96. 0:07:52-

0:07:53 Grizzly “Panda, be careful.” √

97. 0:07:55-

0:07:56 Grizzly

“Aahh! We’re

coming out.” √

98. 0:07:57-

0:07:59 Grizzly

“You’ll never get

our stuff, evil-doer.” √

99. 0:08:01-

0:08:03 Grizzly

“Ho-ho-ho that was

close, fellas.” √

100. 0:08:15-

0:08:19 Grizzly

“Ha-ha. This is all a

big mistake. We

were just getting

back our stuff, see?”

√

101. 0:08:20-

0:08:23 Grizzly

“Wait, what? Action

Buddies? This isn’t

ours”

√

102. 0:08:26-

0:08:27 Grizzly “ What the..” √

103. 0:08:31-

0:08:36 Grizzly

“Uh, so, innocent

mistake.. not our

stuff. No harm, no

foul, right?”

√

104. 0:08:45-

0:08:46 Grizzly “Hey! We tipped!” √

105. 0:09:04-

0:09:12 Grizzly

“ Okay, brothers,

group huddle. I’m

not gonna lie, it’s

not looking good.

Looks like the

criminal might’ve

been us. And now

we must face the

consequences.”

√

106. 0:09:13-

0:09:14 Panda “Noooo” √

107. 0:09:18-

0:09:21 Grizzly

“Hey guys, if we go

down, we do it

together”

√

108. 0:09:26-

0:09:28 Together

“One two three!

Game time! Ha!” √

109. 0:09:41-

0:09:42 Grizzly “Huh?” √


81


A Di E C De

110. 0:09:48-

0:09:49 Grizzly “FBI!” √

111. 0:09:55-

0:09:56 Panda “My phone!” √

112. 0:09:56-

0:09:57 Grizzly “My wallet!” √

113. 0:09:58-

0:09:59 Ice Bear

“Ice Bear bought

this legally” √

114. 0:10:07-

0:10:09 Grizzly

“So that pigeon at

the park really was

misleading us?”

√

115. 0:10:23-

0:10:24 Grizzly

“You guys are

gonna watch a

movie?”

√


82

APPENDIX 4: Table of Illocutionary Act Frequency in We Bare Bears Our

Stuff Performed by the Three Main Characters

No. Illocutionary Acts Utterances Percentage

1. Assertives 54 47.8%

2. Directives 38 33.9%

3. Expressives 12 8.8%

4. Commissives 8 6.1%

5 Declaratives 3 2.6%

TOTAL 115 100%


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