Skeletal systemSpecialists, Pathology, Diagnostics, &

Treatments

Orthopedist ◦ Aka orthopedic surgeon

Chiropractor◦ Specializes in manipulative treatment

Doctor of Osteopathic medicine (DO)◦ Manipulative treatment and traditional medicine

Podiatrist◦ Specializes in diagnosing and treating foot disorders

Rheumatologist◦ Specialize in diagnosis and treatment of connective

tissue disorders

Bone type Doctors

Ankylosis Arthralgia Arthrosclerosis Bursitis Chondroma Chondromalacia Hallux valgus

◦ Aka bunion

Joint Disorders

Luxation◦ Aka dislocation of a bone from its joint◦ Subluxation-partial dislocation

Synovitis Arthritis

◦ Plain Jane ◦ Osteo◦ Gouty-formation of uric acid crystals in the

joint◦ Rheumatoid (RA)◦ Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (juvenile RA)

Joint Disorders

Ruptured/herniated disk Lumbago Spondylitis-inflammation of the

vertebrae Spondylolisthesis-the forward

movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebra on the vertebra below it ◦ slipping of vertebra

Spondylosis – Degenerative condition of the vertebrae

Spine disorders

Spine disorders Spina Bifida

◦ Congenital condition

◦ The spinal canal fails to close around the spinal cord

◦ Many cases caused by a lack of folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy

Curvatures◦ Kyphosis-outward

curvature of the thoracic spine

◦ Lordosis-abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

◦ Scoliosis-abnormal sideways curvature of the spine

Osteitis Osteomalacia-abnormal softening of bones due

to disease Osteomyelitis-inflammation of bone and bone

marrow Osteonecrosis-death of bone tissue Osteoporosis Osteitis deformans

◦ Paget’s disease◦ Disease of unknown cause characterized by bone

destruction followed by abnormal bone repair

Bone disorders

Periostitis Rickets Exostosis-benign growth on the surface of

a bone

Talipesaka clubfoot

Tumors◦ Ewing’s Sarcoma◦ Myeloma◦ Osteochondroma◦ Leukemia◦ Lymphoma

Exostosis – benign growth on the surface of a bone

Bone disorders

Aka Fx Crepitus

Colles’ Greenstick Comminuted-crushed or splintered bone Compression Stress Spiral

Bone Fractures

Closed ◦ Aka simple

⚫Transverse⚫Oblique

Open◦ Aka compound

Ewing’s sarcoma◦ Family of malignant tumors◦ Most frequently affects children or adolescents◦ May spread rapidly to other body sites

Myeloma ◦ A malignant tumor composed of cells derived

from blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow◦ Usually progressive, often fatal

Osteochondroma ◦ Most common benign bone tumor◦ Growths on the surface that protrude as hard

lumps covered with a cap of cartilage

Tumors of Bones

Arthrocentesis◦ Surgical puncture of joint space to remove fluid

Arthroscopy◦ Visual exam of the internal structure of a joint

Bone Density Test (BDT)◦ Use of radiation to determine bone density◦ Used for suspected osteoporosis, osteomalacia, &

Paget’s disease Bone Marrow Biopsy (BMB)

◦ Inserting a sharp needle into the hipbone or sternum and removing bone marrow cells

◦ Used to determine why blood cells are abnormal◦ Also used to fine a donor match for bone marrow

transplant

Diagnostic procedures

Bone scan◦ Use of nuclear medicine to detect bone

cancer and osteomyelitis Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

◦ Low-exposure radiographic measurement that is most often used to detect early signs of osteoporosis

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)◦ Used to image soft tissue structures

Radiographs◦ aka x-rays ◦ Used to visualize fractured bones

Diagnostic procedures

Bone ◦ Bone marrow transplant- used to treat

leukemia⚫Autologous-originating within an individual⚫Allogenic-originating within another

Treatments and Surgeries

Joints◦ Arthroscopic surgery◦ Synovectomy◦ Arthrodesis-suturing or wiring together of

bones◦ Arthrolysis-surgical loosening of an ankylosed

joint◦ Periosteotomy◦ Arthroplasty-surgical repair or replacement of a

damaged joint◦ Joint replacement◦ Bursectomy?

Spinal Column◦ Diskectomy◦ Percutaneous diskectomy-through the skin◦ Laminectomy◦ Fusion

Head◦ Craniectomy◦ Craniotomy?◦ Cranioplasty? ◦ Page 55

Treatments and Surgeries

Other bone terms

◦Osteoclasis Surgical fx of a bone to

correct a deformity

◦Ostectomy

◦Osteoplasty

◦Osteorraphy

Treatments and Surgeries

◦

Fx repair◦ Manipulation-an attempt to return an

affected bone to it normal alignment by manually applied forces

◦Traction

◦Immobilization

◦Fixation Internal-not removed

External-removed once healed